<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"> <title>Mom -- Bibliographies and References</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#dfdfdf"> <!====================================================================> <a href="letters.html#TOP">Next</a> <a href="cover.html#TOP">Prev</a> <a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a> <a name="TOP"></a> <h1 align="center"> <a name="REF_INTRO"><u>Bibliographies and references</u></a> </h1> <p> <a href="#INTRO_REF">Introduction to bibliographies and references</a> <br> <a href="#TUTORIAL_REF">Tutorial</a> <ul> <li><a href="#DB_REF">Creating a refer database</a> <li><a href="#RCOMMANDS_REF">Required "refer" commands</a> <li><a href="#ACCESSING_REF">Accessing references</a> <li><a href="#WHERE_REF">Telling mom where to put references</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a> <li><a href="#INVOKING_REF">Invoking groff with mom and refer</a> </ul> <br> <a href="#MACROS_REF">Index of bibliography and reference macros</a> <p> <a name="INTRO_REF"> <h2><u>Introduction to bibliographies and references</u></h2> </a> <strong>Mom</strong> provides the ability to automatically format and generate bibliography pages, as well as footnote or endnote bibliographic references, or references embedded in text. She accomplishes this by working in conjunction with a special <strong>groff</strong> program called "refer". <p> <strong>refer</strong> is a <strong>groff</strong> "pre-processor", which is to say that it scans your files looking for very specific commands (i.e. lines that begin with a period [dot], just like macros and document element tags). If the commands aren't there, <strong>refer</strong> can't do it's job, and neither can <strong>mom</strong>. The scanning is done <strong>before</strong> any actual <strong>mom</strong> processing occurs. <p> <strong>refer</strong> is a program that's been around for a long time. It's powerful and has many, many features. Unfortunately, the manpage (<kbd>man refer</kbd>), while complete and accurate, is dense and not a good introduction to <strong>refer</strong>. (It's a classic manpage Catch-22: the information it contains is most useful only after you already grasp it.) <p> In order to get <strong>mom</strong> users up and running with <strong>refer</strong>, this section of <strong>mom</strong>'s documentation focuses exclusively, in a recipe-like manner, on what you need to know to use <strong>refer</strong> satisfactorily in conjunction with <strong>mom</strong>. The information and instructions are <strong><em><u>not</u></em></strong> to be taken as a manual or tutorial on full <strong>refer</strong> usage. Much has been left out, on purpose. <p> It is tempting to provide two levels of documentation, one for users familiar with <strong>refer</strong> and one for newcomers to <strong>groff</strong> and <strong>mom</strong>, but such an approach may muddy the waters for newcomers. <strong>Mom</strong>'s allegiance, first and foremost, is to newcomers. If you're already a <strong>refer</strong> user, the information herein will be useful for adapting your current <strong>refer</strong> usage to <strong>mom</strong>'s way of doing things. If you've never used <strong>refer</strong>, the information is essential, and, in many cases, may be all you need. <p> (For the benefit of old groff-hands: <strong>refer</strong> support in <strong>mom</strong> is heavily based on the <strong>refer</strong> module of the ms macros. The choice was deliberate so that those wishing to play around with <strong>mom</strong>'s bibliography formatting style would be tinkering with the familiar.) <p> <strong>refer</strong> requires first that you create a bibliographic database. From the information contained in the database, <strong>mom</strong> formats and generates bibliographies and references in MLA (Modern Language Association) style. MLA style is clean, contemporary and flexible, and is widely used in the humanities, where the range of material that has to be referenced can run from simple books to live interviews and film. <p> Once you have created your database, you instruct <strong>refer</strong> (and <strong>mom</strong>) to access entries in it by supplying keywords from the entries. Depending on what you've instructed <strong>mom</strong> to do, she will put the entries--fully and properly formatted with respect to order, punctuation and italicization--in footnotes, endnotes, or a full bibliography. <p> I encourage anyone interested in what MLA style looks like--and, by extension, how your bibliographies and references will look after <strong>mom</strong> formats them--to check out <p> <pre> http://www.aresearchguide.com/12biblio.html </pre> or any other website or reference book on MLA style. <p> <strong>NOTE:</strong> MLA style requires that second and subsequent lines of individual references be indented. <strong>Mom</strong> takes care of this for you with a default indent, which can be changed with the macro <a href="#INDENT_REFS">INDENT_REFS</a>. <a name="TUTORIAL_REF"><h2><u>Tutorial</u></h2></a> <ol> <li><a href="#DB_REF">Creating a refer database</a> <li><a href="#RCOMMANDS_REF">Required "refer" commands</a> <li><a href="#ACCESSING_REF">Accessing references</a> <li><a href="#WHERE_REF">Telling mom where to put references</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a> <li><a href="#INVOKING_REF">Invoking groff with mom and refer</a> </ol> <p> <a name="DB_REF"><h3><u>1. Creating a refer database</u></h3><a> <p> The first step in using <strong>refer</strong> with <strong>mom</strong> is setting up your bibliographic database. The database is a file containing separate entries for each reference you want to access from your <strong>mom</strong> files. The file is <em>not</em> a "mom" file; it is a separate database. You may set up individual databases for individual documents, or create a large database that contains all the references you'll ever need. <p> Entries ("records") in the database file are separated from each other by a single, blank line. The records themselves are composed of single lines ("fields") with no blank lines between them. Each field begins with a percent sign and a single letter (the "field identifier") e.g. %A or %T. The letter identifies what part of a bibliographic entry the field refers to: Author, Title, Publisher, Date, etc. After the field identifier comes a single space, followed by the information appropriate to field. No punctuation should go at the ends of fields; <strong>mom</strong> adds what's correct automatically. Do note, however, that author(s) (%A) requires that you enter the author information exactly as you wish it to come out (minus the period), including the comma after the first author's last name. <p> Here's a sample database containing two records so you can visualize what the above paragraph says: <p> <pre> %A Schweitzer, Albert %A C.M. Widor %T J.S. Bach %l Ernest Newman %V Vol 2 %C London %I Adam and Charles Black %D 1923 %O 2 vols %K bach vol 2 %A Schaffter, Peter %T The Schumann Proof %C Toronto %I RendezVous Press %D 2004 %K schumann schaffter </pre> The order in which you enter fields doesn't matter. <strong>mom</strong> and <strong>refer</strong> will re-arrange them in the correct order for you. <p> The meaning of the letters follows. There are, with <strong>refer</strong>, quite a few--all uppercase--which have, over time, come to be "standard". <strong>Mom</strong> respects these. However, she adds to the list (mostly the lowercase letters). <p> <pre> %A Author -- additional authors may be entered on separate %A lines as in first entry of the sample, above; mom and refer will figure out what to do with multiple authors according to MLA rules %T Title -- either the primary title (e.g. of a book), or the title of an article (e.g. within a book or journal or magazine) %B Book title -- the title of a book when %T contains the title of an article; otherwise, use %T for book titles %R Report number -- for technical reports %J Journal name -- the name of a journal or magazine when %T contains the title of an article %E Editor -- additional editors may be entered on separate %E lines (like authors); mom and refer will figure out what to do with them according to MLA rules %e Edition -- the number of name of a specific edition (e.g. Second, 2nd, Collector's, etc.) %V Volume -- volume number of a journal or series of books %N Journal number -- journal or magazine number %S Series -- series name for books or journals that are part of a series %C City -- the city of publication %I Publisher -- the publisher; %I stands for "Issuer" %D Publication date %P Page number(s) -- enter page ranges as, e.g., 22-25 %G Gov't. ordering number -- for government publications %O Other -- additional information or comments you want to appear at the end of the reference %K Keywords -- any words that will clear up ambiguities resulting from database entries that contain, say, the same author or the same title %d original publication date -- if different from the date of publication %a additions -- for books, any additions to the original work, such as the preface to a new edition or a new introduction %t reprint title -- if different from a work's original title %l translator -- if the translator is not the editor; if more than one translator, this field should contain all the names, with appropriate punctuation %r translator and editor -- if tr. and ed. are one in the same; %s site name -- for web sites, the site name %c content of site -- for web sites, the content, if unclear (i.e. advertisement, cartoon, blog) %o organization -- for web sites, the organization, group or sponsor of the site %a access date -- for a website, the date you accessed it %u URL -- for websites, the full URL of the site </pre> <a name="REF_DISC_HY"></a> <strong>Tip:</strong> If you have hyphenation turned on in your document (you probably do), <strong>mom</strong> will hyphenate your references. This can be a problem because references typically contain several proper names. Proper names shouldn't be hyphenated. The solution is to prepend to any proper name in the database the <strong>groff</strong> <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN">discretionary hyphen</a> character, <strong>\%</strong>, like this: <p> <pre> %A Hill, \%Reginald </pre> Alternatively, you can turn hyphenation off entirely in references with the macro, <a href="#HYPHENATE_REFS">HYPHENATE_REFS</a> <kbd>OFF</kbd>. <p> <a name="RCOMMANDS_REF"><h3><u>2. Required "refer" commands</u></h3><a> <p> Having set up your database, you now need to put some <strong>refer</strong>-specific commands at the top of your <strong>mom</strong> file. You cannot skip this step, nor can you "source" these commands with the <strong>groff</strong> <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitive</a>, <strong>.so</strong>. They <strong><em>must</em></strong> appear, exactly as shown, in every file requiring bibliographic references. <p> <strong>refer</strong> commands are introduced with a single line containing <kbd>.R1</kbd>, and concluded with a single line containing <kbd>.R2</kbd>. What you put between the <kbd>.R1</kbd> and <kbd>.R2</kbd> lines are the commands themselves. The commands should be entered one per line, in lowercase letters, <em><u>with no initial period (dot)</u></em>. <p> Here's an example: <p> <pre> .R1 no-label-in-text no-label-in-reference .R2 </pre> There are an awful lot of <strong>refer</strong> commands. We will focus only on those required to get <strong>mom</strong> cooperating with <strong>refer</strong>. If you're interested, study the <strong>refer</strong> manpage to discover what other commands are available and how to manipulate them. <p> At a minimum, all <strong>mom</strong> files accessing a bibliographic database must contain the following <strong>refer</strong> commands, exactly as shown: <p> <a name="REFER_BLOCK1"></a> <pre> .R1 no-label-in-text no-label-in-reference join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " database <full path to the database> .R2 </pre> The first two commands tell <strong>refer</strong> to let <strong>mom</strong> handle everything associated with footnote and endnote markers, both in the body of the document, and in the footnotes/endnotes themselves. <p> The third command is required for <strong>mom</strong> to handle multiple authors in proper, MLA style. <p> The last command, <kbd>database</kbd>, assumes you have created your own database, and do not otherwise have a system-wide "default" database. "...full path to the database" means the full path <em>including</em> the database filename, e.g. /home/user/refer/my_database. <p> If you're already a <strong>refer</strong> user, feel free to enter whatever <strong>refer</strong> commands are necessary to access the database(s) you want. <p> With the above <strong>refer</strong> block, you can embed references directly into the text of your document, or have them output as footnotes or endnotes. If you want to "collect" references for later output on a bibliography page, the block must read: <p> <pre> .R1 no-label-in-text no-label-in-reference join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " database <full path to the database> sort accumulate .R2 </pre> <a name="ACCESSING_REF"><h3><u>3. Accessing references</u></h3><a> <p> References are accessed by putting keywords, all on one line, between the <strong>refer</strong> commands <strong>.[</strong> and <strong>.]</strong>. Both of these commands must appear on separate lines, by themselves, like this: <p> <pre> .