<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Chapter 11. Active Directory, Kerberos, and Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.71.0"><link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Samba-3 by Example"><link rel="up" href="RefSection.html" title="Part III. Reference Section"><link rel="prev" href="RefSection.html" title="Part III. Reference Section"><link rel="next" href="DomApps.html" title="Chapter 12. Integrating Additional Services"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 11. Active Directory, Kerberos, and Security</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="RefSection.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III. Reference Section</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="DomApps.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="kerberos"></a>Chapter 11. Active Directory, Kerberos, and Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="kerberos.html#id372607">Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="kerberos.html#id373189">Assignment Tasks</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="kerberos.html#id373203">Dissection and Discussion</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="kerberos.html#id373574">Technical Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="kerberos.html#ch10expl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="kerberos.html#id375060">Share Access Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="kerberos.html#id375395">Share Definition Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="kerberos.html#id375952">Share Point Directory and File Permissions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="kerberos.html#id376321">Managing Windows 200x ACLs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="kerberos.html#id377005">Key Points Learned</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="kerberos.html#id377127">Questions and Answers</a></span></dt></dl></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372556"></a> By this point in the book, you have been exposed to many Samba-3 features and capabilities. More importantly, if you have implemented the examples given, you are well on your way to becoming a Samba-3 networking guru who knows a lot about Microsoft Windows. If you have taken the time to practice, you likely have thought of improvements and scenarios with which you can experiment. You are rather well plugged in to the many flexible ways Samba can be used. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372570"></a> This is a book about Samba-3. Understandably, its intent is to present it in a positive light. The casual observer might conclude that this book is one-eyed about Samba. It is what would you expect? This chapter exposes some criticisms that have been raised concerning the use of Samba. For each criticism, there are good answers and appropriate solutions. </p><p> Some criticism always comes from deep inside ranks that one would expect to be supportive of a particular decision. Criticism can be expected from the outside. Let's see how the interesting dynamic of criticism develops with respect to Abmas. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372594"></a> This chapter provides a shameless self-promotion of Samba-3. The objections raised were not pulled out of thin air. They were drawn from comments made by Samba users and from criticism during discussions with Windows network administrators. The tone of the objections reflects as closely as possible that of the original. The case presented is a straw-man example that is designed to permit each objection to be answered as it might occur in real life. </p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id372607"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372613"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372621"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372629"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372637"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372645"></a> Abmas is continuing its meteoric growth with yet further acquisitions. The investment community took note of the spectacular projection of Abmas onto the global business stage. Abmas is building an interesting portfolio of companies that includes accounting services, financial advice, investment portfolio management, property insurance, risk assessment, and the recent addition of a a video rental business. The pieces do not always appear to fit together, but Mr. Meany is certainly executing an interesting business growth and development plan. Abmas Video Rentals was recently acquired. During the time that the acquisition was closing, the Video Rentals business upgraded its Windows NT4-based network to Windows 2003 Server and Active Directory. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372662"></a> You have accepted the fact that Abmas Video Rentals will use Microsoft Active Directory. The IT team, led by Stan Soroka, is committed to Samba-3 and to maintaining a uniform technology platform. Stan Soroka's team voiced its disapproval over the decision to permit this business to continue to operate with a solution that is viewed by Christine and her group as “<span class="quote">an island of broken technologies.</span>” This comment was made by one of Christine's staff as they were installing a new Samba-3 server at the new business. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372681"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372689"></a> Abmas Video Rentals' head of IT heard of this criticism. He was offended that a junior engineer should make such a comment. He felt that he had to prepare in case he might be criticized for his decision to use Active Directory. He decided he would defend his decision by hiring the services of an outside security systems consultant to report<sup>[<a name="id372701" href="#ftn.id372701">12</a>]</sup> on his unit's operations and to investigate the role of Samba at his site. Here are key extracts from this hypothetical report: </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372710"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372718"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372726"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372733"></a> ... the implementation of Microsoft Active Directory at the Abmas Video Rentals, Bamingsham site, has been examined. We find no evidence to support a notion that vulnerabilities exist at your site. ... we took additional steps to validate the integrity of the installation and operation of Active Directory and are pleased that your staff are following sound practices. </p><p> ... </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372751"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372763"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372774"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372782"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372790"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372798"></a> User and group accounts, and respective privileges, have been well thought out. File system shares are appropriately secured. Backup and disaster recovery plans are well managed and validated regularly, and effective off-site storage practices are considered to exceed industry norms. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372811"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372819"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372827"></a> Your staff are justifiably concerned that the use of Samba may compromise their good efforts to maintain a secure network. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372843"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372850"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372858"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372866"></a> The recently installed Linux file and application server uses a tool called <code class="literal">winbind</code> that is indiscriminate about security. All user accounts in Active Directory can be used to access data stored on the Linux system. We are alarmed that secure information is accessible to staff who should not even be aware that it exists. We share the concerns of your network management staff who have gone to great lengths to set fine-grained controls that limit information access to those who need access. It seems incongruous to us that Samba winbind should be permitted to be used considering that it voids this fine work. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372892"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372900"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372908"></a> Graham Judd [head of network administration] has locked down the security of all systems and is following the latest Microsoft guidelines. ... null session connections have been disabled ... the internal network is isolated from the outside world, the [product name removed] firewall is under current contract maintenance support from [the manufacturer]. ... our attempts to penetrate security of your systems failed to find problems common to Windows networking sites. We commend your staff on their attention to detail and for following Microsoft recommended best practices. </p><p> ... </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372927"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372935"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372943"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372951"></a> Regarding the use of Samba, we offer the following comments: Samba is in use in nearly half of all sites we have surveyed. ... It is our opinion that Samba offers no better security than Microsoft ... what worries us regarding Samba is the need to disable essential Windows security features such as secure channel support, digital sign'n'seal on all communication traffic, and running Active Directory in mixed mode so that Samba clients and servers can authenticate all of it. Additionally, we are concerned that Samba is not at the full capabilities of Microsoft Windows NT4 server. Microsoft has moved well beyond that with trusted computing initiatives that the Samba developers do not participate in. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id372968"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372976"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372984"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id372992"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373000"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373007"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373015"></a> One wonders about the integrity of an open source program that is developed by a team of hackers who cannot be held accountable for the flaws in their code. The sheer number of updates and bug fixes they have released should ring alarm bells in any business. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373029"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373037"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373044"></a> Another factor that should be considered is that buying Microsoft products and services helps to provide employment in the IT industry. Samba and Open Source software place those jobs at risk. </p></blockquote></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373057"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373065"></a> This is also a challenge to rise above the trouble spot. You call Stan's team together for a simple discussion, but it gets further out of hand. When you return to your office, you find the following email in your in-box: </p><p> Good afternoon, </p><div class="blockquote"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="blockquote" summary="Block quote"><tr><td width="10%" valign="top"> </td><td width="80%" valign="top"><p> I apologize for the leak of internal discussions to the new business. It reflects poorly on our professionalism and has put you in an unpleasant position. I regret the incident. </p><p> I also wish to advise that two of the recent recruits want to implement Kerberos authentication across all systems. I concur with the desire to improve security. One of the new guys who is championing the move to Kerberos was responsible for the comment that caused the embarrassment. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373096"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373104"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373111"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373119"></a> I am experiencing difficulty in handling the sharp push for Kerberos. He claims that Kerberos, OpenLDAP, plus Samba-3 will seamlessly replace Microsoft Active Directory. I am a little out of my depth with respect to the feasibility of such a move, but have taken steps to pull both of them into line. With your consent, I would like to hire the services of a well-known Samba consultant to set the record straight. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373134"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373142"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373150"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373158"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373166"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373173"></a> I intend to use this report to answer the criticism raised and would like to establish a policy that we will approve the use of Microsoft Windows Servers (and Active Directory) subject to all costs being covered out of the budget of the division that wishes to go its own way. I propose that dissenters will still remain responsible to meet the budgeted contribution to IT operations as a whole. I believe we should not coerce use of any centrally proposed standards, but make all noncompliance the financial responsibility of the out-of-step division. Hopefully, this will encourage all divisions to walk with us and not alone. </p></td><td width="10%" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="10%" valign="top"> </td><td colspan="2" align="right" valign="top">--<span class="attribution">Stan</span></td></tr></table></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id373189"></a>Assignment Tasks</h3></div></div></div><p> You agreed with Stan's recommendations and hired a consultant to help defuse the powder keg. The consultant's task is to provide a tractable answer to each of the issues raised. The consultant must be able to support his or her claims, keep emotions to the side, and answer technically. </p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id373203"></a>Dissection and Discussion</h2></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373209"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373217"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373225"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373233"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373241"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373249"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373257"></a> Samba-3 is a tool. No one is pounding your door to make you use Samba. That is a choice that you are free to make or reject. It is likely that your decision to use Samba can greatly benefit your company. The Samba Team obviously believes that the Samba software is a worthy choice. If you hire a consultant to assist with the installation and/or deployment of Samba, or if you hire someone to help manage your Samba installation, you can create income and employment. Alternately, money saved by not spending in the IT area can be spent elsewhere in the business. All money saved or spent creates employment. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373273"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373281"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373289"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373297"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373305"></a> In the long term, the use of Samba must be economically sustainable. In some situations, Samba is adopted purely to provide file and print service interoperability on platforms that otherwise cannot provide access to data and to printers for Microsoft Windows clients. Samba is used by some businesses to effect a reduction in the cost of providing IT services. Obviously, it is also used by some as an alternative to the use of a Microsoft file and print serving platforms with no consideration of costs. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373320"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373328"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373336"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373343"></a> It would be foolish to adopt a technology that might put any data or users at risk. Security affects everyone. The Samba-Team is fully cognizant of the responsibility they have to their users. The Samba documentation clearly reveals that full responsibility is accepted to fix anything that is broken. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373357"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373365"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373373"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373381"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373392"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373400"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373408"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373416"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373424"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373432"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373439"></a> There is a mistaken perception in the IT industry that commercial software providers are fully accountable for the defects in products. Open Source software comes with no warranty, so it is often assumed that its use confers a higher degree of risk. Everyone should read commercial software End User License Agreements (EULAs). You should determine what real warranty is offered and the extent of liability that is accepted. Doing so soon dispels the popular notion that commercial software vendors are willingly accountable for product defects. In many cases, the commercial vendor accepts liability only to reimburse the price paid for the software. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373462"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373470"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373477"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373485"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373493"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373501"></a> The real issues that a consumer (like you) needs answered are What is the way of escape from technical problems, and how long will it take? The average problem turnaround time in the Open Source community is approximately 48 hours. What does the EULA offer? What is the track record in the commercial software industry? What happens when your commercial vendor decides to cease providing support? </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373516"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373523"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373531"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373539"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373547"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373555"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373562"></a> Open Source software at least puts you in possession of the source code. This means that when all else fails, you can hire a programmer to solve the problem. </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id373574"></a>Technical Issues</h3></div></div></div><p> Each issue is now discussed and, where appropriate, example implementation steps are provided. </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Winbind and Security</span></dt><dd><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373594"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373601"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373609"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373621"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373628"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373636"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373644"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373652"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373660"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373668"></a> Windows network administrators may be dismayed to find that <code class="literal">winbind</code> exposes all domain users so that they may use their domain account credentials to log on to a UNIX/Linux system. The fact that all users in the domain can see the UNIX/Linux server in their Network Neighborhood and can browse the shares on the server seems to excite them further. