Announcing ncurses 5.4
The ncurses (new curses) library is a free software emulation of
curses in System V Release 4.0, and more. It uses terminfo format,
supports pads and color and multiple highlights and forms characters
and function-key mapping, and has all the other SYSV-curses
enhancements over BSD curses.
In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared that he
considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and is encouraging the keepers of
Unix releases such as BSD/OS, freeBSD and netBSD to switch over to
ncurses.
The ncurses code was developed under GNU/Linux. It has been in use for
some time with OpenBSD as the system curses library, and on FreeBSD
and NetBSD as an external package. It should port easily to any
ANSI/POSIX-conforming UNIX. It has even been ported to OS/2 Warp!
The distribution includes the library and support utilities, including
a terminfo compiler tic(1), a decompiler infocmp(1), clear(1),
tput(1), tset(1), and a termcap conversion tool captoinfo(1). Full
manual pages are provided for the library and tools.
The ncurses distribution is available via anonymous FTP at the GNU
distribution site [1]ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ .
It is also available at [2]ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ .
Release Notes
This release is designed to be upward compatible from ncurses 5.0 and
5.3; very few applications will require recompilation, depending on
the platform. These are the highlights from the change-log since
ncurses 5.3 release.
Interface changes:
* add the remaining functions for X/Open curses wide-character
support.
+ pecho_wchar()
+ slk_wset()
These are only available if the library is configured using the
--enable-widec option.
* write getyx() and related 2-return macros in terms of getcury(),
getcurx(), etc.
* simplify ifdef for bool declaration in curses.h
* modify ifdef's in curses.h that disabled use of __attribute__()
for g++, since recent versions implement the cases which ncurses
uses.
* add key_defined() function, to tell which keycode a string is
bound to.
New features and improvements:
* library
+ implement logic in lib_mouse.c to handle position reports
which are generated when XFree86 xterm is initialized with
private modes 1002 or 1003. These are returned to the
application as the REPORT_MOUSE_POSITION mask, which was not
implemented.
+ modify soft-key initialization to use A_REVERSE if A_STANDOUT
would not be shown when colors are used, i.e., if ncv#1 is
set in the terminfo as is done in "screen".
+ add configure option for FreeBSD sysmouse, --with-sysmouse,
and implement library support for that.
* programs:
+ tack:
o allow it to run from fallback terminfo data.
o reset colors after each color test, correct a place
where exit_standout_mode was used instead of
exit_attribute_mode.
o improve bce test by making it set colors other than
black on white.
+ tic:
o handle a case where an entry has no description, and
capabilities begin on the same line as the entry name.
o allow a terminfo entry with a leading 2-character name.
o improved warnings when suppressing items to fit in
termcap's 1023-byte limit.
o add check for multiple "tc=" clauses in a termcap.
o correct logic for resolving "use=" clauses allow infocmp
and tic to show cancelled capabilities.
o check for incomplete line-drawing character mapping.
o check for missing/empty/illegal terminfo name.
+ tput:
o modify tput to use the same parameter analysis as
tparm() does, to provide for user-defined strings, e.g.,
for xterm title, a corresponding capability might be
title=\E]2;%p1%s^G,
+ tset:
o use the system's default values for CKILL and other
default control characters.
o correct interchanged defaults for kill and interrupt
characters, which caused it to report unnecessarily.
Major bug fixes:
* prevent recursion in wgetch() via wgetnstr() if the connection
cannot be switched between cooked/raw modes because it is not a
TTY.
* correct a case in _nc_remove_string(), used by define_key(), to
avoid infinite loop if the given string happens to be a substring
of other strings which are assigned to keys.
* modify logic of acsc to use the original character if no mapping
is defined, rather than a null.
* several improvements for handling multi-cell display of wide
characters.
+ modify setcchar() to allow converting control characters to
complex characters.
+ correct handling of multibyte characters in waddch_literal()
which force wrapping because they are started too late on the
line.
+ modify setcchar() to allow for wchar_t input strings that
have more than one spacing character.
* other fixes for wide-character support:
+ rewrote lib_acs.c to allow PutAttrChar() to decide how to
render alternate-characters, i.e., to work with Linux console
and UTF-8 locale.
+ implement a workaround so that line-drawing works with
screen's crippled UTF-8 support (tested with 3.9.13). This
only works with the wide-character support (--enable-widec);
the normal library will simply suppress line-drawing when
running in a UTF-8 locale in screen.
