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150 1097 y(incremen)m(ted)27 b(for)h(eac)m(h)h(new)e(t)m(yp)s(e)h
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1207 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)k(p)s(ermits)f(the)j Fk(N_BINCL)d
Fo(optimization)h(to)i(succeed)g(more)g(often;)h(see)f(Section)f(2.3)h
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b(Eac)m(h)28 b(one)g(starts)f(with)f(`)p Fk(@)p Fo(')h(and)g(ends)f
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y(db)m(x)f(ma)m(y)i(not)f(do)g(this.)41 b(Because)33
b(of)e(a)g(con\015ict)g(with)e(C)p Fk(++)h Fo(\(see)i(Chapter)f(7)g
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p Fk(\()p Fo(',)i(or)d(`)p Fk(-)p Fo(';)43 b(GDB)d(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)150
2005 y(unable)29 b(to)i(distinguish)c(those)k(from)e(the)i(C)p
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b(The)30 b(attributes)g(are:)150 2174 y Fk(a)p Fl(b)s(oundary)630
2283 y(b)s(oundary)48 b Fo(is)42 b(an)g(in)m(teger)h(sp)s(ecifying)d
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2393 y(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(of)i(this)e(t)m(yp)s(e.)150
2559 y Fk(p)p Fl(in)m(teger)162 b Fo(P)m(oin)m(ter)29
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2668 y(preted.)150 2834 y Fk(P)432 b Fo(Indicate)32 b(this)f(is)g(a)h
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b Fo(Indicate)23 b(that)h(this)e(t)m(yp)s(e)i(is)e(a)i(string)e
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4101 y(whic)m(h)29 b(m)m(ust)i(w)m(ork)g(with)e(suc)m(h)i(systems)g
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4 5 bop 150 -116 a Fo(4)3263 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)390 299 y
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610 y(})275 755 y Fo(When)25 b(compiled)g(with)f(`)p
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864 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(b)s(een)e(added)g(to)i(mak)m(e)g(it)e(easier)h
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3161 y(15)h(.stabs)f("signed)g(char:t10=r1;-128;127;",12)o(8,0)o(,0,0)
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3472 y(18)h(.stabs)f("double:t13=r1;8;0;",128,)o(0,0,)o(0)390
3576 y(19)h(.stabs)f("long)h(double:t14=r1;8;0;",128)o(,0,0)o(,0)390
3680 y(20)g(.stabs)f("void:t15=15",128,0,0,0)390 3783
y(21)286 b(.align)46 b(4)390 3887 y(22)h(LC0:)390 3991
y(23)286 b(.ascii)46 b("Hello,)g(world!\\12\\0")390 4095
y(24)286 b(.align)46 b(4)390 4198 y(25)286 b(.global)46
b(_main)390 4302 y(26)286 b(.proc)46 b(1)390 4406 y(27)h(_main:)390
4510 y(28)g(.stabn)f(68,0,4,LM1)390 4614 y(29)h(LM1:)390
4717 y(30)286 b(!#PROLOGUE#)45 b(0)390 4821 y(31)286
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b(1)390 5029 y(33)286 b(call)46 b(___main,0)390 5132
y(34)286 b(nop)390 5236 y(35)47 b(.stabn)f(68,0,5,LM2)390
5340 y(36)h(LM2:)p eop
5 6 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(1:)41 b(Ov)m(erview)30
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403 y(38)286 b(sethi)46 b(\045hi\(LC0\),\045o1)390 506
y(39)286 b(or)47 b(\045o1,\045lo\(LC0\),\045o0)390 610
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818 y(42)47 b(.stabn)f(68,0,6,LM3)390 922 y(43)h(LM3:)390
1025 y(44)g(LBE2:)390 1129 y(45)g(.stabn)f(68,0,6,LM4)390
1233 y(46)h(LM4:)390 1337 y(47)g(L1:)390 1440 y(48)286
b(ret)390 1544 y(49)g(restore)390 1648 y(50)47 b(.stabs)f
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1856 y(52)h(.stabn)f(224,0,0,LBE2)p eop
6 7 bop 150 -116 a Fo(6)3263 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)p eop
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b(the)h(Structure)g(of)g(the)h(Program)1521 b(7)150 299
y Fm(2)80 b(Enco)t(ding)54 b(the)e(Structure)g(of)i(the)f(Program)275
514 y Fo(The)30 b(elemen)m(ts)h(of)f(the)h(program)f(structure)g(that)i
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624 y(function,)d(the)h(names)g(of)g(the)g(source)g(and)g(include)d
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1278 y(the)c(debugger)f(the)h(name)f(that)i(is)d(used)h(in)f(this)h
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150 2741 y(in)i(whic)m(h)h(the)h(source)g(w)m(as)g(compiled,)g(in)e(a)i
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2960 y(from)24 b(the)h Fk(cfront)d Fo(C)p Fk(++)i Fo(compiler)f(can)h
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5100 y(name)30 b(has)h(little)e(in)g(common)h(with)f
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b Fk(N_BINCL)e Fo(approac)m(h)j(w)m(orks)g(as)f(follo)m(ws.)56
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755 y(the)g(other)h(\014elds.)38 b(The)28 b(end)f(of)h(the)h(include)d
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y(feature.)275 1668 y(A)d(link)m(er)e(whic)m(h)h(supp)s(orts)f(this)g
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1777 y(all)h(the)i(c)m(haracters)g(in)e(the)i(stabs)f(strings)f
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Fk(C_BINCL)d Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol.)38 b(A)27 b(`)p Fk(.ei)p
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2672 y(in)33 b(quotes,)k(whic)m(h)c(b)s(ecomes)i(the)g(string)f(for)g
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y(mac)m(hines)40 b(the)g(address)g(is)f(absolute;)45