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373688"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373696"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373704"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373712"></a> <code class="literal">winbind</code> provides for the UNIX/Linux domain member server or client, the same as one would obtain by adding a Microsoft Windows server or client to the domain. The real objection is the fact that Samba is not MS Windows and therefore requires handling a little differently from the familiar Windows systems. One must recognize fear of the unknown. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373734"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373742"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373750"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373758"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373766"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373777"></a> Windows network administrators need to recognize that <code class="literal">winbind</code> does not, and cannot, override account controls set using the Active Directory management tools. The control is the same. Have no fear. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373796"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373804"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373815"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373823"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373831"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373839"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373847"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373855"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373862"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373870"></a> Where Samba and the ADS domain account information obtained through the use of <code class="literal">winbind</code> permits access, by browsing or by the drive mapping to a share, to data that should be better protected. This can only happen when security controls have not been properly implemented. Samba permits access controls to be set on: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Shares themselves (i.e., the logical share itself)</p></li><li><p>The share definition in <code class="filename">smb.conf</code></p></li><li><p>The shared directories and files using UNIX permissions</p></li><li><p>Using Windows 2000 ACLs if the file system is POSIX enabled</p></li></ul></div><p> Examples of each are given in <a href="kerberos.html#ch10expl" title="Implementation">???</a>. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">User and Group Controls</span></dt><dd><p><a class="indexterm" name="id373940"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373947"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373959"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373970"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373978"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373986"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id373993"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374001"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374009"></a> User and group management facilities as known in the Windows ADS environment may be used to provide equivalent access control constraints or to provide equivalent permissions and privileges on Samba servers. Samba offers greater flexibility in the use of user and group controls because it has additional layers of control compared to Windows 200x/XP. For example, access controls on a Samba server may be set within the share definition in a manner for which Windows has no equivalent. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374029"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374037"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374045"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374053"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374064"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374072"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374080"></a> In any serious analysis of system security, it is important to examine the safeguards that remain when all other protective measures fail. An administrator may inadvertently set excessive permissions on the file system of a shared resource, or he may set excessive privileges on the share itself. If that were to happen in a Windows 2003 Server environment, the data would indeed be laid bare to abuse. Yet, within a Samba share definition, it is possible to guard against that by enforcing controls on the share definition itself. You see a practical example of this a little later in this chapter. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374096"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374104"></a> The report that is critical of Samba really ought to have exercised greater due diligence: the real weakness is on the side of a Microsoft Windows environment. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Security Overall</span></dt><dd><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374124"></a> Samba is designed in such a manner that weaknesses inherent in the design of Microsoft Windows networking ought not to expose the underlying UNIX/Linux file system in any way. All software has potential defects, and Samba is no exception. What matters more is how defects that are discovered get dealt with. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374138"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374146"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374154"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374162"></a> The Samba Team totally agrees with the necessity to observe and fully implement every security facility to provide a level of protection and security that is necessary and that the end user (or network administrator) needs. Never would the Samba Team recommend a compromise to system security, nor would deliberate defoliation of security be publicly condoned; yet this is the practice by many Windows network administrators just to make happy users who have no notion of consequential risk. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374178"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374186"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374193"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374201"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374209"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374217"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374225"></a> The report condemns Samba for releasing updates and security fixes, yet Microsoft online updates need to be applied almost weekly. The answer to the criticism lies in the fact that Samba development is continuing, documentation is improving, user needs are being increasingly met or exceeded, and security updates are issued with a short turnaround time. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374239"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374247"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374255"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374263"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374271"></a> The release of Samba-4 is expected around late 2004 to early 2005 and involves a near complete rewrite to permit extensive modularization and to prepare Samba for new functionality planned for addition during the next-generation series. The Samba Team is responsible and can be depended upon; the history to date suggests a high degree of dependability and on charter development consistent with published roadmap projections. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374289"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374297"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374309"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374320"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374328"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374336"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374343"></a> Not well published is the fact that Microsoft was a foundation member of the Common Internet File System (CIFS) initiative, together with the participation of the network attached storage (NAS) industry. Unfortunately, for the past few years, Microsoft has been absent from active involvement at CIFS conferences and has not exercised the leadership expected of a major force in the networking technology space. The Samba Team has maintained consistent presence and leadership at all CIFS conferences and at the interoperability laboratories run concurrently with them. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Cryptographic Controls (schannel, sign'n'seal)</span></dt><dd><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374368"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374376"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374383"></a> The report correctly mentions that Samba did not support the most recent <code class="constant">schannel</code> and <code class="constant">digital sign'n'seal</code> features of Microsoft Windows NT/200x/XPPro products. This is one of the key features of the Samba-3 release. Market research reports take so long to generate that they are seldom a reflection of current practice, and in many respects reports are like a pathology report they reflect accurately (at best) status at a snapshot in time. Meanwhile, the world moves on. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374409"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374416"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374424"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374432"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374440"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374455"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374463"></a> It should be pointed out that had clear public specifications for the protocols been published, it would have been much easier to implement these features and would have taken less time to do. The sole mechanism used to find an algorithm that is compatible with the methods used by Microsoft has been based on observation of network traffic and trial-and-error implementation of potential techniques. The real value of public and defensible standards is obvious to all and would have enabled more secure networking for everyone. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374478"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374486"></a> Critics of Samba often ignore fundamental problems that may plague (or may have plagued) the users of Microsoft's products also. Those who are first to criticize Samba for not rushing into release of <code class="constant">digital sign'n'seal</code> support often dismiss the problems that Microsoft has <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?kbid=321733" target="_top">acknowledged</a> and for which a fix was provided. In fact, <a href="http://www.tangent-systems.com/support/delayedwrite.html" target="_top">Tangent Systems</a> have documented a significant problem with delays writes that can be connected with the implementation of sign'n'seal. They provide a work-around that is not trivial for many Windows networking sites. From notes such as this it is clear that there are benefits from not rushing new technology out of the door too soon. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374519"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374527"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374535"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374543"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374551"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374558"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374566"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374574"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374582"></a> One final comment is warranted. If companies want more secure networking protocols, the most effective method by which this can be achieved is by users seeking and working together to help define open and publicly refereed standards. The development of closed source, proprietary methods that are developed in a clandestine framework of secrecy, under claims of digital rights protection, does not favor the diffusion of safe networking protocols and certainly does not help the consumer to make a better choice. </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Active Directory Replacement with Kerberos, LDAP, and Samba</span></dt><dd><p> </p><div class="literallayout"><p> </p></div><p> The Microsoft networking protocols extensively make use of remote procedure call (RPC) technology. Active Directory is not a simple mixture of LDAP and Kerberos together with file and print services, but rather is a complex, intertwined implementation of them that uses RPCs that are not supported by any of these component technologies and yet by which they are made to interoperate in ways that the components do not support. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374664"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374675"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374683"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374691"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374699"></a> In order to make the popular request for Samba to be an Active Directory Server a reality, it is necessary to add to OpenLDAP, Kerberos, as well as Samba, RPC calls that are not presently supported. The Samba Team has not been able to gain critical overall support for all project maintainers to work together on the complex challenge of developing and integrating the necessary technologies. Therefore, if the Samba Team does not make it a priority to absorb Kerberos and LDAP functionality into the Samba project, this dream request cannot become a reality. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374715"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374723"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374731"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374742"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374750"></a> At this time, the integration of LDAP, Kerberos, and the missing RPCs is not on the Samba development roadmap. If it is not on the published roadmap, it cannot be delivered anytime soon. Ergo, ADS server support is not a current goal for Samba development. The Samba Team is most committed to permitting Samba to be a full ADS domain member that is increasingly capable of being managed using Microsoft Windows MMC tools. </p></dd></dl></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id374766"></a>Kerberos Exposed</h4></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374772"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374780"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374788"></a> Kerberos is a network authentication protocol that provides secure authentication for client-server applications by using secret-key cryptography. Firewalls are an insufficient barrier mechanism in today's networking world; at best they only restrict incoming network traffic but cannot prevent network traffic that comes from authorized locations from performing unauthorized activities. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374802"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374810"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374818"></a> Kerberos was created by MIT as a solution to network security problems. The Kerberos protocol uses strong cryptography so that a client can prove its identity to a server (and vice versa) across an insecure network connection. After a client and server has used Kerberos to prove their identity, they can also encrypt all of their communications to assure privacy and data integrity as they go about their business. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id374833"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374841"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374849"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374857"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id374868"></a> Kerberos is a trusted third-party service. That means that there is a third party (the kerberos server) that is trusted by all the entities on the network (users and services, usually called principals). All principals share a secret password (or key) with the kerberos server and this enables principals to verify that the messages from the kerberos server are authentic. Therefore, trusting the kerberos server, users and services can authenticate each other. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id374884"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id374891"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id374898"></a> Kerberos was, until recently, a technology that was restricted from being exported from the United States. For many years that hindered global adoption of more secure networking technologies both within the United States and abroad. A free and unencumbered implementation of MIT Kerberos has been produced in Europe and is available from the <a href="http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/" target="_top">Royal Institute</a> of Technology (KTH), Sweden. It is known as the Heimdal Kerberos project. In recent times the U.S. government has removed sanctions affecting the global distribution of MIT Kerberos. It is likely that there will be a significant surge forward in the development of Kerberos-enabled applications and in the general deployment and use of Kerberos across the spectrum of the information technology industry. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id374920"></a> A storm has broken out concerning interoperability between MIT Kerberos and Microsofts' implementation of it. For example, a 2002 <a href="http://www.idg.com.sg/idgwww.nsf/0/5DDA8D153A7505A748256BAB000D992A?OpenDocument" target="_top">IDG</a> report<sup>[<a name="id374937" href="#ftn.id374937">13</a>]</sup> by states: </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> A Microsoft Corp. executive testified at the software giant's remedy hearing that the company goes to great lengths to disclose interfaces and protocols that allow third-party software products to interact with Windows. But a lawyer with the states suing Microsoft pointed out that when it comes to the company's use of the Kerberos authentication specification, not everyone agrees. </p><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id374958"></a> Robert Short, vice president of Windows core technology at Microsoft, wrote in his direct testimony prepared before his appearance that non-Microsoft operating systems can disregard the portion of the Kerberos version 5 specification that Windows clients use for proprietary purposes and still achieve interoperability with the Microsoft OS. Microsoft takes advantage of unspecified fields in the Kerberos specification for storing Windows-specific authorization data, Short wrote. The designers of Kerberos left these fields undefined so that software developers could add their own authorization information, he said. </p></blockquote></div><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id374976"></a> <a class="indexterm" name="id374983"></a> It so happens that Microsoft Windows clients depend on and expect the contents of the <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified fields</em></span> in the Kerberos 5 communications data stream for their Windows interoperability, particularly when Samba is expected to emulate a Windows Server 200x domain controller. But the interoperability issue goes far deeper than this. In the domain control protocols that are used by MS Windows XP Professional, there is a tight interdependency between the Kerberos protocols and the Microsoft distributed computing environment (DCE) RPCs that themselves are an integral part of the SMB/CIFS protocols as used by Microsoft. </p><p> Microsoft makes the following comment in a reference in a <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/itsolutions/interop/mgmt/kerberos.asp" target="_top"> technet</a> article: </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375016"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375028"></a> The DCE Security Services are also layered on the Kerberos protocol. DCE authentication services use RPC representation of Kerberos protocol messages. In addition, DCE uses the authorization data field in Kerberos tickets to convey Privilege Attribute Certificates (PACs) that define user identity and group membership. The DCE PAC is used in a similar manner as Windows NT Security IDs for user authorization and access control. Windows NT services will not be able to translate DCE PACs into Windows NT user and group identifiers. This is not an issue with Kerberos interoperability, but rather an issue of interoperability between DCE and Windows NT access control information. </p></blockquote></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="ch10expl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><p> The following procedures outline the implementation of the security measures discussed so far. </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id375060"></a>Share Access Controls</h3></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375067"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375075"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375082"></a> Access control entries placed on the share itself act as a filter at the time a when CIFS/SMB client (such as Windows XP Pro) attempts to make a connection to the Samba server. </p><div class="procedure"><a name="id375094"></a><p class="title"><b>Procedure 11.1. Create/Edit/Delete Share ACLs</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375104"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375112"></a> From a Windows 200x/XP Professional workstation, log on to the domain using the Domain Administrator account (on Samba domains, this is usually the account called <code class="constant">root</code>). </p></li><li><p> Click <span class="guimenu">Start</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Settings</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Control Panel</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Administrative Tools</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Computer Management</span>. </p></li><li><p> In the left panel, <span class="guimenu">[Right mouse menu item] Computer Management (Local)</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Connect to another computer ...</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Browse...</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Advanced</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Find Now</span>. In the lower panel, click on the name of the server you wish to administer. Click <span class="guimenu">OK</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">OK</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">OK</span>.<a class="indexterm" name="id375232"></a> In the left panel, the entry <span class="guimenu">Computer Management (Local)</span> should now reflect the change made. For example, if the server you are administering is called <code class="constant">FRODO</code>, the Computer Management entry should now say <span class="guimenu">Computer Management (FRODO)</span>. </p></li><li><p> In the left panel, click <span class="guimenu">Computer Management (FRODO)</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[+] Shared Folders</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Shares</span>. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375293"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375301"></a> In the right panel, double-click on the share on which you wish to set/edit ACLs. This will bring up the Properties panel. Click the <span class="guimenu">Share Permissions</span> tab. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375323"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375331"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375339"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375347"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375354"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375362"></a> You may now edit/add/remove access control settings. Be very careful. Many problems have been created by people who decided that everyone should be rejected but one particular group should have full control. This is a catch-22 situation because members of that particular group also belong to the group <code class="constant">Everyone</code>, which therefore overrules any permissions set for the permitted group. </p></li><li><p> When you are done with editing, close all panels by clicking through the <span class="guimenu">OK</span> buttons. </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id375395"></a>Share Definition Controls</h3></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375401"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375413"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375421"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375428"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375436"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375444"></a> Share-definition-based access controls can be used like a checkpoint or like a pile-driver. Just as a checkpoint can be used to require someone who wants to get through to meet certain requirements, so it is possible to require the user (or group the user belongs to) to meet specified credential-related objectives. It can be likened to a pile-driver by overriding default controls in that having met the credential-related objectives, the user can be granted powers and privileges that would not normally be available under default settings. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375460"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375468"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375476"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375484"></a> It must be emphasized that the controls discussed here can act as a filter or give rights of passage that act as a superstructure over normal directory and file access controls. However, share-level ACLs act at a higher level than do share definition controls because the user must filter through the share-level controls to get to the share-definition controls. The proper hierarchy of controls implemented by Samba and Windows networking consists of: </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Share-level ACLs</p></li><li><p>Share-definition controls</p></li><li><p>Directory and file permissions</p></li><li><p>Directory and file POSIX ACLs</p></li></ol></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id375528"></a>Checkpoint Controls</h4></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375535"></a> Consider the following extract from a <code class="filename">smb.conf</code> file defining the share called <code class="constant">Apps</code>: </p><pre class="screen"> [Apps] comment = Application Share path = /data/apps read only = Yes valid users = @Employees </pre><p> This definition permits only those who are members of the group called <code class="constant">Employees</code> to access the share. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375568"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375579"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375587"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375595"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375603"></a> On domain member servers and clients, even when the <em class="parameter"><code>winbind use default domain</code></em> has been specified, the use of domain accounts in security controls requires fully qualified domain specification, for example, <a class="indexterm" name="id375620"></a>valid users = @"MEGANET\Northern Engineers". Note the necessity to use the double quotes to avoid having the space in the Windows group name interpreted as a delimiter. </p></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375630"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375638"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375646"></a> If there is an ACL on the share itself to permit read/write access for all <code class="constant">Employees</code> as well as read/write for the group <code class="constant">Doctors</code>, both groups are permitted through to the share. However, at the moment an attempt is made to set up a connection to the share, a member of the group <code class="constant">Doctors</code>, who is not also a member of the group <code class="constant">Employees</code>, would immediately fail to validate. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375674"></a> Consider another example. In this case, you want to permit all members of the group <code class="constant">Employees</code> except the user <code class="constant">patrickj</code> to access the <code class="constant">Apps</code> share. This can be easily achieved by setting a share-level ACL permitting only <code class="constant">Employees</code> to access the share, and then in the share definition controls excluding just <code class="constant">patrickj</code>. Here is how that might be done: </p><pre class="screen"> [Apps] comment = Application Share path = /data/apps read only = Yes invalid users = patrickj </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id375711"></a> Let us assume that you want to permit the user <code class="constant">gbshaw</code> to manage any file in the UNIX/Linux file system directory <code class="filename">/data/apps</code>, but you do not want to grant any write permissions beyond that directory tree. Here is one way this can be done: </p><pre class="screen"> [Apps] comment = Application Share path = /data/apps read only = Yes invalid users = patrickj admin users = gbshaw </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id375738"></a> Now we have a set of controls that permits only <code class="constant">Employees</code> who are also members of the group <code class="constant">Doctors</code>, excluding the user <code class="constant">patrickj</code>, to have read-only privilege, but the user <code class="constant">gbshaw</code> is granted administrative rights. The administrative rights conferred upon