+ corrections to lib_get_wstr.c:
o null-terminate buffer passed to setcchar(), which
occasionally failed.
o map special characters such as erase- and
kill-characters into key-codes so those will work as
expected even if they are not mentioned in the terminfo.
* modify setupterm() to check if the terminfo and terminal-modes
have already been read. This ensures that it does not reinvoke
def_prog_mode() when an application calls more than one function,
such as tgetent() and initscr().
* fix form_driver() cases for REQ_CLR_EOF, REQ_CLR_EOL,
REQ_DEL_CHAR, REQ_DEL_PREV and REQ_NEW_LINE, which did not ensure
the cursor was at the editing position before making
modifications.
* correct keybound(), which reported definitions in the wrong table,
i.e., the list of definitions which are disabled by keyok().
* fixes related to safe_sprintf.c:
+ correct an allocation size in safe_sprintf.c for the "*"
format code.
+ correct safe_sprintf.c to not return a null pointer if the
format happens to be an empty string.
+ make return value from _nc_printf_string() consistent.
Before, depending on whether --enable-safe-sprintf was used,
it might not be cached for reallocating.
* other low-level improvements to the optimization code include:
+ if the output is a socket or other non-tty device, use 1
millisecond for the cost in mvcur; previously it was 9
milliseconds because the baudrate was not known.
+ modify lib_getch.c to avoid recursion via wgetnstr() when the
input is not a tty and consequently mode-changes do not work.
+ fix several places in tack/pad.c which tested and used the
parameter- and parameterless strings inconsistently.
+ change several tputs() calls in scrolling code to use putp(),
to enable padding which may be needed for some terminals.
+ improve mvcur() by checking if it is safe to move when video
attributes are set (msgr), and if not, reset/restore
attributes within that function rather than doing it
separately in the GoTo() function in tty_update.c.
+ use tputs() rather than putp() in a few cases in tty_update.c
since the corresponding delays are proportional to the number
of lines affected: repeat_char, clr_eos,
change_scroll_region.
* correct line/column reference in adjust_window(), needed to make
special windows such as curscr track properly when resizing.
* fix a potential recursion between napms() and _nc_timed_wait()
* rewrote lib_insch.c, combining it with lib_insstr.c so both handle
tab and other control characters consistently.
* do not try to open gpm mouse driver if standard output is not a
tty; the gpm library does not make this check.
Portability:
* configure script:
+ new options:
--with-abi-version option.
addresses platforms where packagers have diverged
from ncurses ABI numbering.
--with-manpage-format=catonly
addresses behavior of BSDI, allow install of
man+cat files on NetBSD, whose behavior has
diverged by requiring both to be present.
--with-manpage-aliases
extends "--with-manpage-aliases" to provide the
option of generating ".so" files rather than
symbolic links for manpage aliases.
--with-rel-version
workaround to force libtool on Darwin generate the
"same" library names as with the "--with-shared"
option. The Darwin ld program does not work well
with a zero as the minor-version value.
--with-trace
simplifies defining TRACE to incorporate trace() in
libraries.
+ fixes/improvements for cross-compiling:
o allow BUILD_CC and related configure script variables to
be overridden from the environment.
o use AC_CHECK_TOOL to get proper values for AR and LD for
cross compiling.
o use $cross_compiling variable in configure script rather
than comparing $host_alias and $target alias, since
"host" is traditionally misused in autoconf to refer to
the target platform.
o modify run_tic.in to avoid using wrong shared libraries
when cross-compiling.
+ fixes for Mac OS X:
o fix a redefinition of $RANLIB in the configure script
when libtool is used.
o modify MKlib_gen.sh to avoid passing "#" tokens through
the C preprocessor. This works around Mac OS X's
preprocessor, which insists on adding a blank on each
side of the token.
+ workarounds for broken tools:
o add configure check for wchar_t and wint_t types, rather
than rely on preprocessor definitions. Also work around
for gcc fixinclude bug which creates a shadow copy of
curses.h if it sees these symbols apparently typedef'd.
o modify configure script to omit -Winline for gcc 3.3,
since that feature is broken.
o several script fixes to work around the ironically named
POSIXLY_CORRECT feature of GNU sed 4.0.
o modify configure script to avoid using "head -1", which
does not work if POSIXLY_CORRECT (sic) is set.
o update configure script to reflect fix for
AC_PROG_GCC_TRADITIONAL, which is broken in autoconf
2.5x for Mac OS X 10.2.3.
o repair check for missing C++ compiler, which is broken
in autoconf 2.5x by hardcoding it to g++.