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4099 y(the)c(link)m(er.)68 b(They)39 b(w)m(ere)i(in)m(tended)e(to)h(b)s
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4427 y(string)29 b(\014eld\))h(since)f(at)i(least)g(GDB)h(3.5.)275
4555 y(F)-8 b(or)36 b(single)f(source)h(lines)f(that)h(generate)i
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([Include)e(Files],)h(page)h(7\).)p eop
9 10 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(2:)41 b(Enco)s(ding)29
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y Fp(2.5)68 b(Pro)t(cedures)275 521 y Fo(All)39 b(of)i(the)f(follo)m
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630 y Fo(compiler)28 b(on)h(SunOS4)f(uses)h Fk(N_GSYM)f
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959 y(stabs)e(will)d(lac)m(k)j(underscores)e(and)i(the)f(debugger)h
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1069 y(to)g(matc)m(h)h(up)e(the)g(stab)h(and)f(the)h(non-stab)g(sym)m
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1890 y(SunPR)m(O)27 b(is)g(planning)f(to)j(put)e(out)i(zero,)g(in)e
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b(or)28 b(X)m(COFF,)g(the)f(stab)g(uses)g(the)g Fk(C_FUN)f
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f(meaningless;)150 2657 y(the)31 b(address)e(of)i(the)f(function)f(can)
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2940 2657 28 4 v 33 w(LD/XMC)p 3361 2657 V 34 w(PR\).)275
2821 y(The)21 b(t)m(yp)s(e)i(information)d(of)i(the)h(stab)f(represen)m
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Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol.)275 3204 y(Some)43 b(compilers)e(\(suc)m(h)i(as)g
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3752 y(t)m(yp)s(es)c(and)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(ma)m(y)i(v)-5
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10 11 bop 150 -116 a Fo(10)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)150 299
y(use)33 b(of)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(descriptor)g(`)p Fk(P)p
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y(The)38 b(AIX)i(do)s(cumen)m(tation)f(also)g(de\014nes)f(sym)m(b)s(ol)
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1001 y(the)i Fk(void)e Fo(t)m(yp)s(e)i(in)e(C.)h(I)h(don't)f(see)h(wh)m
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(a)g(stab)h(for)e(a)i(function)e Fk(main)g Fo(whic)m(h)g(returns)g(t)m
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Fk(_main)f Fo(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(for)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33
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2048 y(pro)s(cedure.)81 b(This)43 b(stab)h(is)f(in)g(turn)g(directly)g
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150 2158 y(elemen)m(ts)26 b(of)h(the)f(pro)s(cedure.)38
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2399 y(If)g(functions)f(can)i(app)s(ear)f(in)g(di\013eren)m(t)g
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b(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(is)f(the)i(address)f(of)g(the)h(end)f(of)
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3197 y Fp(2.6)68 b(Nested)46 b(Pro)t(cedures)275 3387
y Fo(F)-8 b(or)34 b(an)m(y)f(of)h(the)f(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(descriptors)f
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3825 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(\(b)s(efore)i(the)g(`)p Fk(:)p
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4510 y({)485 4614 y(int)g(bar)g(\(int)g(y\))581 4717
y({)676 4821 y(int)g(baz)g(\(int)g(z\))772 4925 y({)867
5029 y(return)f(x)i(+)f(y)h(+)f(z;)772 5132 y(})676 5236
y(return)f(baz)h(\(x)h(+)f(2)g(*)h(y\);)581 5340 y(})p
eop
11 12 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(2:)41 b(Enco)s(ding)29
b(the)h(Structure)g(of)g(the)h(Program)1475 b(11)485
299 y Fk(return)47 b(x)g(+)g(bar)g(\(3)h(*)f(x\);)390
403 y(})150 537 y Fo(pro)s(duces)29 b(the)i(stabs:)390
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1433 y(RBRAC)33 b Fo(\(righ)m(t)h(brace\))g(stab)g(t)m(yp)s(es.)52
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2579 y(lev)m(el)k(of)h(the)f(blo)s(c)m(k.)40 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)33
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y(is)k(`)p Fk(.bb)p Fo(',)h(then)f(it)g(is)g(the)h(b)s(eginning)d(of)i
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3821 y(comes)33 b(from)f(the)g(corresp)s(onding)e(external)i(sym)m(b)s
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12 13 bop 150 -116 a Fo(12)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)p eop
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Fl(pattern)630 3950 y Fo(are)41 b(actually)g(used,)i(whic)m(h)c(w)m
(ould)h(b)s(e)g(redundan)m(t)f(with)h(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)j(or)d(p)s
(erhaps)e(the)630 4060 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)29 b(of)i(bits)f(set)h(in)f
Fl(pattern)p Fo(?)41 b(I)31 b(don't)f(get)i(it\),)f Fl(bits)j
Fo(is)29 b(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(bits)e(in)h(the)630
4169 y(constan)m(t)40 b(\(meaning)e(it)g(sp)s(eci\014es)f(the)h(length)
g(of)g Fl(pattern)p Fo(,)j(I)d(think\),)i(and)d Fl(pattern)i
Fo(is)630 4279 y(a)c(hexadecimal)f(represen)m(tation)g(of)h(the)g(set.)
