<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY KEYWORD SYSTEM "includekeyword.c">
<!ENTITY XPATH SYSTEM "includexpath.c">
<!ENTITY STORY SYSTEM "includestory.xml">
<!ENTITY ADDKEYWORD SYSTEM "includeaddkeyword.c">
<!ENTITY ADDATTRIBUTE SYSTEM "includeaddattribute.c">
<!ENTITY GETATTRIBUTE SYSTEM "includegetattribute.c">
<!ENTITY CONVERT SYSTEM "includeconvert.c">
]>
<article lang="en">
<articleinfo>
<title>Libxml Tutorial</title>
<author>
<firstname>John</firstname>
<surname>Fleck</surname>
<email>jfleck@inkstain.net</email>
</author>
<copyright>
<year>2002, 2003</year>
<holder>John Fleck</holder>
</copyright>
<revhistory>
<revision>
<revnumber>1</revnumber>
<date>June 4, 2002</date>
<revremark>Initial draft</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>2</revnumber>
<date>June 12, 2002</date>
<revremark>retrieving attribute value added</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>3</revnumber>
<date>Aug. 31, 2002</date>
<revremark>freeing memory fix</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>4</revnumber>
<date>Nov. 10, 2002</date>
<revremark>encoding discussion added</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>5</revnumber>
<date>Dec. 15, 2002</date>
<revremark>more memory freeing changes</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>6</revnumber>
<date>Jan. 26. 2003</date>
<revremark>add index</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>7</revnumber>
<date>April 25, 2003</date>
<revremark>add compilation appendix</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>8</revnumber>
<date>July 24, 2003</date>
<revremark>add XPath example</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>9</revnumber>
<date>Feb. 14, 2004</date>
<revremark>Fix bug in XPath example</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>7</revnumber>
<date>Aug. 24, 2004</date>
<revremark>Fix another bug in XPath example</revremark>
</revision>
</revhistory>
</articleinfo>
<abstract>
<para>Libxml is a freely licensed C language library for handling
<acronym>XML</acronym>, portable across a large number of platforms. This
tutorial provides examples of its basic functions.</para>
</abstract>
<sect1 id="introduction">
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>Libxml is a C language library implementing functions for reading,
creating and manipulating <acronym>XML</acronym> data. This tutorial
provides example code and explanations of its basic functionality.</para>
<para>Libxml and more details about its use are available on <ulink
url="http://www.xmlsoft.org/">the project home page</ulink>. Included there is complete <ulink url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-lib.html">
<acronym>API</acronym> documentation</ulink>. This tutorial is not meant
to substitute for that complete documentation, but to illustrate the
functions needed to use the library to perform basic operations.
<!--
Links to
other resources can be found in <xref linkend="furtherresources" />.
-->
</para>
<para>The tutorial is based on a simple <acronym>XML</acronym> application I
use for articles I write. The format includes metadata and the body
of the article.</para>
<para>The example code in this tutorial demonstrates how to:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Parse the document.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Extract the text within a specified element.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Add an element and its content.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Add an attribute.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Extract the value of an attribute.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>Full code for the examples is included in the appendices.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialdatatypes">
<title>Data Types</title>
<para><application>Libxml</application> declares a number of data types we
will encounter repeatedly, hiding the messy stuff so you do not have to deal
with it unless you have some specific need.</para>
<para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><indexterm>
<primary>xmlChar</primary>
</indexterm>
<ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLCHAR">xmlChar</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>A basic replacement for char, a byte in a UTF-8 encoded
string. If your data uses another encoding, it must be converted to
UTF-8 for use with <application>libxml's</application>
functions. More information on encoding is available on the <ulink
url="http://www.xmlsoft.org/encoding.html"><application>libxml</application> encoding support web page</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><indexterm>
<primary>xmlDoc</primary>
</indexterm>
<ulink url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLDOC">xmlDoc</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>A structure containing the tree created by a parsed doc. <ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLDOCPTR">xmlDocPtr</ulink>
is a pointer to the structure.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><indexterm>
<primary>xmlNodePtr</primary>
</indexterm>
<ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLNODEPTR">xmlNodePtr</ulink>
and <ulink url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLNODE">xmlNode</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>A structure containing a single node. <ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLNODEPTR">xmlNodePtr</ulink>
is a pointer to the structure, and is used in traversing the document tree.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialparsing">
<title>Parsing the file</title>
<para><indexterm id="fileparsing" class="startofrange">
<primary>file</primary>
<secondary>parsing</secondary>
</indexterm>
Parsing the file requires only the name of the file and a single
function call, plus error checking. Full code: <xref
linkend="keywordappendix" /></para>
<para>
<programlisting>
<co id="declaredoc" /> xmlDocPtr doc;
<co id="declarenode" /> xmlNodePtr cur;
<co id="parsefile" /> doc = xmlParseFile(docname);
<co id="checkparseerror" /> if (doc == NULL ) {
fprintf(stderr,"Document not parsed successfully. \n");
return;
}
<co id="getrootelement" /> cur = xmlDocGetRootElement(doc);
<co id="checkemptyerror" /> if (cur == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr,"empty document\n");
xmlFreeDoc(doc);
return;
}
<co id="checkroottype" /> if (xmlStrcmp(cur->name, (const xmlChar *) "story")) {
fprintf(stderr,"document of the wrong type, root node != story");
xmlFreeDoc(doc);
return;
}
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="declaredoc">
<para>Declare the pointer that will point to your parsed document.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="declarenode">
<para>Declare a node pointer (you'll need this in order to
interact with individual nodes).</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="checkparseerror">
<para>Check to see that the document was successfully parsed. If it
was not, <application>libxml</application> will at this point
register an error and stop.