[ keyword(s) .] </pre> Keywords are any word, or set of words, that identify a database record (i.e. a reference) unambiguously. (<strong>refer</strong> doesn't like ambiguity.) <p> If, for example, you want to reference a book by Ray Bradbury, and the database contains only one book by Bradbury, a suitable keyword would be "Bradbury". If your database contains several books by Bradbury, say, <em>Fahrenheit 451</em> and <em>The Martian Chronicles</em>, you could reference them with the keywords, "451" and "Martian". If, in addition to the two books by Bradbury, you also had one whose title was <em>The Martian Mission</em>, suitable keywords to reference <em>The Martian Chronicles</em> might be: <p> <pre> .[ or .[ or .[ Bradbury Martian Bradbury Chronicles Martian Chronicles .] .] .] </pre> The database field identifier, %K, lets you create special keywords for references. This can be very handy if you need both a "short" and a "long" reference to the same work. The short reference might be used in footnotes; the long one in a bibliography. Consider the following: <p> <pre> %A Isherwood, Christopher %A Isherwood %T Mr. Norris Changes Trains %T Mr. Norris Changes Trains %d 1935 %K Nor short %t The Last of Mr. \%Norris %a Intro. Tom Crawford %C New York %I New Directions %D 1945 %K Norris </pre> To access the shorter reference, you'd do <p> <pre> .[ Nor short .] </pre> To access the longer one, you'd do <pre> .[ Norris .] </pre> <a name="WHERE_REF"><h3><u>4. Telling mom where to put references</u></h3><a> <p> <strong>Mom</strong> provides several mechanisms for outputting references where you want. <p> <h3>Embedding references in the document body</h3> <p> References may be embedded in the document body, surrounded by parentheses, square brackets, or braces. Use whichever you prefer, following the recipes below. <p> <pre> Parentheses Square brackets Braces ----------- --------------- ------ .REF( .REF[ .REF{ .[ .[ .[ keyword(s) keyword(s) keyword(s) .] .] .] .REF) .REF] .REF} </pre> <h3>Footnote or endnote references</h3> <p> Most times, you'll probably want references in either footnotes or endnotes. <strong>Mom</strong> provides a simple mechanism whereby you can choose which, or even switch back and forth. The primary tag is <a href="#REF">REF</a>, which is used like this: <p> <pre> .REF .[ keyword(s) .] .REF </pre> <strong>REF</strong> collects references and outputs them where you say with the macros, <a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> or <a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>. Neither <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> nor <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> requires an argument. All they do is tell <strong>REF</strong>, whenever it's invoked, where to put the references. <p> A recipe for footnote references looks like this: <pre> .FOOTNOTE_REFS .REF .[ keyword(s) .] .REF </pre> When <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> are enabled, <strong>REF</strong> behaves identically to <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">FOOTNOTE</a>, so please read the <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> found in the document entry for <strong>FOOTNOTE</strong>. <p> The reference between the first and second <strong>REF</strong> will be treated as a footnote, as will all subsequent <strong>REF</strong> pairs unless you invoke the macro, <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong>. <p> A recipe for endnote references looks like this: <pre> .ENDNOTE_REFS .REF .[ keyword(s) .] .REF </pre> The reference between the first and second <strong>REF</strong> will be treated as an endnote, as will all subsequent <strong>REF</strong> pairs unless you invoke the macro, <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>. <p> When <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> are enabled, <strong>REF</strong> behaves identically to <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">ENDNOTE</a>, so please read the <a href="docelement.html#ENDNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> found in the document entry for <strong>ENDNOTE</strong>. <p> The innate flexibility of this scheme allows you to have both footnote references and endnote references in the same document. This would be desirable if, say, you wanted "short" references in footnotes, and complete references in endnotes. <p> <a name="COLLECTED_REF"><h3>Collected references</h3></a> <p> Sometimes, you may want to put references in input text near sections of text to which they pertain, but not actually want them output until later (typically, on a bibliography page). <strong>REF</strong> is used for this, too, but you have to make sure your <strong>refer</strong> commands block is set up properly. The recipe for this is: <p> <a name="REFER_BLOCK2"></a> <pre> .R1 no-label-in-text no-label-in-reference join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " database <full path to the database> sort accumulate .R2 </pre> After this set up, and provided you don't issue a <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> or <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> command, all reference between <strong>REF</strong> pairs will be collected for later output. <p> As a precaution, <strong>mom</strong> will issue a message the first time you call <strong>.REF</strong> if neither <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> nor <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> is in effect. If collected references are what you want, and you have set up your <strong>.R1 - .R2</strong> block as above, you may safely ignore the message. <p> <strong>LIMITATION:</strong> You cannot combine "collected" references (plain <strong>REF</strong>) with <strong>REF</strong>s that are instructed to go into footnotes (with <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>) or endnotes (with <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong>). This is a limitation imposed by <strong>refer</strong>, not <strong>mom</strong>. <a name="BIBLIO_REF"><h3><u>5. Creating bibliography pages</u></h3><a> <p> Bibliography pages are separate pages, like endnotes, on which complete bibliographies are output. And, like endnotes pages, just about every element on them can be designed to your specifications with control macros. (See <a href="#BIBLIO_CONTROL_MACROS">Control macros for bibliographies</a>.) A bibliography page that uses <strong>mom</strong>'s defaults begins with the macro, <a href="BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>, like this: <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY </pre> <p> Following <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>, you have three choices of how to proceed. <p> If you have elected to have references collected from within the body of a document (see above, <a href="#COLLECTED_REF">Collected references</a>, for instructions), which assumes you have a <strong>refer</strong> command block like the one <a href="#REFER_BLOCK2">here</a> at the top of your document, you need only do <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY .[ $LIST$ .] </pre> If you want to create the bibliography by hand (which may be the case if you've used footnote and/or endnote references throughout your document), follow this recipe, which assumes you already have a <strong>refer</strong> block like the one <a href="#REFER_BLOCK1">here</a> at the top of your document: <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY .R1 sort accumulate .R2 .[ -+ keyword(s) | .] | "keyword(s)" are keywords identifying the .[ | particular bibliographic reference you want keyword(s) | from your database. Order doesn't matter here; .] | the refer command, sort, takes care of that. .[ | keyword(s) | .] -+ .[ $LIST$ .] </pre> Your final choice is to output your whole database. Again, assuming you have a <strong>refer</strong> block like the one <a href="#REFER_BLOCK1">here</a> at the top of your file, you need only do: <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY .R1 bibliography <full path to database> .R2 </pre> If you haven't put a <strong>refer</strong> block in your file already, you can put the whole thing after <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>, like this: <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY .R1 no-label-in-text -+ no-label-in-reference | These are actually optional database <full path to the database> -+ join-authors ", and " ", " ", and " bibliography <full path to database> .R2 </pre> Whichever option you choose, <strong>mom</strong> will output a full bibliography page, complete with a title (BIBLIOGRAPHY by default, but that can be changed). <a name="INVOKING_REF"><h3><u>6. Invoking groff with mom and refer</u></h3><a> <p> So, now you've got a document, formatted properly to use references processed with <strong>refer</strong>, what do you do to output the document? <p> It's simple. Instead of invoking <strong>groff</strong> with just the -mom option, as explained <a href="using.html#USING_INVOKING">here</a>, invoke groff with the -R option as well, like this: <p> <pre> groff -R -mom filename </pre> <hr width="66%"> <p> <a name="MACROS_REF"><h3><u>Index of bibliography and reference macros</u></h3></a> <ul> <li><a href="#REF">Tag: REF</a> -- collected, footnote or endnote references tag <li><a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> -- REFs go to footnotes <li><a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a> -- REFs go to endnotes <li><a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF(</a> -- references embedded in text between parentheses <li><a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF[</a> -- references embedded in text between square brackets <li><a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF{</a> -- references embedded in text between braces <li><a href="#INDENT_REFS">INDENT_REFS</a> -- manage the 2nd line indent of references <li><a href="#HYPHENATE_REFS">HYPHENATE_REFS</a> -- en/disable hyphenation of references <li><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> -- begin a bibliography page <li><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE">BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</a> -- plain, or numbered list bibliography <li><a href="#BIBLIO_CONTROL">Bibliography page style control</a> </ul> <p> <!---REF---> <hr width="66%" align="left"> <a name="REF"><h3><u>Marking off references for footnotes, endnotes, or collection</u></h3></a> <p> Tag: <strong>REF</strong> <p> The macro, <strong>REF</strong>, tells <strong>mom</strong> that what follows is <strong>refer</strong>-specific, a keyword-identified reference from a <strong>refer</strong> database. Depending on whether you've issued a <a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> or <a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a> instruction, <strong>REF</strong> also tells <strong>mom</strong> where to place the reference. If <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>, the reference will be formatted and placed in a footnote. If <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong>, the reference will be collected for output as an endnote. If you have issued neither instruction, the reference will be collected for later output, most likely on a <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">bibliography page</a>. <p> Before you use <strong>REF</strong>, you must create a <strong>refer</strong> block containing <strong>refer</strong> commands (see <a href="#RCOMMANDS_REF">Required refer commands</a> in the tutorial, above). <p> <strong>REF</strong> usage always looks like this: <p> <pre> .REF .[ keyword(s) .] .REF </pre> Notice that <strong>REF</strong> "brackets" the <strong>refer</strong> call, and never takes an argument. <p> What <strong>REF</strong> really is is a convenience. One could, for example, put a reference in a footnote by doing <p> <pre> .FOOTNOTE .[ keyword(s) .] .FOOTNOTE OFF </pre> However, if you have a lot of references going into footnotes (or endnotes), it's much shorter to type <kbd>.REF/.REF</kbd> than <kbd>.FOOTNOTE/.FOOTNOTE OFF</kbd>. It also helps you distinguish--visually, in your input file--between footnotes (or endnotes) which are references, and footnotes (or endnotes) which are explanatory, or expand on the text. <p> <strong>Additional arguments:</strong> If you're using <strong>REF</strong> to put references in footnotes and your footnotes need to be indented, you may (indeed, should) pass <strong>REF</strong> the same arguments used to indent footnotes. See <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">FOOTNOTE</a>. <p> <strong>Note:</strong> When <strong>REF</strong> is used with <a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a>, it behaves identically to <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">FOOTNOTE</a>, so please read the <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> found in the document entry for <strong>FOOTNOTE</strong>. <p> When <strong>REF</strong> is used with <a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>, it behaves identically to <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTE">ENDNOTE</a>, so please read the <a href="docelement.html#ENDNOTE_NOTE">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a> found in the document entry for <strong>ENDNOTE</strong>. <br> <!---FOOTNOTE_REFS---> <hr width="33%" align="left"> <a name="FOOTNOTE_REFS"><h3><u>Instruct REF to put references in footnotes</u></h3></a> <p> Macro: <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> <p> <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> is an instruction to <a href="#REF">REF</a>, saying, "put all subsequent references bracketed by the <strong>REF</strong> macro into footnotes." You invoke it by itself, with no argument. <p> When <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> is in effect, regular footnotes, (i.e. those introduced with <kbd>.FOOTNOTE</kbd> and terminated with <kbd>.FOOTNOTE OFF</kbd>) continue to behave normally. <p> You may switch between <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong> and <a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a> at any time. <p> If you have a lot of footnote references, and are identifying footnotes by line number rather than by markers in the text, you may want to enable <a href="docelement.html#FOOTNOTES_RUN_ON">FOOTNOTES_RUN_ON</a> in conjunctions with <strong>FOOTNOTE_REFS</strong>. <br> <!