54 b(AIX)34 b(do)s(cumen)m(tation)h(refers)f(to)h(a)g(limit)630
4389 y(of)h(32)g(b)m(ytes,)h(but)e(I)g(see)h(no)f(reason)g(wh)m(y)g
(this)g(limit)e(should)g(exist.)55 b(This)34 b(form)h(could)630
4498 y(probably)e(b)s(e)g(used)h(for)g(arbitrary)f(constan)m(ts,)k(not)
d(just)g(sets;)j(the)e(only)e(catc)m(h)j(is)d(that)630
4608 y Fl(pattern)d Fo(should)f(b)s(e)h(understo)s(o)s(d)e(to)j(b)s(e)f
(target,)i(not)f(host,)f(b)m(yte)i(order)d(and)h(format.)275
4767 y(The)f(b)s(o)s(olean,)h(c)m(haracter,)i(string,)d(and)g(set)i
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(it)150 4877 y(ignores)d(them.)40 b(GDB)28 b(4.8)g(and)e(earlier)g(ga)m
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(ols)e(from)150 4986 y(the)31 b(\014le)e(con)m(taining)h(the)h(constan)
m(ts.)275 5121 y(The)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(information)d(is)g(follo)m(w)m
(ed)h(b)m(y)g(`)p Fk(;)p Fo('.)p eop
14 15 bop 150 -116 a Fo(14)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)p eop
15 16 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2679
b(15)150 299 y Fm(4)80 b(V)-13 b(ariables)275 529 y Fo(Di\013eren)m(t)
26 b(t)m(yp)s(es)g(of)g(stabs)g(describ)s(e)f(the)h(v)-5
b(arious)25 b(w)m(a)m(ys)i(that)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24
b(can)j(b)s(e)e(allo)s(cated:)39 b(on)26 b(the)150 639
y(stac)m(k,)32 b(globally)-8 b(,)30 b(in)f(registers,)h(in)f(common)i
(blo)s(c)m(ks,)f(statically)-8 b(,)30 b(or)h(as)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g
(a)g(function.)150 894 y Fp(4.1)68 b(Automatic)46 b(V)-11
b(ariables)45 b(Allo)t(cated)h(on)f(the)g(Stac)l(k)275
1086 y Fo(If)27 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable's)26 b(scop)s(e)i(is)e(lo)s(cal)h
(to)h(a)g(function)e(and)h(its)g(lifetime)f(is)h(only)f(as)i(long)f(as)
h(that)g(function)150 1196 y(executes)f(\(C)f(calls)g(suc)m(h)f(v)-5
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(cated)g(in)e(a)j(register)f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3)150
1305 y([Register)31 b(V)-8 b(ariables],)30 b(page)h(16\))h(or)e(on)g
(the)h(stac)m(k.)275 1439 y(Eac)m(h)22 b(v)-5 b(ariable)21
b(allo)s(cated)h(on)g(the)h(stac)m(k)g(has)f(a)h(stab)f(with)f(the)h
(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(descriptor)g(omitted.)38 b(Since)150
1549 y(t)m(yp)s(e)28 b(information)d(should)h(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)i
(digit,)f(`)p Fk(-)p Fo(',)h(or)g(`)p Fk(\()p Fo(',)g(only)f(those)h(c)
m(haracters)h(precluded)c(from)150 1658 y(b)s(eing)g(used)h(for)g(sym)m
(b)s(ol)f(descriptors.)38 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)30 b(the)d(Acorn)f(RISC)g
(mac)m(hine)g(\(ARM\))h(is)f(said)g(to)h(get)150 1768
y(this)h(wrong:)40 b(it)30 b(puts)e(out)i(a)g(mere)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g
(de\014nition)d(here,)j(without)e(the)i(preceding)f(`)p
Fl(t)m(yp)s(e-n)m(um)m(b)s(er)7 b Fk(=)p Fo('.)150 1877
y(This)37 b(is)g(a)i(bad)f(idea;)k(there)d(is)e(no)i(guaran)m(tee)h
(that)f(t)m(yp)s(e)f(descriptors)f(are)i(distinct)e(from)h(sym)m(b)s
(ol)150 1987 y(descriptors.)h(Stabs)30 b(for)h(stac)m(k)g(v)-5
b(ariables)29 b(use)i(the)f Fk(N_LSYM)f Fo(stab)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(or)f
Fk(C_LSYM)f Fo(for)h(X)m(COFF.)275 2121 y(The)35 b(v)-5
b(alue)35 b(of)h(the)g(stab)g(is)e(the)i(o\013set)h(of)f(the)g(v)-5
b(ariable)34 b(within)f(the)j(lo)s(cal)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)56