<note>
<para><indexterm>
<primary>encoding</primary>
</indexterm>
One common example of an error at this point is improper
handling of encoding. The <acronym>XML</acronym> standard requires
documents stored with an encoding other than UTF-8 or UTF-16 to
contain an explicit declaration of their encoding. If the
declaration is there, <application>libxml</application> will
automatically perform the necessary conversion to UTF-8 for
you. More information on <acronym>XML's</acronym> encoding
requirements is contained in the <ulink
url="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml#charencoding">standard</ulink>.</para>
</note>
</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="getrootelement">
<para>Retrieve the document's root element.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="checkemptyerror">
<para>Check to make sure the document actually contains something.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="checkroottype">
<para>In our case, we need to make sure the document is the right
type. "story" is the root type of the documents used in this
tutorial.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
<indexterm startref="fileparsing" class="endofrange" />
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialgettext">
<title>Retrieving Element Content</title>
<para><indexterm>
<primary>element</primary>
<secondary>retrieving content</secondary>
</indexterm>
Retrieving the content of an element involves traversing the document
tree until you find what you are looking for. In this case, we are looking
for an element called "keyword" contained within element called "story". The
process to find the node we are interested in involves tediously walking the
tree. We assume you already have an xmlDocPtr called <varname>doc</varname>
and an xmlNodPtr called <varname>cur</varname>.</para>
<para>
<programlisting>
<co id="getchildnode" />cur = cur->xmlChildrenNode;
<co id="huntstoryinfo" />while (cur != NULL) {
if ((!xmlStrcmp(cur->name, (const xmlChar *)"storyinfo"))){
parseStory (doc, cur);
}
cur = cur->next;
}
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="getchildnode">
<para>Get the first child node of <varname>cur</varname>. At this
point, <varname>cur</varname> points at the document root, which is
the element "story".</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="huntstoryinfo">
<para>This loop iterates through the elements that are children of
"story", looking for one called "storyinfo". That
is the element that will contain the "keywords" we are
looking for. It uses the <application>libxml</application> string
comparison
function, <function><ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-parser.html#XMLSTRCMP">xmlStrcmp</ulink></function>. If there is a match, it calls the function <function>parseStory</function>.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
<para>
<programlisting>
void
parseStory (xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNodePtr cur) {
xmlChar *key;
<co id="anothergetchild" /> cur = cur->xmlChildrenNode;
<co id="findkeyword" /> while (cur != NULL) {
if ((!xmlStrcmp(cur->name, (const xmlChar *)"keyword"))) {
<co id="foundkeyword" /> key = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
printf("keyword: %s\n", key);
xmlFree(key);
}
cur = cur->next;
}
return;
}
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="anothergetchild">
<para>Again we get the first child node.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="findkeyword">
<para>Like the loop above, we then iterate through the nodes, looking
for one that matches the element we're interested in, in this case
"keyword".</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="foundkeyword">
<para>When we find the "keyword" element, we need to print
its contents. Remember that in <acronym>XML</acronym>, the text
contained within an element is a child node of that element, so we
turn to <varname>cur->xmlChildrenNode</varname>. To retrieve it, we
use the function <function><ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLNODELISTGETSTRING">xmlNodeListGetString</ulink></function>, which also takes the <varname>doc</varname> pointer as an argument. In this case, we just print it out.</para>
<note>
<para>Because <function>xmlNodeListGetString</function> allocates
memory for the string it returns, you must use
<function>xmlFree</function> to free it.</para>
</note>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialxpath">
<title>Using XPath to Retrieve Element Content</title>
<para>In addition to walking the document tree to find an element,
<application>Libxml2</application> includes support for
use of <application>XPath</application> expressions to retrieve sets of
nodes that match a specified criteria. Full documentation of the
<application>XPath</application> <acronym>API</acronym> is <ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xpath.html">here</ulink>.