the user <code class="constant">gbshaw</code> permit operation as if that user has logged in as the user <code class="constant">root</code> on the UNIX/Linux system and thus, for access to the directory tree that has been shared (exported), permit the user to override controls that apply to all other users on that resource. </p><p> There are additional checkpoint controls that may be used. For example, if for the same share we now want to provide the user <code class="constant">peters</code> with the ability to write to one directory to which he has write privilege in the UNIX file system, you can specifically permit that with the following settings: </p><pre class="screen"> [Apps] comment = Application Share path = /data/apps read only = Yes invalid users = patrickj admin users = gbshaw write list = peters </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id375789"></a> This is a particularly complex example at this point, but it begins to demonstrate the possibilities. You should refer to the online manual page for the <code class="filename">smb.conf</code> file for more information regarding the checkpoint controls that Samba implements. </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id375808"></a>Override Controls</h4></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375815"></a> Override controls implemented by Samba permit actions like the adoption of a different identity during file system operations, the forced overwriting of normal file and directory permissions, and so on. You should refer to the online manual page for the <code class="filename">smb.conf</code> file for more information regarding the override controls that Samba implements. </p><p> In the following example, you want to create a Windows networking share that any user can access. However, you want all read and write operations to be performed as if the user <code class="constant">billc</code> and member of the group <code class="constant">Mentors</code> read/write the files. Here is one way this can be done: </p><pre class="screen"> [someshare] comment = Some Files Everyone May Overwrite path = /data/somestuff read only = No force user = billc force group = Mentors </pre><p> <a class="indexterm" name="id375852"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375860"></a> That is all there is to it. Well, it is almost that simple. The downside of this method is that users are logged onto the Windows client as themselves, and then immediately before accessing the file, Samba makes system calls to change the effective user and group to the forced settings specified, completes the file transaction, and then reverts to the actually logged-on identity. This imposes significant overhead on Samba. The alternative way to effectively achieve the same result (but with lower system CPU overheads) is described next. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375876"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375884"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375892"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375903"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375911"></a> The use of the <em class="parameter"><code>force user</code></em> or the <em class="parameter"><code>force group</code></em> may also have a severe impact on system (particularly on Windows client) performance. If opportunistic locking is enabled on the share (the default), it causes an <code class="constant">oplock break</code> to be sent to the client even if the client has not opened the file. On networks that have high traffic density, or on links that are routed to a remote network segment, <code class="constant">oplock breaks</code> can be lost. This results in possible retransmission of the request, or the client may time-out while waiting for the file system transaction (read or write) to complete. The result can be a profound apparent performance degradation as the client continually attempts to reconnect to overcome the effect of the lost <code class="constant">oplock break</code>, or time-out. </p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id375952"></a>Share Point Directory and File Permissions</h3></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375958"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375966"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375974"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id375982"></a> Samba has been designed and implemented so that it respects as far as is feasible the security and user privilege controls that are built into the UNIX/Linux operating system. Samba does nothing with respect to file system access that violates file system permission settings, unless it is explicitly instructed to do otherwise through share definition controls. Given that Samba obeys UNIX file system controls, this chapter does not document simple information that can be obtained from a basic UNIX training guide. Instead, one common example of a typical problem is used to demonstrate the most effective solution referred to in the immediately preceding paragraph. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id375999"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376007"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376015"></a> One of the common issues that repeatedly pops up on the Samba mailing lists involves the saving of Microsoft Office files (Word and Excel) to a network drive. Here is the typical sequence: </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p> A user opens a Work document from a network drive. The file was owned by user <code class="constant">janetp</code> and [users], and was set read/write-enabled for everyone. </p></li><li><p> File changes and edits are made. </p></li><li><p> The file is saved, and MS Word is closed. </p></li><li><p> The file is now owned by the user <code class="constant">billc</code> and group <code class="constant">doctors</code>, and is set read/write by <code class="constant">billc</code>, read-only by <code class="constant">doctors</code>, and no access by everyone. </p></li><li><p> The original owner cannot now access her own file and is “<span class="quote">justifiably</span>” upset. </p></li></ol></div><p> There have been many postings over the years that report the same basic problem. Frequently Samba users want to know when this “<span class="quote">bug</span>” will be fixed. The fact is, this is not a bug in Samba at all. Here is the real sequence of what happens in this case. </p><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376099"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376107"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376115"></a> When the user saves a file, MS Word creates a new (temporary) file. This file is naturally owned by the user who creates the file (<code class="constant">billc</code>) and has the permissions that follow that user's default settings within the operating system (UNIX/Linux). When MS Word has finished writing the file to disk, it then renames the new (temporary) file to the name of the old one. MS Word does not change the ownership or permissions to what they were on the original file. The file is thus a totally new file, and the old one has been deleted in the process. </p><p> Samba received a request to create a new file, and then to rename the file to a new name. The old file that has the same name is now automatically deleted. Samba has no way of knowing that the new file should perhaps have the same ownership and permissions as the old file. To Samba, these are entirely independent operations. </p><p> The question is, “<span class="quote">How can we solve the problem?</span>” </p><p> The solution is simple. Use UNIX file system permissions and controls to your advantage. Follow these simple steps to create a share in which all files will consistently be owned by the same user and the same group: </p><div class="procedure"><a name="id376152"></a><p class="title"><b>Procedure 11.2. Using Directory Permissions to Force File User and Group Ownership</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p> Change your share definition so that it matches this pattern: </p><pre class="screen"> [finance] path = /usr/data/finance browseable = Yes read only = No </pre><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376176"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376187"></a> Set consistent user and group permissions recursively down the directory tree as shown here: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> chown -R janetp.users /usr/data/finance </pre><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376218"></a> Set the files and directory permissions to be read/write for owner and group, and not accessible to others (everyone), using the following command: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> chmod ug+rwx,o-rwx /usr/data/finance </pre><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376245"></a> Set the SGID (supergroup) bit on all directories from the top down. This means all files can be created with the permissions of the group set on the directory. It means all users who are members of the group <code class="constant">finance</code> can read and write all files in the directory. The directory is not readable or writable by anyone who is not in the <code class="constant">finance</code> group. Simply follow this example: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> find /usr/data/finance -type d -exec chmod ug+s {}\; </pre><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376282"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376290"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376298"></a> Make sure all users that must have read/write access to the directory have <code class="constant">finance</code> group membership as their primary group, for example, the group they belong to in <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>. </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id376321"></a>Managing Windows 200x ACLs</h3></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376328"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376335"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376343"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376351"></a> Samba must translate Windows 2000 ACLs to UNIX POSIX ACLs. This has some interesting side effects because there is not a one-to-one equivalence between them. The as-close-as-possible ACLs match means that some transactions are not possible from MS Windows clients. One of these is to reset the ownership of directories and files. If you want to reset ownership, this must be done from a UNIX/Linux login. </p><p> There are two possible ways to set ACLs on UNIX/Linux file systems from a Windows network workstation, either via File Manager or via the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Computer Management interface. </p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id376370"></a>Using the MMC Computer Management Interface</h4></div></div></div><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> From a Windows 200x/XP Professional workstation, log on to the domain using the Domain Administrator account (on Samba domains, this is usually the account called <code class="constant">root</code>). </p></li><li><p> Click <span class="guimenu">Start</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Settings</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Control Panel</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Administrative Tools</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Computer Management</span>. </p></li><li><p> In the left panel, <span class="guimenu">[Right mouse menu item] Computer Management (Local)</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Connect to another computer ...