b(On)35 b(most)150 2230 y(mac)m(hines)30 b(this)g(is)g(an)h(o\013set)h
(from)f(the)g(frame)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(and)g(is)g(negativ)m(e.)44
b(The)30 b(lo)s(cation)h(of)g(the)g(stab)150 2340 y(sp)s(eci\014es)e
(whic)m(h)g(blo)s(c)m(k)h(it)g(is)f(de\014ned)g(in;)h(see)h(Section)f
(2.7)h([Blo)s(c)m(k)g(Structure],)f(page)i(11.)275 2474
y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)d(C)i(co)s(de:)390
2602 y Fk(int)390 2705 y(main)47 b(\(\))390 2809 y({)485
2913 y(int)g(x;)390 3017 y(})275 3150 y Fo(pro)s(duces)29
b(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(stabs:)390 3278 y Fk(.stabs)46
b("main:F1",36,0,0,_main)137 b(#)48 b Fo(36)31 b(is)e(N)p
2298 3278 28 4 v 33 w(FUN)390 3382 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("x:1",128,0,0,-12)
377 b(#)48 b Fo(128)31 b(is)f(N)p 2344 3382 V 33 w(LSYM)390
3486 y Fk(.stabn)46 b(192,0,0,LBB2)617 b(#)48 b Fo(192)31
b(is)f(N)p 2344 3486 V 33 w(LBRA)m(C)390 3590 y Fk(.stabn)46
b(224,0,0,LBE2)617 b(#)48 b Fo(224)31 b(is)f(N)p 2344
3590 V 33 w(RBRA)m(C)275 3724 y(See)j(Section)g(2.5)i([Pro)s(cedures],)
f(page)g(9)g(for)f(more)h(information)d(on)j(the)f Fk(N_FUN)f
Fo(stab,)j(and)d(Sec-)150 3833 y(tion)24 b(2.7)i([Blo)s(c)m(k)g
(Structure],)f(page)h(11)f(for)g(more)g(information)e(on)i(the)g
Fk(N_LBRAC)e Fo(and)h Fk(N_RBRAC)f Fo(stabs.)150 4088
y Fp(4.2)68 b(Global)46 b(V)-11 b(ariables)275 4280 y
Fo(A)37 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(whose)i(scop)s(e)f(is)g(not)h(sp)s
(eci\014c)e(to)i(just)f(one)h(source)g(\014le)f(is)f(represen)m(ted)i
(b)m(y)f(the)h(`)p Fk(G)p Fo(')150 4390 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)i(descriptor.)73
b(These)41 b(stabs)h(use)f(the)g Fk(N_GSYM)f Fo(stab)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f
(\(C)p 2678 4390 V 33 w(GSYM)h(for)f(X)m(COFF\).)h(The)150
4499 y(t)m(yp)s(e)33 b(information)f(for)h(the)g(stab)h(\(see)g
(Section)f(1.3)h([String)e(Field],)h(page)h(2\))g(giv)m(es)g(the)f(t)m
(yp)s(e)g(of)h(the)150 4609 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 4743
y(F)d(or)31 b(example,)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)d(source)j(co)s(de:)390
4871 y Fk(char)47 b(g_foo)f(=)h('c';)150 5004 y Fo(yields)29
b(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(assem)m(bly)h(co)s(de:)390 5132
y Fk(.stabs)46 b("g_foo:G2",32,0,0,0)234 b(#)47 b Fo(32)31
b(is)f(N)p 2251 5132 V 33 w(GSYM)629 5236 y Fk(.global)45
b(_g_foo)629 5340 y(.data)p eop
16 17 bop 150 -116 a Fo(16)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)390 299
y Fk(_g_foo:)629 403 y(.byte)46 b(99)275 537 y Fo(The)34
b(address)g(of)i(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(represen)m(ted)h(b)m(y)g
(the)g Fk(N_GSYM)f Fo(is)g(not)h(con)m(tained)h(in)d(the)j
Fk(N_GSYM)150 647 y Fo(stab.)41 b(The)30 b(debugger)g(gets)h(this)f
(information)e(from)i(the)h(external)f(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(for)i(the)f
(global)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 756 y(In)26 b(the)h(example)f(ab)s(o)m(v)
m(e,)j(the)d Fk(.global)j(_g_foo)c Fo(and)h Fk(_g_foo:)e
Fo(lines)h(tell)h(the)h(assem)m(bler)f(to)h(pro)s(duce)150
866 y(an)j(external)h(sym)m(b)s(ol.)275 1000 y(Some)25
b(compilers,)g(lik)m(e)g(GCC,)g(output)g Fk(N_GSYM)f
Fo(stabs)i(only)e(once,)k(where)c(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)24
b(is)h(de\014ned.)150 1110 y(Other)42 b(compilers,)i(lik)m(e)e(SunOS4)e
(/bin/cc,)46 b(output)c(a)h Fk(N_GSYM)d Fo(stab)j(for)f(eac)m(h)h