+ corrected ifdef's relating to configure check for wchar_t,
etc.
+ remove configure script check to allow -Wconversion for older
versions of gcc
+ modify configure script to accommodate libtool 1.5, as well
as add an parameter to the "--with-libtool" option which can
specify the pathname of libtool.
+ change several sed scripts to avoid using "\+" since it is
not a BRE (basic regular expression). One instance caused
terminfo.5 to be misformatted on FreeBSD.
+ use '%' as sed substitute delimiter in run_tic script to
avoid problems with pathname delimiters such as ':' and '@'.
+ add -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=500 if needed when configuring with
"--enable-widec", to get mbstate_t declaration on HPUX 11.11.
* library:
+ adjust include-options in CF_ETIP_DEFINES to avoid missing
ncurses_dll.h, fixing special definitions that may be needed
for etip.h.
+ modify CF_LIB_SUFFIX for Itanium releases of HP-UX, which use
a ".so" suffix.
+ improve ifdef's to guard against redefinition of wchar_t and
wint_t in curses.h.
+ remove an #undef for KEY_EVENT from curses.tail used in the
experimental NCURSES_WGETCH_EVENTS feature. The #undef
confuses Debian dpkg's build script.
Features of Ncurses
The ncurses package is fully compatible with SVr4 (System V Release 4)
curses:
* All 257 of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are
documented).
* Full support for SVr4 curses features including keyboard mapping,
color, forms-drawing with ACS characters, and automatic
recognition of keypad and function keys.
* An emulation of the SVr4 panels library, supporting a stack of
windows with backing store, is included.
* An emulation of the SVr4 menus library, supporting a uniform but
flexible interface for menu programming, is included.
* An emulation of the SVr4 form library, supporting data collection
through on-screen forms, is included.
* Binary terminfo entries generated by the ncurses tic(1)
implementation are bit-for-bit-compatible with the entry format
SVr4 curses uses.
* The utilities have options to allow you to filter terminfo entries
for use with less capable curses/terminfo versions such as the
HP/UX and AIX ports.
The ncurses package also has many useful extensions over SVr4:
* The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the X/OPEN
curses specification, XSI curses (that is, it implements all BASE
level features, but not all EXTENDED features). Most
EXTENDED-level features not directly concerned with wide-character
support are implemented, including many function calls not
supported under SVr4 curses (but portability of all calls is
documented so you can use the SVr4 subset only).
* Unlike SVr3 curses, ncurses can write to the rightmost-bottommost
corner of the screen if your terminal has an insert-character
capability.
* Ada95 and C++ bindings.
* Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm and OS/2
console windows.
* Extended mouse support via Alessandro Rubini's gpm package.
* The function wresize() allows you to resize windows, preserving
their data.
* The function use_default_colors() allows you to use the terminal's
default colors for the default color pair, achieving the effect of
transparent colors.
* The functions keyok() and define_key() allow you to better control
the use of function keys, e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE,
or by defining more than one control sequence to map to a given
key code.
* Support for 16-color terminals, such as aixterm and XFree86 xterm.
* Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now features a
cursor-local-movement computation more efficient than either BSD's
or System V's.
* Super hardware scrolling support. The screen-update code
incorporates a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that enables it
to make optimal use of hardware scrolling, line-insertion, and
line-deletion for screen-line movements. This algorithm is more
powerful than the 4.4BSD curses quickch() routine.
* Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch. The
screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight if the
magic- cookie unattributed spaces required just before the
beginning and after the end would step on a non-space character.
It will automatically shift highlight boundaries when doing so
would make it possible to draw the highlight without changing the
visual appearance of the screen.
* It is possible to generate the library with a list of pre-loaded
fallback entries linked to it so that it can serve those terminal
types even when no terminfo tree or termcap file is accessible
(this may be useful for support of screen-oriented programs that
must run in single-user mode).
* The tic(1)/captoinfo utility provided with ncurses has the ability
to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and AT&T extension
sets.
* A BSD-like tset(1) utility is provided.
* The ncurses library and utilities will automatically read terminfo
entries from $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that
directory if it exists and the user has no write access to the
system directory. This feature makes it easier for users to have
personal terminfo entries without giving up access to the system
terminfo directory.
* You may specify a path of directories to search for compiled
descriptions with the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS (this
generalizes the feature provided by TERMINFO under stock System
V.)