</para>
<para><application>XPath</application> allows searching through a document
for nodes that match specified criteria. In the example below we search
through a document for the contents of all <varname>keyword</varname>
elements.
<note>
<para>A full discussion of <application>XPath</application> is beyond
the scope of this document. For details on its use, see the <ulink
url="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath">XPath specification</ulink>.</para>
</note>
Full code for this example is at <xref linkend="xpathappendix" />.
</para>
<para>Using <application>XPath</application> requires setting up an
xmlXPathContext and then supplying the <application>XPath</application>
expression and the context to the
<function>xmlXPathEvalExpression</function> function. The function returns
an xmlXPathObjectPtr, which includes the set of nodes satisfying the
<application>XPath</application> expression.</para>
<para>
<programlisting>
xmlXPathObjectPtr
getnodeset (xmlDocPtr doc, xmlChar *xpath){
<co id="cocontext" />xmlXPathContextPtr context;
xmlXPathObjectPtr result;
<co id="cocreatecontext" />context = xmlXPathNewContext(doc);
<co id="corunxpath" />result = xmlXPathEvalExpression(xpath, context);
<co id="cocheckxpathresult" />if(xmlXPathNodeSetIsEmpty(result->nodesetval)){
xmlXPathFreeObject(result);
printf("No result\n");
return NULL;
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="cocontext">
<para>First we declare our variables.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="cocreatecontext">
<para>Initialize the <varname>context</varname> variable.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="corunxpath">
<para>Apply the <application>XPath</application> expression.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="cocheckxpathresult">
<para>Check the result and free the memory allocated to
<varname>result</varname> if no result is found.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
<para>The xmlPathObjectPtr returned by the function contains a set of nodes
and other information needed to iterate through the set and act on the
results. For this example, our functions returns the
<varname>xmlXPathObjectPtr</varname>. We use it to print the contents of
<varname>keyword</varname> nodes in our document. The node set object
includes the number of elements in the set (<varname>nodeNr</varname>) and
an array of nodes (<varname>nodeTab</varname>):
<programlisting>
<co id="conodesetcounter" />for (i=0; i < nodeset->nodeNr; i++) {
<co id="coprintkeywords" />keyword = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, nodeset->nodeTab[i]->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
printf("keyword: %s\n", keyword);
xmlFree(keyword);
}
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="conodesetcounter">
<para>The value of <varname>nodeset->Nr</varname> holds the number of
elements in the node set. Here we use it to iterate through the array.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="coprintkeywords">
<para>Here we print the contents of each of the nodes returned.
<note>
<para>Note that we are printing the child node of the node that is
returned, because the contents of the <varname>keyword</varname>
element are a child text node.</para>
</note>
</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialwritingcontent">
<title>Writing element content</title>
<para><indexterm>
<primary>element</primary>
<secondary>writing content</secondary>
</indexterm>
Writing element content uses many of the same steps we used above
— parsing the document and walking the tree. We parse the document,
then traverse the tree to find the place we want to insert our element. For
this example, we want to again find the "storyinfo" element and
this time insert a keyword. Then we'll write the file to disk. Full code:
<xref linkend="addkeywordappendix" /></para>
<para>
The main difference in this example is in
<function>parseStory</function>:
<programlisting>
void
parseStory (xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNodePtr cur, char *keyword) {
<co id="addkeyword" /> xmlNewTextChild (cur, NULL, "keyword", keyword);
return;
}
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="addkeyword">
<para>The <function><ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLNEWTEXTCHILD">xmlNewTextChild</ulink></function>
function adds a new child element at the
current node pointer's location in the
tree, specified by <varname>cur</varname>.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
<para>
<indexterm>
<primary>file</primary>
<secondary>saving</secondary>
</indexterm>
Once the node has been added, we would like to write the document to
file. Is you want the element to have a namespace, you can add it here as
well. In our case, the namespace is NULL.