---ENDNOTE_REFS---> <hr width="33%" align="left"> <a name="ENDNOTE_REFS"><h3><u>Instruct REF to put references in endnotes</u></h3></a> <p> Macro: <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> <p> <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> is an instruction to <a href="#REF">REF</a>, saying, "add all subsequent references bracketed by the <strong>REF</strong> macro to endnotes." You invoke it by itself, with no argument. <p> When <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> is in effect, <strong>mom</strong> continues to format regular endnotes, (i.e. those introduced with <kbd>.ENDNOTE</kbd> and terminated with <kbd>.ENDNOTE OFF</kbd>) in the normal way. <p> You may switch between <strong>ENDNOTE_REFS</strong> and <a href="#FOOTNOTE_REFS">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> at any time. <br> <!---BRACKET_REFS---> <hr width="33%" align="left"> <a name="BRACKET_REFS"><h3><u>References embedded in text</u></h3></a> <p> Macro pair: <strong>REF(</strong> ... <strong>REF)</strong> <br> Macro pair: <strong>REF[</strong> ... <strong>REF]</strong> <br> Macro pair: <strong>REF{</strong> ... <strong>REF}</strong> <p> You may sometimes want to embed references directly into the body of your documents, typically, but not always, inside parentheses. <strong>Mom</strong> makes this possible through the use of the <strong>REF<bracket type></strong> macros. <p> All three macro pairs, above, are invoked the same way, namely by introducing the reference with the first ("open") macro of the <strong>REF<bracket type></strong> pair, and terminating it with the second ("close") <strong>REF<bracket type></strong> of the pair. For example <p> <pre> .REF( .[ keyword(s) .] .REF) </pre> will embed a reference in the body of your document, surrounded by parentheses. <strong>.REF[</strong> ... <strong>.REF]</strong> will surround the reference with square brackets. <strong>.REF{</strong> ... <strong>.REF}</strong> will surround it with curly braces. <br> <!---INDENT_REFS---> <hr width="33%" align="left"> <a name="INDENT_REFS"><h3><u>Manage the second-line indent of references</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>INDENT_REFS</strong> FOOTNOTE | ENDNOTE | BIBLIO <indent> </nobr> <br> <em>*<indent> requires a <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a></em> <p> Proper MLA-style references should have their second, and subsequent lines, if any, indented. Since <strong>mom</strong> formats references in MLA style, she automatically indents second lines. By default, the indent for the second line of references, regardless of whether the references appear in footnotes, endnotes, or bibliographies, is 1.5 <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_EM">ems</a> for <a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINSTYLE</a> <strong>TYPESET</strong> and 2 ems for <a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINSTYLE</a> <strong>TYPEWRITE</strong>. <p> If you'd like to change the indent for footnotes, endnotes or bibliographies, just invoke <strong>INDENT_REFS</strong> with a first argument telling <strong>mom</strong> for which you want the indent changed, and a second argument saying what you'd like the indent to be. For example, if you want the second-line indent of references on a bibliography page to be 3 <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PICAS_POINTS">picas</a>, <p> <pre> .INDENT_REFS BIBLIO 3P </pre> is how you'd set it up. <p> <strong>Tip:</strong> if you are identifying endnotes by line number (<a href="docelement.html#ENDNOTE_MARKER_STYLE">ENDNOTE_MARKER_STYLE</a> <strong>LINE</strong>) and you have instructed <strong>mom</strong> to put references bracketed by <a href="#REF">REF</a> into endnotes (with <a href="#ENDNOTE_REFS">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>), you will probably want to adjust the second-line indent for references in endnotes, owing to the way <strong>mom</strong> formats line-numbered endnotes. Study the output of such documents to see whether an indent adjustment is required. <br> <!---HYPHENATE_REFS---> <hr width="33%" align="left"> <a name="HYPHENATE_REFS"><h3><u>Enable/disable hyphenation of references</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>HYPHENATE_REFS</strong> <toggle></nobr> <p> If you have hyphenation turned on for a document (see <a href="typesetting.html#HY">HY</a>), and in most cases you probably do, <strong>mom</strong> will hyphenate references bracketed by the <a href="#REF">REF</a> macro. Since references typically contain quite a lot of proper names, which shouldn't be hyphenated, you may want to disable hyphenation for references. <p> <strong>HYPHENATE_REFS</strong> is a toggle macro; invoking it by itself will turn automatic hyphenation of <strong>REF</strong>-bracketed references on (the default). Invoking it with any other argument (<strong>OFF</strong>, <strong>NO</strong>, <strong>X</strong>, etc.) will disable automatic hyphenation for references bracketed by <strong>REF</strong>. <p> An alternative to turning reference hyphenation off is to prepend to selected proper names in your <strong>refer</strong> database the <strong>groff</strong> <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN">discretionary hyphen</a> character, <strong>\%</strong>. (See <a href="#REF_DISC_HY">here</a> in the tutorial for an example.) <p> <strong>Note:</strong> references embedded in the body of a document with <a href="#BRACKET_REFS">REF</a><strong><bracket type></strong> are considered part of <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_RUNNING">running text</a>, and are hyphenated (or not) according to whether hyphenation is turned on or off for running text. Therefore, if you want to disable hyphenation for such references, you must do so temporarily, with <strong>HY</strong>, like this: <p> <pre> .HY OFF .REF( .[ keyword(s) .] .REF) .HY </pre> Alternatively, sprinkle your database fields liberally with <strong>\%</strong>. <br> <!