(compilation)e(unit)150 1219 y(whic)m(h)29 b(references)i(the)f(v)-5
b(ariable.)150 1476 y Fp(4.3)68 b(Register)47 b(V)-11
b(ariables)275 1669 y Fo(Register)24 b(v)-5 b(ariables)24
b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(their)f(o)m(wn)h(stab)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h
Fk(N_RSYM)d Fo(\()p Fk(C_RSYM)g Fo(for)h(X)m(COFF\),)i(and)e(their)g(o)
m(wn)150 1778 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)35 b(descriptor,)j(`)p Fk(r)p
Fo('.)59 b(The)36 b(stab's)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(is)f(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s
(er)e(of)i(the)g(register)f(where)g(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)150
1888 y(data)31 b(will)d(b)s(e)i(stored.)275 2022 y(AIX)40
b(de\014nes)g(a)h(separate)g(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(descriptor)h(`)p
Fk(d)p Fo(')g(for)g(\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(t)e(registers.)71
b(This)39 b(seems)150 2132 y(unnecessary;)i(wh)m(y)d(not)g(just)f(just)
h(giv)m(e)g(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(registers)g(di\013eren)m(t)h
(register)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers?)61 b(I)150 2241 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32
b(not)e(v)m(eri\014ed)g(whether)f(the)i(compiler)e(actually)h(uses)g(`)
p Fk(d)p Fo('.)275 2376 y(If)f(the)i(register)f(is)g(explicitly)e(allo)
s(cated)i(to)h(a)g(global)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(but)h(not)g
(initialized,)e(as)i(in:)390 2504 y Fk(register)46 b(int)g(g_bar)h(asm)
g(\("\045g5"\);)150 2638 y Fo(then)30 b(the)h(stab)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f
(emitted)g(at)h(the)g(end)f(of)g(the)h(ob)5 b(ject)31
b(\014le,)f(with)f(the)h(other)h(bss)e(sym)m(b)s(ols.)150
2895 y Fp(4.4)68 b(Common)45 b(Blo)t(c)l(ks)275 3088
y Fo(A)28 b(common)h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(is)e(a)j(statically)e(allo)s(cated)h
(section)f(of)h(memory)g(whic)m(h)e(can)i(b)s(e)g(referred)f(to)h(b)m
(y)150 3197 y(sev)m(eral)h(source)f(\014les.)40 b(It)29
b(ma)m(y)h(con)m(tain)g(sev)m(eral)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)39
b(I)29 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)g(F)-8 b(ortran)30 b(is)e(the)i(only)f(language)
150 3307 y(with)g(this)g(feature.)275 3441 y(A)36 b Fk(N_BCOMM)f
Fo(stab)h(b)s(egins)f(a)i(common)g(blo)s(c)m(k)e(and)h(an)h
Fk(N_ECOMM)d Fo(stab)j(ends)e(it.)59 b(The)36 b(only)f(\014eld)150
3551 y(that)e(is)f(signi\014can)m(t)f(in)g(these)i(t)m(w)m(o)h(stabs)e
(is)g(the)g(string,)h(whic)m(h)e(names)h(a)h(normal)e
(\(non-debugging\))150 3660 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)38 b(that)h(giv)m(es)g(the)g
(address)f(of)h(the)g(common)h(blo)s(c)m(k.)65 b(According)39
b(to)g(IBM)h(do)s(cumen)m(tation,)150 3770 y(only)30
b(the)g Fk(N_BCOMM)f Fo(has)h(the)h(name)g(of)f(the)h(common)g(blo)s(c)
m(k)f(\(ev)m(en)h(though)g(their)e(compiler)g(actually)150
3880 y(puts)h(it)f(b)s(oth)h(places\).)275 4014 y(The)j(stabs)i(for)f
(the)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)g(of)g(the)h(common)f(blo)s(c)m(k)g(are)h(b)s(et)m
(w)m(een)g(the)f Fk(N_BCOMM)e Fo(and)i(the)h Fk(N_)150
4124 y(ECOMM)p Fo(;)c(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(eac)m(h)h(stab)e(is)g
(the)g(o\013set)i(within)c(the)i(common)h(blo)s(c)m(k)f(of)h(that)g(v)
-5 b(ariable.)42 b(IBM)150 4233 y(uses)d(the)g Fk(C_ECOML)e
