<HTML> <HEAD> <!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.51 from /mnt/apple/gdb/source/gdb.apple/source/gdb/gdb/doc/gdb.texinfo on 23 November 1999 --> <TITLE>Debugging with GDB - GDB Commands</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> Go to the <A HREF="gdb_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gdb_3.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gdb_5.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gdb_21.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gdb_toc.html">table of contents</A>. <P><HR><P> <H1><A NAME="SEC11" HREF="gdb_toc.html#TOC11">GDB Commands</A></H1> <P> You can abbreviate a GDB command to the first few letters of the command name, if that abbreviation is unambiguous; and you can repeat certain GDB commands by typing just <KBD>RET</KBD>. You can also use the <KBD>TAB</KBD> key to get GDB to fill out the rest of a word in a command (or to show you the alternatives available, if there is more than one possibility). </P> <H2><A NAME="SEC12" HREF="gdb_toc.html#TOC12">Command syntax</A></H2> <P> A GDB command is a single line of input. There is no limit on how long it can be. It starts with a command name, which is followed by arguments whose meaning depends on the command name. For example, the command <CODE>step</CODE> accepts an argument which is the number of times to step, as in <SAMP>`step 5'</SAMP>. You can also use the <CODE>step</CODE> command with no arguments. Some command names do not allow any arguments. </P> <P> <A NAME="IDX15"></A> GDB command names may always be truncated if that abbreviation is unambiguous. Other possible command abbreviations are listed in the documentation for individual commands. In some cases, even ambiguous abbreviations are allowed; for example, <CODE>s</CODE> is specially defined as equivalent to <CODE>step</CODE> even though there are other commands whose names start with <CODE>s</CODE>. You can test abbreviations by using them as arguments to the <CODE>help</CODE> command. </P> <P> <A NAME="IDX16"></A> <A NAME="IDX17"></A> A blank line as input to GDB (typing just <KBD>RET</KBD>) means to repeat the previous command. Certain commands (for example, <CODE>run</CODE>) will not repeat this way; these are commands whose unintentional repetition might cause trouble and which you are unlikely to want to repeat. </P> <P> The <CODE>list</CODE> and <CODE>x</CODE> commands, when you repeat them with <KBD>RET</KBD>, construct new arguments rather than repeating exactly as typed. This permits easy scanning of source or memory. </P> <P> GDB can also use <KBD>RET</KBD> in another way: to partition lengthy output, in a way similar to the common utility <CODE>more</CODE> (see section <A HREF="gdb_15.html#SEC153">Screen size</A>). Since it is easy to press one <KBD>RET</KBD> too many in this situation, GDB disables command repetition after any command that generates this sort of display. </P> <P> <A NAME="IDX18"></A> <A NAME="IDX19"></A> Any text from a <KBD>#</KBD> to the end of the line is a comment; it does nothing. This is useful mainly in command files (see section <A HREF="gdb_16.html#SEC159">Command files</A>). </P> <H2><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="gdb_toc.html#TOC13">Command completion</A></H2> <P> <A NAME="IDX20"></A> <A NAME="IDX21"></A> GDB can fill in the rest of a word in a command for you, if there is only one possibility; it can also show you what the valid possibilities are for the next word in a command, at any time. This works for GDB commands, GDB subcommands, and the names of symbols in your program. </P> <P> Press the <KBD>TAB</KBD> key whenever you want GDB to fill out the rest of a word. If there is only one possibility, GDB fills in the word, and waits for you to finish the command (or press <KBD>RET</KBD> to enter it). For example, if you type </P> <PRE> (gdb) info bre <KBD>TAB</KBD> </PRE> <P> GDB fills in the rest of the word <SAMP>`breakpoints'</SAMP>, since that is the only <CODE>info</CODE> subcommand beginning with <SAMP>`bre'</SAMP>: </P> <PRE> (gdb) info breakpoints </PRE> <P> You can either press <KBD>RET</KBD> at this point, to run the <CODE>info breakpoints</CODE> command, or backspace and enter something else, if <SAMP>`breakpoints'</SAMP> does not look like the command you expected. (If you were sure you wanted <CODE>info breakpoints</CODE> in the