---BIBLIOGRAPHY---> <hr width="33%" align="left"> <a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h3><u>Begin a bibliography page</u></h3></a> <p> Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> <br> <p> If you want to append a bibliography to your document, all you need do is invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> at the place you want it. <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> breaks to a new page, prints the title (BIBLIOGRAPHY by default, but that can be changed), and awaits <strong>refer</strong> instructions. How to create bibliographies is covered in the tutorial section, <a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a>. <p> See the <a href="#BIBLIO_CONTROL">Bibliography page style control macros</a> for macros to tweak, design and control the appearance of bibliography pages. <br> <!---BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE---> <hr width="33%" align="left"> <a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE"><h3><u>Plain, or numbered list bibliography</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</strong> PLAIN | LIST [ <list separator> ] [ <list prefix> ]</nobr> <p> <strong>Mom</strong> offers two styles of bibliography output: plain, or numbered list style. With <strong>PLAIN</strong>, bibliography entries are output with no enumerators. With <strong>LIST</strong>, each entry is numbered. <p> Entering <kbd>.BIBLIOGRPHY_TYPE PLAIN</kbd> gives you a plain bibliography. <p> Entering <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE LIST</kbd> gives you an enumerated bibliography. The two optional arguments, <strong><list separator></strong> and <strong><list prefix></strong> have the same meaning as the equivalent arguments to <a href="docelement.html#LIST">LIST</a> (i.e. <strong><separator></strong> and <strong><prefix></strong>). <p> You may enter <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</strong> either before or after <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>. It must, however, always come before the <strong>refer</strong> command to output bibliographies. (See the tutorial section, <a href="#BIBLIO_REF">Creating bibliography pages</a>, for instructions on how to output bibliographies.) <p> <strong>Mom</strong>'s default <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</strong> is <strong>LIST</strong>, with a period (dot) as the separator, and no prefix. <br> <!---BIBLIO_CONTROL---> <hr width="66%" align="left"> <a name="BIBLIO_CONTROL"><h3><u>Bibliography page style control</u></h3></a> <p> <strong>Mom</strong> processes bibliography pages in a manner very similar to the way she processes endnotes pages. The bibliography page control macros, therefore, behave in the same way as their endnotes pages equivalents. <br> <ol> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_GENERAL"><strong>General bibliography page style control</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STYLE">Base family/font/quad for bibliographies</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_PT_SIZE">Base point size for bibliographies</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_LEAD">Leading of bibliographies</a> <li><a href="#SINGLESPACE_BIBLIO">Singlespace bibliographies (for TYPEWRITE only)</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_NO_COLUMNS">Turning off column mode during bibliography output</a> <li>Pagination of bibliographies: <ul> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_PAGENUM_STYLE">Bibliography pages page numbering style</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_FIRST_PAGENUMBER">Setting the first page number of bibliography pages</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_NO_FIRST_PAGENUM">Omitting a page number on the first page of bibliographies</a> </ul> <li><a href="#SUSPEND_PAGINATION">Suspending pagination of bibliographies</a> </ul> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_HEADER_CONTROL"><strong>Bibliography pages header/footer control</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_MODIFY_HDRFTR">Modifying what goes in the bibliography pages header/footer</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_HDRFTR_CENTER">Enabling a header/footer centre when doctype is CHAPTER</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_ALLOWS_HEADERS">Allow headers on bibliography pages</a> </ul> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_MAIN_TITLE"><strong>Bibliography page head (i.e. the title at the top) control</strong></a> <ul> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING">Creating/modifying the bibliography page head</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING_CONTROL">Bibliography page head control</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING_UNDERSCORE">Bibliography page head underscoring</a> <li><a href="#BIBLIO_STRING_CAPS">Bibliography page head capitalization</a> </ul> </ul> </ol> <hr> <a name="BIBLIO_GENERAL"><h2><u>1. General bibliography page style control</u></h2> <a name="BIBLIO_STYLE"><h3><u>*Bibliography family/font/quad</u></h3></a> <p> See <a href="#CONTROL_MACRO_ARGS">Arguments to the control macros</a>. <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_FAMILY default = prevailing document family; default is Times Roman .BIBLIOGRAPHY_FONT default = roman .BIBLIOGRAPHY_QUAD* default = justified *Note: BIBLIOGRAPHY_QUAD must be set to either L or J </pre> <!---BIBLIO_PT_SIZE---> <a name="BIBLIO_PT_SIZE"><h3><u>*Bibliography point size</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE</strong> <base type size of bibliography></nobr> <p> Unlike most other control macros that deal with size of document elements, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE</strong> takes as its argument an absolute value, relative to nothing. Therefore, the argument represents the size of bibliography type in <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a>, unless you append an alternative <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>. For example, <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE 12 </pre> sets the base point size of type on the bibliography page to 12 points, whereas <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE .6i </pre> sets the base point size of type on the bibliography page to 1/6 of an inch. <p> The type size set with <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE</strong> is the size of type used for the text of the bibliographies, and forms the basis from which the point size of other bibliography page elements is calculated. <p> The default for <a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINTSTYLE TYPESET</a> is 12.5 points (the same default size used in the body of the document). <p> <!