<programlisting>
xmlSaveFormatFile (docname, doc, 1);
</programlisting>
The first parameter is the name of the file to be written. You'll notice
it is the same as the file we just read. In this case, we just write over
the old file. The second parameter is a pointer to the xmlDoc
structure. Setting the third parameter equal to one ensures indenting on output.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialwritingattribute">
<title>Writing Attribute</title>
<para><indexterm>
<primary>attribute</primary>
<secondary>writing</secondary>
</indexterm>
Writing an attribute is similar to writing text to a new element. In
this case, we'll add a reference <acronym>URI</acronym> to our
document. Full code:<xref linkend="addattributeappendix" />.</para>
<para>
A <sgmltag>reference</sgmltag> is a child of the <sgmltag>story</sgmltag>
element, so finding the place to put our new element and attribute is
simple. As soon as we do the error-checking test in our
<function>parseDoc</function>, we are in the right spot to add our
element. But before we do that, we need to make a declaration using a
data type we have not seen yet:
<programlisting>
xmlAttrPtr newattr;
</programlisting>
We also need an extra xmlNodePtr:
<programlisting>
xmlNodePtr newnode;
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
The rest of <function>parseDoc</function> is the same as before until we
check to see if our root element is <sgmltag>story</sgmltag>. If it is,
then we know we are at the right spot to add our element:
<programlisting>
<co id="addreferencenode" /> newnode = xmlNewTextChild (cur, NULL, "reference", NULL);
<co id="addattributenode" /> newattr = xmlNewProp (newnode, "uri", uri);
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="addreferencenode">
<para>First we add a new node at the location of the current node
pointer, <varname>cur.</varname> using the <ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLNEWTEXTCHILD">xmlNewTextChild</ulink> function.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
<para>Once the node is added, the file is written to disk just as in the
previous example in which we added an element with text content.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialattribute">
<title>Retrieving Attributes</title>
<para><indexterm>
<primary>attribute</primary>
<secondary>retrieving value</secondary>
</indexterm>
Retrieving the value of an attribute is similar to the previous
example in which we retrieved a node's text contents. In this case we'll
extract the value of the <acronym>URI</acronym> we added in the previous
section. Full code: <xref linkend="getattributeappendix" />.</para>
<para>
The initial steps for this example are similar to the previous ones: parse
the doc, find the element you are interested in, then enter a function to
carry out the specific task required. In this case, we call
<function>getReference</function>:
<programlisting>
void
getReference (xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNodePtr cur) {
xmlChar *uri;
cur = cur->xmlChildrenNode;
while (cur != NULL) {
if ((!xmlStrcmp(cur->name, (const xmlChar *)"reference"))) {
<co id="getattributevalue" /> uri = xmlGetProp(cur, "uri");
printf("uri: %s\n", uri);
xmlFree(uri);
}
cur = cur->next;
}
return;
}
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="getattributevalue">
<para>
The key function is <function><ulink
url="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#XMLGETPROP">xmlGetProp</ulink></function>, which returns an
<varname>xmlChar</varname> containing the attribute's value. In this case,
we just print it out.
<note>
<para>
If you are using a <acronym>DTD</acronym> that declares a fixed or
default value for the attribute, this function will retrieve it.
</para>
</note>
</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="xmltutorialconvert">
<title>Encoding Conversion</title>
<para><indexterm>
<primary>encoding</primary>
</indexterm>
Data encoding compatibility problems are one of the most common
difficulties encountered by programmers new to <acronym>XML</acronym> in
general and <application>libxml</application> in particular. Thinking
through the design of your application in light of this issue will help
avoid difficulties later. Internally, <application>libxml</application>
stores and manipulates data in the UTF-8 format. Data used by your program
in other formats, such as the commonly used ISO-8859-1 encoding, must be
converted to UTF-8 before passing it to <application>libxml</application>
functions. If you want your program's output in an encoding other than
UTF-8, you also must convert it.</para>
<para><application>Libxml</application> uses
<application>iconv</application> if it is available to convert
data. Without <application>iconv</application>, only UTF-8, UTF-16 and
ISO-8859-1 can be used as external formats. With
<application>iconv</application>, any format can be used provided
<application>iconv</application> is able to convert it to and from
UTF-8. Currently <application>iconv</application> supports about 150
different character formats with ability to convert from any to any. While
the actual number of supported formats varies between implementations, every
<application>iconv</application> implementation is almost guaranteed to
support every format anyone has ever heard of.</para>
<warning>
<para>A common mistake is to use different formats for the internal data
in different parts of one's code. The most common case is an application
that assumes ISO-8859-1 to be the internal data format, combined with
<application>libxml</application>, which assumes UTF-8 to be the
internal data format. The result is an application that treats internal
data differently, depending on which code section is executing. The one or
the other part of code will then, naturally, misinterpret the data.