Fo(stab)i(t)m(yp)s(e,)j(and)d(there)g(is)f(a)i(corresp)s(onding)d
Fk(N_ECOML)g Fo(stab)i(t)m(yp)s(e,)j(but)c(Sun's)150
4343 y(F)-8 b(ortran)38 b(compiler)e(uses)h Fk(N_GSYM)e
Fo(instead.)61 b(The)37 b(v)-5 b(ariables)36 b(within)f(a)j(common)f
(blo)s(c)m(k)g(use)g(the)h(`)p Fk(V)p Fo(')150 4452 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)27
b(descriptor)g(\(I)h(b)s(eliev)m(e)f(this)g(is)g(true)h(of)g(all)f(F)-8
b(ortran)29 b(v)-5 b(ariables\).)39 b(Other)27 b(stabs)h(\(at)h(least)g
(t)m(yp)s(e)150 4562 y(declarations)h(using)f Fk(C_DECL)p
Fo(\))g(can)h(also)h(b)s(e)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i(the)g
Fk(N_BCOMM)d Fo(and)i(the)h Fk(N_ECOMM)p Fo(.)150 4819
y Fp(4.5)68 b(Static)46 b(V)-11 b(ariables)275 5011 y
Fo(Initialized)39 b(static)k(v)-5 b(ariables)41 b(are)i(represen)m(ted)
f(b)m(y)g(the)g(`)p Fk(S)p Fo(')h(and)e(`)p Fk(V)p Fo(')i(sym)m(b)s(ol)
e(descriptors.)75 b(`)p Fk(S)p Fo(')150 5121 y(means)33
b(\014le)e(scop)s(e)i(static,)h(and)e(`)p Fk(V)p Fo(')h(means)f(pro)s
(cedure)g(scop)s(e)g(static.)48 b(One)32 b(exception:)46
b(in)31 b(X)m(COFF,)150 5230 y(IBM's)k(xlc)f(compiler)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i
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i(or)f(not)h(is)e(distinguished)e(b)m(y)150 5340 y(whether)f(the)g
(stab)h(is)e(lo)s(cated)i(within)d(a)i(function.)p eop
17 18 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2679
b(17)275 299 y(In)35 b(a.out)j(\014les,)f Fk(N_STSYM)e
Fo(means)i(the)g(data)g(section,)i Fk(N_FUN)c Fo(means)h(the)h(text)h
(section,)g(and)f Fk(N_)150 408 y(LCSYM)23 b Fo(means)i(the)g(bss)f
(section.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)25 b(those)h(systems)f(with)e(a)j(read-only)e
(data)h(section)h(separate)f(from)150 518 y(the)31 b(text)g(section)f
(\(Solaris\),)g Fk(N_ROSYM)f Fo(means)h(the)g(read-only)g(data)h
(section.)275 654 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)h(source)f(lines:)390
783 y Fk(static)46 b(const)g(int)h(var_const)f(=)h(5;)390
887 y(static)f(int)h(var_init)f(=)h(2;)390 991 y(static)f(int)h
(var_noinit;)150 1126 y Fo(yield)29 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(stabs:)390
1256 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("var_const:S1",36,0,0,_va)o(r_c)o(onst)280
b(#)47 b Fo(36)31 b(is)f(N)p 2919 1256 28 4 v 33 w(FUN)390
1360 y Fk(...)390 1464 y(.stabs)46 b("var_init:S1",38,0,0,_var)o(_in)o
(it)376 b(#)47 b Fo(38)31 b(is)f(N)p 2919 1464 V 33 w(STSYM)390
1567 y Fk(...)390 1671 y(.stabs)46 b("var_noinit:S1",40,0,0,_v)o(ar_)o
(noin)o(it)185 b(#)47 b Fo(40)31 b(is)f(N)p 2919 1671
V 33 w(LCSYM)275 1807 y(In)c(X)m(COFF)h(\014les,)g(the)g(stab)g(t)m(yp)
s(e)g(need)f(not)h(indicate)f(the)h(section;)h Fk(C_STSYM)d
Fo(can)i(b)s(e)f(used)g(for)h(all)150 1916 y(statics.)44
b(Also,)31 b(eac)m(h)i(static)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(is)g(enclosed)h(in)
f(a)i(static)f(blo)s(c)m(k.)43 b(A)32 b Fk(C_BSTAT)d
Fo(\(emitted)j(with)e(a)150 2026 y(`)p Fk(.bs)p Fo(')e(assem)m(bler)g
(directiv)m(e\))g(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(b)s(egins)g(the)h(static)h(blo)s(c)m
(k;)g(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(is)f(the)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)
g(of)150 2135 y(the)k(csect)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)d(whose)i(v)-5
b(alue)30 b(is)g(the)h(address)f(of)g(the)h(static)h(blo)s(c)m(k,)e
(its)g(section)h(is)f(the)h(section)g(of)150 2245 y(the)i(v)-5