---BIBLIO_LEAD---> <a name="BIBLIO_LEAD"><h3><u>*Bibliography lead</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD</strong> <base leading of bibliographies> [ ADJUST ]</nobr> <br> <em>*Does not require a <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>; points is assumed</em> <p> Unlike most other control macros that deal with leading of document elements, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD</strong> takes as its argument an absolute value, relative to nothing. Therefore, the argument represents the <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_LEADING">leading</a> of endnotes in <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a> unless you append an alternative <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>. For example, <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD 14 </pre> sets the base leading of type on the bibliography page to 14 points, whereas <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD .5i </pre> sets the base leading of type on the bibliography page to 1/2 inch. <p> If you want the leading of bibliographies adjusted to fill the page, pass <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD</strong> the optional argument <strong>ADJUST</strong>. (See <a href="docprocessing.html#DOC_LEAD_ADJUST">DOC_LEAD_ADJUST</a> for an explanation of leading adjustment.) <p> The default for <a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINTSTYLE TYPESET</a> is 14 points, adjusted. <p> <strong>NOTE:</strong> Even if you give <strong>mom</strong> a <strong>DOC_LEAD_ADJUST OFF</strong> command, she will still, by default, adjust bibliography leading. You MUST enter <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD <lead></strong> with no <strong>ADJUST</strong> argument to disable this default behaviour. <p> <!---SINGLESPACE_BIBLIO---> <a name="SINGLESPACE_BIBLIO"><h3><u>*Singlespace bibliographies (TYPEWRITE only)</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>SINGLESPACE_BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> <toggle></nobr> <p> If your <a href="docprocessing.html#PRINTSTYLE">PRINTSTYLE</a> is <strong>TYPEWRITE</strong> and you use TYPEWRITE's default double-spacing, bibliographies are double-spaced. If your document is single-spaced, bibliographies are single-spaced. <p> If, for some reason, you'd prefer that bibliographies be single-spaced in an otherwise double-spaced document (including double-spaced <a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">collated</a> documents), invoke <strong>SINGLESPACE_BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong> with with no argument. <p> <!---BIBLIO_SPACING---> <a name="BIBLIO_SPACING"><h3><u>*Adjusting the space between bibliography entries</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING</strong> <amount of space> </nobr> <br> <em>*Requires a <a href="definitions.html#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a></em> <p> By default, <strong>mom</strong> inserts 1 linespaces between bibliography entries on bibliography pages. If you'd prefer she add a different amount of space, instruct her to do so with the macro, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING</strong>. Say, for example, you'd prefer only 1/2 linespace. That would be done with <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING .5v </pre> As with endnotes pages, owing to the space inserted between bibliography entries, bibliography pages may have hanging bottom margins. Unlike endnotes pages, <strong>mom</strong> is sad to report that there's nothing you can do about this, except a) pray things work out, or b) set your <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING</strong> to zero. <!---BIBLIO_NO_COLUMNS---> <a name="BIBLIO_NO_COLUMNS"><h3><u>*Turning off column mode during bibliography output</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</strong> <toggle></nobr> <p> By default, if your document is <a href="columns.html#COLUMNS">set in columns</a>, <strong>mom</strong> sets the bibliographies in columns, too. However, if your document is set in columns and you'd like the bibliographies not to be, just invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</strong> with no argument. The bibliography pages will be set to the full page measure of your document. <p> If you output bibliographies at the end of each document in a <a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">collated</a> document set in columns, column mode will automatically be reinstated for each document, even with <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</strong> turned on. <p> <!---BIBLIO_PAGENUM_STYLE---> <a name="BIBLIO_PAGENUM_STYLE"><h3><u>*Bibliography-page page numbering style</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PAGENUM_STYLE</strong> DIGIT | ROMAN | roman | ALPHA | alpha</nobr> <p> Use this macro to set the page numbering style of bibliography pages. The arguments are identical to those for <a href="headfootpage.html#PAGENUM_STYLE">PAGENUM_STYLE</a>. The default is <strong>digit</strong>. You may want to change it to, say, <strong>alpha</strong>, which you would do with <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PAGENUM_STYLE alpha </pre> <!---BIBLIO_FIRST_PAGENUMBER---> <a name="BIBLIO_FIRST_PAGENUMBER"><h3><u>*Setting the first page number of bibliography pages</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBILOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER</strong> <page # that appears on page 1 of bibliographies></nobr> <p> Use this macro with caution. If all bibliographies for several <a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">collated</a> documents are to be output at once, i.e. not at the end of each separate doc, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER</strong> tells <strong>mom</strong> what page number to put on the first page of the bibliography. <p> If you set <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER</strong> in collated documents where the bibliographies are output after each separate doc, you have to reset every separate document's first page number after <a href="rectoverso.html#COLLATE">COLLATE</a> and before <a href="docprocessing.html#START">START</a>. <p> <!---BIBLIO_NO_FIRST_PAGENUN---> <a name="BIBLIO_NO_FIRST_PAGENUM"><h3><u>*Omitting a page number on the first page of bibliographies</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_FIRST_PAGENUM</strong> <toggle></nobr> <p> This macro is for use only if <strong>FOOTERS</strong> are on. It tells <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> not to print a page number on the first bibliography page. <strong>Mom</strong>'s default is to print the page number. <p> <!