</para>
</warning>
<para>This example constructs a simple document, then adds content provided
at the command line to the document's root element and outputs the results
to <filename>stdout</filename> in the proper encoding. For this example, we
use ISO-8859-1 encoding. The encoding of the string input at the command
line is converted from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8. Full code: <xref
linkend="convertappendix" /></para>
<para>The conversion, encapsulated in the example code in the
<function>convert</function> function, uses
<application>libxml's</application>
<function>xmlFindCharEncodingHandler</function> function:
<programlisting>
<co id="handlerdatatype" />xmlCharEncodingHandlerPtr handler;
<co id="calcsize" />size = (int)strlen(in)+1;
out_size = size*2-1;
out = malloc((size_t)out_size);
…
<co id="findhandlerfunction" />handler = xmlFindCharEncodingHandler(encoding);
…
<co id="callconversionfunction" />handler->input(out, &out_size, in, &temp);
…
<co id="outputencoding" />xmlSaveFormatFileEnc("-", doc, encoding, 1);
</programlisting>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs="handlerdatatype">
<para><varname>handler</varname> is declared as a pointer to an
<function>xmlCharEncodingHandler</function> function.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="calcsize">
<para>The <function>xmlCharEncodingHandler</function> function needs
to be given the size of the input and output strings, which are
calculated here for strings <varname>in</varname> and
<varname>out</varname>.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="findhandlerfunction">
<para><function>xmlFindCharEncodingHandler</function> takes as its
argument the data's initial encoding and searches
<application>libxml's</application> built-in set of conversion
handlers, returning a pointer to the function or NULL if none is
found.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="callconversionfunction">
<para>The conversion function identified by <varname>handler</varname>
requires as its arguments pointers to the input and output strings,
along with the length of each. The lengths must be determined
separately by the application.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs="outputencoding">
<para>To output in a specified encoding rather than UTF-8, we use
<function>xmlSaveFormatFileEnc</function>, specifying the
encoding.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
</sect1>
<appendix id="compilation">
<title>Compilation</title>
<para><indexterm>
<primary>compiler flags</primary>
</indexterm>
<application>Libxml</application> includes a script,
<application>xml2-config</application>, that can be used to generate
flags for compilation and linking of programs written with the
library. For pre-processor and compiler flags, use <command>xml2-config
--cflags</command>. For library linking flags, use <command>xml2-config
--libs</command>. Other options are available using <command>xml2-config
--help</command>.</para>
</appendix>
<appendix id="sampledoc">
<title>Sample Document</title>
<programlisting>&STORY;</programlisting>
</appendix>
<appendix id="keywordappendix">
<title>Code for Keyword Example</title>
<para>
<programlisting>&KEYWORD;</programlisting>
</para>
</appendix>
<appendix id="xpathappendix">
<title>Code for XPath Example</title>
<para>
<programlisting>&XPATH;</programlisting>
</para>
</appendix>
<appendix id="addkeywordappendix">
<title>Code for Add Keyword Example</title>
<para>
<programlisting>&ADDKEYWORD;</programlisting>
</para>
</appendix>
<appendix id="addattributeappendix">
<title>Code for Add Attribute Example</title>
<para>
<programlisting>&ADDATTRIBUTE;</programlisting>
</para>
</appendix>
<appendix id="getattributeappendix">
<title>Code for Retrieving Attribute Value Example</title>
<para>
<programlisting>&GETATTRIBUTE;</programlisting>
</para>
</appendix>
<appendix id="convertappendix">
<title>Code for Encoding Conversion Example</title>
<para>
<programlisting>&CONVERT;</programlisting>
</para>
</appendix>
<appendix>
<title>Acknowledgements</title>
<para>A number of people have generously offered feedback, code and
suggested improvements to this tutorial. In no particular order:
<simplelist type="inline">
<member>Daniel Veillard</member>
<member>Marcus Labib Iskander</member>
<member>Christopher R. Harris</member>
<member>Igor Zlatkovic</member>
<member>Niraj Tolia</member>
<member>David Turover</member>
</simplelist>
</para>
</appendix>
<index />
</article>