b(ariables)32 b(in)f(that)j(static)f(blo)s(c)m(k,)g(and)g(its)f(name)h
(is)f(`)p Fk(.bs)p Fo('.)47 b(A)33 b Fk(C_ESTAT)e Fo(\(emitted)j(with)d
(a)i(`)p Fk(.es)p Fo(')150 2355 y(assem)m(bler)25 b(directiv)m(e\))f
(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(ends)g(the)i(static)f(blo)s(c)m(k;)i(its)d(name)h(is)f
(`)p Fk(.es)p Fo(')h(and)f(its)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(and)h(section)150
2464 y(are)31 b(ignored.)275 2600 y(In)j(ECOFF)g(\014les,)i(the)f
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3064 y(address)c(is)h(relativ)m(e)g(to)h(the)f(start)h(of)f(the)h
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4285 y(lo)m(ws)c(allo)s(cating)f(arra)m(ys)i(with)d Fk(malloc)p
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5236 y Fk(foo:b6)390 5340 y(foo10:bar3;1;10;6)p eop
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y(GCC,)35 b(at)i(least)g(on)f(the)g(960,)j(has)d(another)g(solution)f
(to)i(the)f(same)h(problem.)56 b(It)36 b(uses)g(a)g(single)150
408 y(`)p Fk(p)p Fo(')e(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(descriptor)h(for)g(an)h(argumen)
m(t)g(whic)m(h)e(is)h(stored)g(as)h(a)g(lo)s(cal)f(v)-5
b(ariable)33 b(but)f(uses)i Fk(N_LSYM)150 518 y Fo(instead)i(of)h
Fk(N_PSYM)p Fo(.)59 b(In)36 b(this)g(case,)k(the)d(v)-5
b(alue)36 b(of)h(the)g(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(is)g(an)h(o\013set)h(relativ)m(e)
f(to)h(the)f(lo)s(cal)150 628 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(for)g(that)i
(function,)e(not)h(relativ)m(e)g(to)h(the)f(argumen)m(ts;)h(on)f(some)g
(mac)m(hines)g(those)g(are)h(the)150 737 y(same)e(thing,)e(but)h(not)h
(on)f(all.)275 872 y(On)f(the)i(V)-10 b(AX)31 b(or)g(on)f(other)h(mac)m
(hines)g(in)e(whic)m(h)g(the)i(calling)e(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j
(includes)c(the)j(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 981 y(of)38 b(w)m(ords)f(of)h
(argumen)m(ts)h(actually)e(passed,)j(the)e(debugger)f(\(GDB)j(at)e
(least\))h(uses)e(the)h(parameter)150 1091 y(sym)m(b)s(ols)32
b(to)j(k)m(eep)f(trac)m(k)h(of)f(whether)f(it)g(needs)h(to)g(prin)m(t)f
(nameless)g(argumen)m(ts)h(in)e(addition)g(to)j(the)150
1200 y(formal)30 b(parameters)g(whic)m(h)f(it)h(has)g(prin)m(ted)f(b)s
(ecause)i(eac)m(h)g(one)g(has)f(a)h(stab.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31
b(example,)f(in)390 1329 y Fk(extern)46 b(int)h(fprintf)f(\(FILE)g
(*stream,)g(char)g(*format,)g(...)o(\);)390 1433 y(...)390
1537 y(fprintf)g(\(stdout,)f("\045d\\n",)h(x\);)275 1671
y Fo(there)28 b(are)h(stabs)g(for)f Fk(stream)f Fo(and)g
Fk(format)p Fo(.)39 b(On)27 b(most)i(mac)m(hines,)g(the)g(debugger)f
(can)h(only)e(prin)m(t)150 1781 y(those)39 b(t)m(w)m(o)g(argumen)m(ts)g
(\(b)s(ecause)f(it)g(has)g(no)g(w)m(a)m(y)h(of)g(kno)m(wing)e(that)i
(additional)d(argumen)m(ts)i(w)m(ere)150 1890 y(passed\),)c(but)f(on)h
(the)f(V)-10 b(AX)34 b(or)g(other)f(mac)m(hines)g(with)g(a)g(calling)f
(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j(whic)m(h)d(indicates)h(the)150
2000 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(w)m(ords)f(of)g(argumen)m(ts,)i(the)e
(debugger)g(can)h(prin)m(t)e(all)g(three)i(argumen)m(ts.)47
b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(do)f(so,)i(the)150 2110 y(parameter)29
b(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(\(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(descriptor)g(`)p Fk(p)p
Fo('\))h(\(not)h(necessarily)e(`)p Fk(r)p Fo(')h(or)f(sym)m(b)s(ol)g