---SUSPEND_PAGINATION---> <a name="SUSPEND_PAGINATION"><h3><u>*Suspending pagination of bibliography pages</u></h3></a> <p> Macro: <strong>SUSPEND_PAGINATION</strong> <br> Macro: <strong>RESTORE_PAGINATION</strong> <p> <strong>SUSPEND_PAGINATION</strong> doesn't take an argument. Invoked immediately prior to <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>, it turns off pagination for the duration of the bibliography. <strong>Mom</strong> continues, however to increment page numbers silently. <p> To restore normal document pagination after bibliographies, invoke <strong>RESTORE_PAGINATION</strong> (again, with no argument) immediately after you've finished with your bibliography. <a name="BIBLIO_HEADER_CONTROL"><h2><u>2. Bibliography page header/footer control</u></h2></a> <p> <a name="BIBLIO_MODIFY_HDRFTR"></a> If you wish to modify what appears in the header/footer that appears on bibliography pages, make the changes before you invoke <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>, not afterwards. <p> Except in the case of <a href="docprocessing.html#DOCTYPE">DOCTYPE CHAPTER</a>, <strong>mom</strong> prints the same header or footer used throughout the document on bibliography pages. Chapters get treated differently in that, by default, <strong>mom</strong> does not print the header/footer centre string (normally the chapter number or chapter title.) In most cases, this is what you want. However, should you <em>not</em> want <strong>mom</strong> to remove the centre string from the bibliography pages headers/footers, invoke <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_HDRFTR_CENTER">BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</a> with no argument. <p> An important change you may want to make is to put the word "Bibliography" in the header/footer centre position. To do so, do <p> <pre> .HEADER_CENTER "Bibliography" or .FOOTER_CENTER "Bibliography" </pre> prior to invoking <strong>.BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong>. If your <a href="docprocessing.html#DOCTYPE">DOCTYPE</a> is <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd>, you must also invoke <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_HDRFTR_CENTER">BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</a> for the <strong>HEADER_CENTER</strong> to appear. <p> <a name="BIBLIO_HDRFTR_CENTER"><h3><u>*Bibliography page header/footer centre string</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</strong> toggle</nobr> <p> If your <a href="docprocessing.html#DOCTYPE">DOCTYPE</a> is <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd> and you want <strong>mom</strong> to include a centre string in the headers/footers that appear on bibliography pages, invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</strong> (or <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_FOOTER_CENTER</strong>) with no argument. <strong>Mom</strong>'s default is NOT to print the centre string. <p> If, for some reason, having enabled the header/footer centre string on bibliography pages, you wish to disable it, invoke the same macro with any argument (<strong>OFF, QUIT, Q, X</strong>...). <p> <a name="BIBLIO_ALLOWS_HEADERS"><h3><u>*Allow headers on bibliography pages</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS</strong> <none> | ALL</nobr> <p> By default, if <strong>HEADERS</strong> are on, <strong>mom</strong> prints page headers on all bibliography pages except the first. If you don't want her to print headers on bibliography pages, do <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS OFF </pre> If you want headers on every page <em>including the first</em>, do <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS ALL </pre> <strong>NOTE:</strong> If <strong>FOOTERS</strong> are on, <strong>mom</strong> prints footers on every bibliography page. This is a style convention. In <strong>mom</strong>, there is no such beast as <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_FOOTERS OFF</strong>. <p> <a name="BIBLIO_MAIN_TITLE"><h2><u>3. Bibliography page first page head (title) control</u></h2> <!---BIBLIO_STRING---> <a name="BIBLIO_STRING"><h3><u>*Bibliography pages first page head (title) string</u></h3></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</strong> "<head to print at the top of bibliography pages>"</nobr> <p> By default, <strong>mom</strong> prints the word "BIBLIOGRAPHY" as a head at the top of the first page of a bibliography. If you want her to print something else, invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</strong> with the bibliography page head you want, surrounded by double-quotes. If you don't want a head at the top of the first bibliography page, invoke <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</strong> with a blank argument (either two double-quotes side by side -- <kbd>""</kbd> -- or no argument at all). <p> <!---BIBLIO_STRING_CONTROL---> <a name="BIBLIO_STRING_CONTROL"><h3><u>*Bibliography page first page head (title) control</u></h3></a> <p> See <a href="#CONTROL_MACRO_ARGS">Arguments to the control macros</a>. <p> <pre> .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_FAMILY default = prevailing document family; default is Times Roman .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_FONT default = bold .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_SIZE* default = +1 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_QUAD default = centred *Relative to the size of the bibliography text (set with BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE) </pre> <!---BIBLIO_STRING_UNDERSCORE---> <a name="BIBLIO_STRING_UNDERSCORE"><h3><u>*Bibliography-page head (title) underscoring</h3></u></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</strong> toggle | 2</nobr> <p> Invoked by itself, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</strong> will underscore the bibliography page head. Invoked with the argument 2 (i.e. the digit 2), <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</strong> will double-underscore the head. Invoked with any other argument, the macro disables underscoring of the head. <p> <strong>Mom</strong>'s default is to double-underscore the head, therefore if you want no underscoring, you must insert <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE OFF</kbd> (or <kbd>QUIT, X, NO, NONE,</kbd> etc.) into your document prior to outputting a bibliography with <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>. <!---BIBLIO_STRING_CAPS---> <a name="BIBLIO_STRING_CAPS"><h3><u>*Bibliography-page head (title) automatic capitalization</h3></u></a> <p> <nobr>Macro: <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</strong> toggle</nobr> <p> Invoked by itself, <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</strong> will automatically capitalize the bibliography page head. Invoked with any other argument, the macro disables automatic capitalization of the head. <p> If you're generating a table of contents, you may want the bibliography page head string in caps, but the toc entry in caps/lower case. If the argument to <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING">BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</a> is in caps/lower case and <strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</strong> is on, this is exactly what will happen. <p> <strong>Mom</strong>'s default is to capitalize the bibliography-page head string. <p> <br> <hr> <a href="letter.html#TOP">Next</a> <a href="cover.html#TOP">Prev</a> <a href="#TOP">Top</a> <a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a> </body> </html>