* In terminfo source files, use capabilities may refer not just to
other entries in the same source file (as in System V) but also to
compiled entries in either the system terminfo directory or the
user's $HOME/.terminfo directory.
* A script (capconvert) is provided to help BSD users transition
from termcap to terminfo. It gathers the information in a TERMCAP
environment variable and/or a ~/.termcap local entries file and
converts it to an equivalent local terminfo tree under
$HOME/.terminfo.
* Automatic fallback to the /etc/termcap file can be compiled in
when it is not possible to build a terminfo tree. This feature is
neither fast nor cheap, you don't want to use it unless you have
to, but it's there.
* The table-of-entries utility toe makes it easy for users to see
exactly what terminal types are available on the system.
* The library meets the XSI requirement that every macro entry point
have a corresponding function which may be linked (and will be
prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
#undef.
* An HTML "Introduction to Programming with NCURSES" document
provides a narrative introduction to the curses programming
interface.
State of the Package
Numerous bugs present in earlier versions have been fixed; the library
is far more reliable than it used to be. Bounds checking in many
`dangerous' entry points has been improved. The code is now type-safe
according to gcc -Wall. The library has been checked for malloc leaks
and arena corruption by the Purify memory-allocation tester.
The ncurses code has been tested with a wide variety of applications
including (versions starting with those noted):
cdk
Curses Development Kit
[3]http://invisible-island.net/cdk/
[4]http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/
ded
directory-editor
[5]http://invisible-island.net/ded/
dialog
the underlying application used in Slackware's setup, and the
basis for similar applications on GNU/Linux.
[6]http://invisible-island.net/dialog/
lynx
the character-screen WWW browser
[7]http://lynx.isc.org/release/
Midnight Commander
file manager
[8]http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/
mutt
mail utility
[9]http://www.mutt.org/
ncftp
file-transfer utility
[10]http://www.ncftp.com/
nvi
New vi versions 1.50 are able to use ncurses versions 1.9.7 and
later.
[11]http://www.bostic.com/vi/
pinfo
Lynx-like info browser.
[12]http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/
tin
newsreader, supporting color, MIME [13]http://www.tin.org/
vh-1.6
Volks-Hypertext browser for the Jargon File
[14]http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html
as well as some that use ncurses for the terminfo support alone:
minicom
terminal emulator
[15]http://www.netsonic.fi/~walker/minicom.html
vile
vi-like-emacs
[16]http://invisible-island.net/vile/
The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs
(including a few games).
Who's Who and What's What
Zeyd Ben-Halim started it from a previous package pcurses, written by
Pavel Curtis. Eric S. Raymond continued development. Jürgen Pfeifer
wrote most of the form and menu libraries. Ongoing work is being done
by [17]Thomas Dickey. Thomas Dickey acts as the maintainer for the
Free Software Foundation, which holds the copyright on ncurses.
Contact the current maintainers at [18]bug-ncurses@gnu.org.
To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org containing the line:
subscribe <name>@<host.domain>
This list is open to anyone interested in helping with the development
and testing of this package.
Beta versions of ncurses and patches to the current release are made
available at [19]ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ .
Future Plans
* Extended-level XPG4 conformance, with internationalization
support.
* Ports to more systems, including DOS and Windows.
We need people to help with these projects. If you are interested in
working on them, please join the ncurses list.
Other Related Resources
The distribution provides a newer version of the terminfo-format
terminal description file maintained by [20]Eric Raymond . Unlike the
older version, the termcap and terminfo data are provided in the same
file.
You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics not
covered in the terminfo file at [21]Richard Shuford's archive .
References
1. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/
2. ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
3. http://invisible-island.net/cdk/
4. http://www.vexus.ca/products/CDK/
5. http://invisible-island.net/ded/
6. http://invisible-island.net/dialog/
7. http://lynx.isc.org/release/
8. http://www.ibiblio.org/mc/
9. http://www.mutt.org/
10. http://www.ncftp.com/
11. http://www.bostic.com/vi/
12. http://dione.ids.pl/~pborys/software/pinfo/
13. http://www.tin.org/
14. http://www.debian.org/Packages/unstable/text/vh.html
15. http://www.netsonic.fi/~walker/minicom.html
16. http://invisible-island.net/vile/
17. mailto:dickey@invisible-island.net
18. mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org
19. ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/
20. http://www.catb.org/~esr/terminfo/
21. http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal_index.html