first place, you might as well just type <KBD>RET</KBD> immediately after <SAMP>`info bre'</SAMP>, to exploit command abbreviations rather than command completion). </P> <P> If there is more than one possibility for the next word when you press <KBD>TAB</KBD>, GDB sounds a bell. You can either supply more characters and try again, or just press <KBD>TAB</KBD> a second time; GDB displays all the possible completions for that word. For example, you might want to set a breakpoint on a subroutine whose name begins with <SAMP>`make_'</SAMP>, but when you type <KBD>b make_<KBD>TAB</KBD></KBD> GDB just sounds the bell. Typing <KBD>TAB</KBD> again displays all the function names in your program that begin with those characters, for example: </P> <PRE> (gdb) b make_ <KBD>TAB</KBD> GDB sounds bell; press <KBD>TAB</KBD> again, to see: make_a_section_from_file make_environ make_abs_section make_function_type make_blockvector make_pointer_type make_cleanup make_reference_type make_command make_symbol_completion_list (gdb) b make_ </PRE> <P> After displaying the available possibilities, GDB copies your partial input (<SAMP>`b make_'</SAMP> in the example) so you can finish the command. </P> <P> If you just want to see the list of alternatives in the first place, you can press <KBD>M-?</KBD> rather than pressing <KBD>TAB</KBD> twice. <KBD>M-?</KBD> means <KBD><KBD>META</KBD> ?</KBD>. You can type this either by holding down a key designated as the <KBD>META</KBD> shift on your keyboard (if there is one) while typing <KBD>?</KBD>, or as <KBD>ESC</KBD> followed by <KBD>?</KBD>. </P> <P> <A NAME="IDX22"></A> <A NAME="IDX23"></A> Sometimes the string you need, while logically a "word", may contain parentheses or other characters that GDB normally excludes from its notion of a word. To permit word completion to work in this situation, you may enclose words in <CODE>'</CODE> (single quote marks) in GDB commands. </P> <P> The most likely situation where you might need this is in typing the name of a C++ function. This is because C++ allows function overloading (multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished by argument type). For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you may need to distinguish whether you mean the version of <CODE>name</CODE> that takes an <CODE>int</CODE> parameter, <CODE>name(int)</CODE>, or the version that takes a <CODE>float</CODE> parameter, <CODE>name(float)</CODE>. To use the word-completion facilities in this situation, type a single quote <CODE>'</CODE> at the beginning of the function name. This alerts GDB that it may need to consider more information than usual when you press <KBD>TAB</KBD> or <KBD>M-?</KBD> to request word completion: </P> <PRE> (gdb) b 'bubble( <KBD>M-?</KBD> bubble(double,double) bubble(int,int) (gdb) b 'bubble( </PRE> <P> In some cases, GDB can tell that completing a name requires using quotes. When this happens, GDB inserts the quote for you (while completing as much as it can) if you do not type the quote in the first place: </P> <PRE> (gdb) b bub <KBD>TAB</KBD> GDB alters your input line to the following, and rings a bell: (gdb) b 'bubble( </PRE> <P> In general, GDB can tell that a quote is needed (and inserts it) if you have not yet started typing the argument list when you ask for completion on an overloaded symbol. </P> <P> For more information about overloaded functions, see section <A HREF="gdb_10.html#SEC76">C++ expressions</A>. You can use the command <CODE>set overload-resolution off</CODE> to disable overload resolution; see section <A HREF="gdb_10.html#SEC80">GDB features for C++</A>. </P> <H2><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="gdb_toc.html#TOC14">Getting help</A></H2> <P> <A NAME="IDX24"></A> <A NAME="IDX25"></A> </P> <P> You can always ask GDB itself for information on its commands, using the command <CODE>help</CODE>. </P> <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>help</CODE> <DD> <A NAME="IDX26"></A> <DT><CODE>h</CODE> <DD> You can use <CODE>help</CODE> (abbreviated <CODE>h</CODE>) with no arguments to display a short list of named classes of commands: <PRE> (gdb) help List of classes of commands: running -- Running the program stack -- Examining the stack data -- Examining data breakpoints -- Making program stop at certain points files -- Specifying and examining files status -- Status inquiries support -- Support facilities user-defined -- User-defined commands aliases -- Aliases of other commands obscure -- Obscure features Type "help" followed by a class name for a list of commands in that class. Type "help" followed by command name for full documentation. Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous. (gdb) </PRE> <DT><CODE>help <VAR>class</VAR></CODE> <DD> Using one of the general help classes as an argument, you can get a list of the individual commands in that class. For example, here is the help display for the class <CODE>status</CODE>: <PRE> (gdb) help status Status inquiries. List of commands: show -- Generic command for showing things set with "set" info -- Generic command for printing status Type "help" followed by command name for full documentation. Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous. (gdb) </PRE> <DT><CODE>help <VAR>command</VAR></CODE> <DD> With a command name as <CODE>help</CODE> argument, GDB displays a short paragraph on how to use that command. <A NAME="IDX27"></A> <DT><CODE>complete <VAR>args</VAR></CODE> <DD> The <CODE>complete <VAR>args</VAR></CODE> command lists all the possible completions for the beginning of a command. Use <VAR>args</VAR> to specify the beginning of the command you want completed. For example: <PRE> complete i </PRE> results in: <PRE> info inspect ignore </PRE> This is intended for use by GNU Emacs. </DL> <P> In addition to <CODE>help</CODE>, you can use the GDB commands <CODE>info</CODE> and <CODE>show</CODE> to inquire about the state of your program, or the state of GDB itself. Each command supports many topics of inquiry; this manual introduces each of them in the appropriate context. The listings under <CODE>info</CODE> and under <CODE>show</CODE> in the Index point to all the sub-commands. See section <A HREF="gdb_21.html#SEC170">Index</A>. </P> <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>info</CODE> <DD> <A NAME="IDX28"></A> <A NAME="IDX29"></A> This command (abbreviated <CODE>i</CODE>) is for describing the state of your program. For example, you can list the arguments given to your program with <CODE>info args</CODE>, list the registers currently in use with <CODE>info registers</CODE>, or list the breakpoints you have set with <CODE>info breakpoints</CODE>. You can get a complete list of the <CODE>info</CODE> sub-commands with <CODE>help info</CODE>. <A NAME="IDX30"></A> <DT><CODE>set</CODE> <DD> You can assign the result of an expression to an environment variable with <CODE>set</CODE>. For example, you can set the GDB prompt to a $-sign with <CODE>set prompt $</CODE>. <A NAME="IDX31"></A> <DT><CODE>show</CODE> <DD> In contrast to <CODE>info</CODE>, <CODE>show</CODE> is for describing the state of GDB itself. You can change most of the things you can <CODE>show</CODE>, by using the related command <CODE>set</CODE>; for example, you can control what number system is used for displays with <CODE>set radix</CODE>, or simply inquire which is currently in use with <CODE>show radix</CODE>. <A NAME="IDX32"></A> To display all the settable parameters and their current values, you can use <CODE>show</CODE> with no arguments; you may also use <CODE>info set</CODE>. Both commands produce the same display. </DL> <P> Here are three miscellaneous <CODE>show</CODE> subcommands, all of which are exceptional in lacking corresponding <CODE>set</CODE> commands: </P> <DL COMPACT> <DT><CODE>show version</CODE> <DD> <A NAME="IDX33"></A> <A NAME="IDX34"></A> Show what version of GDB is running. You should include this information in GDB bug-reports. If multiple versions of GDB are in use at your site, you may occasionally want to determine which version of GDB you are running; as GDB evolves, new commands are introduced, and old ones may wither away. The version number is also announced when you start GDB. <A NAME="IDX35"></A> <DT><CODE>show copying</CODE> <DD> Display information about permission for copying GDB. <A NAME="IDX36"></A> <DT><CODE>show warranty</CODE> <DD> Display the GNU "NO WARRANTY" statement. </DL> <P><HR><P> Go to the <A HREF="gdb_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gdb_3.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gdb_5.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gdb_21.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gdb_toc.html">table of contents</A>. </BODY> </HTML>