</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Browse...</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Advanced</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Find Now</span>. In the lower panel, click on the name of the server you wish to administer. Click <span class="guimenu">OK</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">OK</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">OK</span>. In the left panel, the entry <span class="guimenu">Computer Management (Local)</span> should now reflect the change made. For example, if the server you are administering is called <code class="constant">FRODO</code>, the Computer Management entry should now say: <span class="guimenu">Computer Management (FRODO)</span>. </p></li><li><p> In the left panel, click <span class="guimenu">Computer Management (FRODO)</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[+] Shared Folders</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Shares</span>. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376547"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376555"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376562"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376570"></a> In the right panel, double-click on the share on which you wish to set/edit ACLs. This brings up the Properties panel. Click the <span class="guimenu">Security</span> tab. It is best to edit ACLs using the <code class="constant">Advanced</code> editing features. Click the <span class="guimenu">Advanced</span> button. This opens a panel that has four tabs. Only the functionality under the <code class="constant">Permissions</code> tab can be utilized with respect to a Samba domain server. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376607"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376615"></a> You may now edit/add/remove access control settings. Be very careful. Many problems have been created by people who decided that everyone should be rejected but one particular group should have full control. This is a catch-22 situation because members of that particular group also belong to the group <code class="constant">Everyone</code>, which therefore overrules any permissions set for the permitted group. </p></li><li><p> When you are done with editing, close all panels by clicking through the <span class="guimenu">OK</span> buttons until the last panel closes. </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id376647"></a>Using MS Windows Explorer (File Manager)</h4></div></div></div><p> The following alternative method may be used from a Windows workstation. In this example we work with a domain called <code class="constant">MEGANET</code>, a server called <code class="constant">MASSIVE</code>, and a share called <code class="constant">Apps</code>. The underlying UNIX/Linux share point for this share is <code class="filename">/data/apps</code>. </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Click <span class="guimenu">Start</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[right-click] My Computer</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Explore</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[left panel] [+] My Network Places</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[+] Entire Network</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[+] Microsoft Windows Network</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[+] Meganet</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[+] Massive</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">[right-click] Apps</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Security</span> → <span class="guimenuitem">Advanced</span>. This opens a panel that has four tabs. Only the functionality under the <code class="constant">Permissions</code> tab can be utilized for a Samba domain server. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376768"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376775"></a> You may now edit/add/remove access control settings. Be very careful. Many problems have been created by people who decided that everyone should be rejected but one particular group should have full control. This is a catch-22 situation because members of that particular group also belong to the group <code class="constant">Everyone</code>, which therefore overrules any permissions set for the permitted group. </p></li><li><p> When you are done with editing, close all panels by clicking through the <span class="guimenu">OK</span> buttons until the last panel closes. </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id376809"></a>Setting Posix ACLs in UNIX/Linux</h4></div></div></div><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376816"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376824"></a> Yet another alternative method for setting desired security settings on the shared resource files and directories can be achieved by logging into UNIX/Linux and setting POSIX ACLs directly using command-line tools. Here is an example session on the same resource as in the immediately preceding example on a SUSE 9 Linux system: </p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p> Log into the Linux system as the user <code class="constant">root</code>. </p></li><li><p> Change directory to the location of the exported (shared) Windows file share (Apps), which is in the directory <code class="filename">/data</code>. Execute the following: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> cd /data </pre><p> Retrieve the existing POSIX ACLs entry by executing: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> getfacl apps # file: apps # owner: root # group: root user::rwx group::rwx other::r-x </pre><p> </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376892"></a> You want to add permission for <code class="constant">AppsMgrs</code> to enable them to manage the applications (apps) share. It is important to set the ACL recursively so that the AppsMgrs have this capability throughout the directory tree that is being shared. This is done using the <code class="constant">-R</code> option as shown. Execute the following: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> setfacl -m -R group:AppsMgrs:rwx /data/apps </pre><p> Because setting an ACL does not provide a response, you immediately validate the command executed as follows: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> getfacl /data/apps # file: apps # owner: root # group: root user::rwx group::rwx group:AppsMgrs:rwx mask::rwx other::r-x </pre><p> This confirms that the change of POSIX ACL permissions has been effective. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id376942"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376950"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376958"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376965"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id376973"></a> It is highly recommended that you read the online manual page for the <code class="literal">setfacl</code> and <code class="literal">getfacl</code> commands. This provides information regarding how to set/read the default ACLs and how that may be propagated through the directory tree. In Windows ACLs terms, this is the equivalent of setting <code class="constant">inheritance</code> properties. </p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id377005"></a>Key Points Learned</h3></div></div></div><p> The mish-mash of issues were thrown together into one chapter because it seemed like a good idea. Looking back, this chapter could be broken into two, but it's too late now. It has been done. The highlights covered are as follows: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377020"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377028"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377036"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377043"></a> Winbind honors and does not override account controls set in Active Directory. This means that password change, logon hours, and so on, are (or soon will be) enforced by Samba winbind. At this time, an out-of-hours login is denied and password change is enforced. At this time, if logon hours expire, the user is not forcibly logged off. That may be implemented at some later date. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377059"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377067"></a> Sign'n'seal (plus schannel support) has been implemented in Samba-3. Beware of potential problems acknowledged by Microsoft as having been fixed but reported by some as still possibly an open issue. </p></li><li><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377081"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377089"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377097"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377104"></a> The combination of Kerberos 5, plus OpenLDAP, plus Samba, cannot replace Microsoft Active Directory. The possibility to do this is not planned in the current Samba-3 roadmap. Samba-3 does aim to provide further improvements in interoperability so that UNIX/Linux systems may be fully integrated into Active Directory domains. </p></li><li><p> This chapter reviewed mechanisms by which Samba servers may be kept secure. Each of the four key methodologies was reviewed with specific reference to example deployment techniques. </p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id377127"></a>Questions and Answers</h2></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="qandaset"><dl><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377142"> Does Samba-3 require the Sign'n'seal registry hacks needed by Samba-2? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377210"> Does Samba-3 support Active Directory? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377238"> When Samba-3 is used with Active Directory, is it necessary to run mixed-mode operation, as was necessary with Samba-2? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377273"> Is it safe to set share-level access controls in Samba? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377300"> Is it mandatory to set share ACLs to get a secure Samba-3 server? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377372"> The valid users did not work on the [homes]. Has this functionality been restored yet? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377431"> Is the bias against use of the force user and force group really warranted? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377492"> The example given for file and directory access control forces all files to be owned by one particular user. I do not like that. Is there any way I can see who created the file? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377536"> In the book, “The Official Samba-3 HOWTO and Reference Guide”, you recommended use of the Windows NT4 Server Manager (part of the SRVTOOLS.EXE) utility. Why have you mentioned only the use of the Windows 200x/XP MMC Computer Management utility? </a></dt><dt> <a href="kerberos.html#id377596"> I tried to set valid users = @Engineers, but it does not work. My Samba server is an Active Directory domain member server. Has this been fixed now? </a></dt></dl><table border="0" summary="Q and A Set"><col align="left" width="1%"><tbody><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377142"></a><a name="id377144"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377147"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377155"></a> Does Samba-3 require the <code class="constant">Sign'n'seal</code> registry hacks needed by Samba-2? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377174"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377182"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377190"></a> No. Samba-3 fully supports <code class="constant">Sign'n'seal</code> as well as <code class="constant">schannel</code> operation. The registry change should not be applied when Samba-3 is used as a domain controller. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377210"></a><a name="id377212"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Does Samba-3 support Active Directory? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377222"></a> Yes. Samba-3 can be a fully participating native mode Active Directory client. Samba-3 does not provide Active Directory services. It cannot be used to replace a Microsoft Active Directory server implementation. Samba-3 can function as an Active Directory client (workstation) toolkit, and it can function as an Active Directory domain member server. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377238"></a><a name="id377240"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377243"></a> When Samba-3 is used with Active Directory, is it necessary to run mixed-mode operation, as was necessary with Samba-2? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377259"></a> No. Samba-3 can be used with NetBIOS over TCP/IP disabled, just as can be done with Windows 200x Server and 200x/XPPro client products. It is no longer necessary to run mixed-mode operation, because Samba-3 can join a native Windows 2003 Server ADS domain. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377273"></a><a name="id377275"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377278"></a> Is it safe to set share-level access controls in Samba? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> Yes. Share-level access controls have been supported since early versions of Samba-2. This is very mature technology. Not enough sites make use of this powerful capability, neither on Windows server or with Samba servers. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377300"></a><a name="id377302"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377305"></a> Is it mandatory to set share ACLs to get a secure Samba-3 server? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377320"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377328"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377336"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377344"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377352"></a> No. Samba-3 honors UNIX/Linux file system security, supports Windows 200x ACLs, and provides means of securing shares through share definition controls in the <code class="filename">smb.conf</code> file. The additional support for share-level ACLs is like frosting on the cake. It adds to security but is not essential to it. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377372"></a><a name="id377374"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377378"></a> The <em class="parameter"><code>valid users</code></em> did not work on the <em class="parameter"><code>[homes]</code></em>. Has this functionality been restored yet? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377404"></a> Yes. This was fixed in Samba-3.0.2. The use of this parameter is strongly recommended as a safeguard on the <em class="parameter"><code>[homes]</code></em> meta-service. The correct way to specify this is: <a class="indexterm" name="id377421"></a>valid users = %S. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377431"></a><a name="id377433"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377436"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377444"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377452"></a> Is the bias against use of the <em class="parameter"><code>force user</code></em> and <em class="parameter"><code>force group</code></em> really warranted? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377479"></a> There is no bias. There is a determination to recommend the right tool for the task at hand. After all, it is better than putting users through performance problems, isn't it? </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377492"></a><a name="id377494"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> The example given for file and directory access control forces all files to be owned by one particular user. I do not like that. Is there any way I can see who created the file? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377506"></a> Sure. You do not have to set the SUID bit on the directory. Simply execute the following command to permit file ownership to be retained by the user who created it: </p><pre class="screen"> <code class="prompt">root# </code> find /usr/data/finance -type d -exec chmod g+s {}\; </pre><p> Note that this required no more than removing the <code class="constant">u</code> argument so that the SUID bit is not set for the owner. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377536"></a><a name="id377538"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377541"></a> In the book, “<span class="quote">The Official Samba-3 HOWTO and Reference Guide</span>”, you recommended use of the Windows NT4 Server Manager (part of the <code class="filename">SRVTOOLS.EXE</code>) utility. Why have you mentioned only the use of the Windows 200x/XP MMC Computer Management utility? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377567"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377575"></a> Either tool can be used with equal effect. There is no benefit of one over the other, except that the MMC utility is present on all Windows 200x/XP systems and does not require additional software to be downloaded and installed. Note that if you want to manage user and group accounts in your Samba-controlled domain, the only tool that permits that is the NT4 Domain User Manager, which is provided as part of the <code class="filename">SRVTOOLS.EXE</code> utility. </p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="id377596"></a><a name="id377599"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a class="indexterm" name="id377602"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377610"></a><a class="indexterm" name="id377618"></a> I tried to set <em class="parameter"><code>valid users = @Engineers</code></em>, but it does not work. My Samba server is an Active Directory domain member server. Has this been fixed now? </p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p> The use of this parameter has always required the full specification of the domain account, for example, <em class="parameter"><code>valid users = @"MEGANET2\Domain Admins"</code></em>. </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr width="100" align="left"><div class="footnote"></div><div class="footnote"><a href="http://199.105.191.226/Man/2699/020430msdoj/" target="_top"><sup>[<a name="ftn.id374937" href="#id374937">13</a>] </sup>ITWorld.com</a></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="RefSection.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="RefSection.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="DomApps.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part III. Reference Section </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 12. Integrating Additional Services</td></tr></table></div></body></html>