(descriptor)g(omitted)150 2219 y(sym)m(b)s(ols\))f(needs)h(to)h(con)m
(tain)f(the)h(actual)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(as)f(passed)g(\(for)g(example,)g
Fk(double)f Fo(not)h Fk(float)f Fo(if)g(it)h(is)150 2329
y(passed)i(as)h(a)f(double)f(and)h(con)m(v)m(erted)i(to)f(a)g
(\015oat\).)150 2553 y Fi(4.7.3)63 b(P)m(assing)41 b(P)m(arameters)e(b)
m(y)i(Reference)275 2746 y Fo(If)33 b(the)h(parameter)g(is)f(passed)g
(b)m(y)h(reference)g(\(e.g.,)j(P)m(ascal)d Fk(VAR)f Fo(parameters\),)j
(then)d(the)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)150 2855 y(descriptor)g(is)g(`)p
Fk(v)p Fo(')i(if)e(it)g(is)h(in)e(the)j(argumen)m(t)f(list,)h(or)f(`)p
Fk(a)p Fo(')g(if)f(it)h(in)f(a)h(register.)55 b(Other)35
b(than)g(the)g(fact)150 2965 y(that)e(these)f(con)m(tain)h(the)f
(address)f(of)i(the)f(parameter)h(rather)f(than)g(the)g(parameter)h
(itself,)e(they)i(are)150 3074 y(iden)m(tical)g(to)i(`)p
Fk(p)p Fo(')f(and)f(`)p Fk(R)p Fo(',)i(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8
b(.)52 b(I)34 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)f(`)p Fk(a)p Fo(')h(is)f(an)h(AIX)g(in)m
(v)m(en)m(tion;)i(`)p Fk(v)p Fo(')e(is)f(supp)s(orted)f(b)m(y)150
3184 y(all)d(stabs-using)g(systems)i(as)f(far)h(as)f(I)g(kno)m(w.)150
3408 y Fi(4.7.4)63 b(P)m(assing)41 b(Conforman)m(t)f(Arra)m(y)f(P)m
(arameters)275 3601 y Fo(Conforman)m(t)e(arra)m(ys)i(are)f(a)g(feature)
g(of)g(Mo)s(dula-2,)i(and)d(p)s(erhaps)f(other)i(languages,)j(in)36
b(whic)m(h)150 3710 y(the)i(size)g(of)h(an)f(arra)m(y)h(parameter)f(is)
g(not)g(kno)m(wn)g(to)h(the)f(called)f(function)g(un)m(til)g(run-time.)
63 b(Suc)m(h)150 3820 y(parameters)31 b(ha)m(v)m(e)g(t)m(w)m(o)h
(stabs:)41 b(a)30 b(`)p Fk(x)p Fo(')h(for)f(the)g(arra)m(y)h(itself,)f
(and)f(a)i(`)p Fk(C)p Fo(',)g(whic)m(h)e(represen)m(ts)h(the)h(size)f
(of)150 3929 y(the)j(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)48 b(The)32 b(v)-5
b(alue)32 b(of)g(the)h(`)p Fk(x)p Fo(')g(stab)g(is)e(the)i(o\013set)g
(in)f(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(list)e(where)h(the)h(address)f(of)150
4039 y(the)f(arra)m(y)g(is)f(stored)h(\(it)f(this)g(righ)m(t?)41
b(it)31 b(is)e(a)i(guess\);)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h(the)g(`)p
Fk(C)p Fo(')g(stab)g(is)f(the)h(o\013set)g(in)f(the)150
4149 y(argumen)m(t)h(list)e(where)h(the)g(size)h(of)f(the)h(arra)m(y)f
(\(in)g(elemen)m(ts?)41 b(in)29 b(b)m(ytes?\))41 b(is)29
b(stored.)p eop
21 22 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(De\014ning)29
b(T)m(yp)s(es)2441 b(21)150 299 y Fm(5)80 b(De\014ning)53
b(T)l(yp)t(es)275 563 y Fo(The)34 b(examples)g(so)h(far)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h
(describ)s(ed)c(t)m(yp)s(es)j(as)g(references)g(to)h(previously)c
(de\014ned)i(t)m(yp)s(es,)i(or)150 672 y(de\014ned)43
b(in)f(terms)i(of)g(subranges)e(of)i(or)g(p)s(oin)m(ters)f(to)h
(previously)e(de\014ned)g(t)m(yp)s(es.)81 b(This)42 b(c)m(hapter)150
782 y(describ)s(es)29 b(the)h(other)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(descriptors)f(that)i
(ma)m(y)g(follo)m(w)f(the)h(`)p Fk(=)p Fo(')f(in)f(a)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g
(de\014nition.)150 1064 y Fp(5.1)68 b(Builtin)45 b(T)l(yp)t(es)275
1267 y Fo(Certain)25 b(t)m(yp)s(es)h(are)h(built)d(in)h(\()p
Fk(int)p Fo(,)i Fk(short)p Fo(,)f Fk(void)p Fo(,)g Fk(float)p
Fo(,)g(etc.\);)k(the)c(debugger)g(recognizes)h(these)150
1377 y(t)m(yp)s(es)37 b(and)g(kno)m(ws)g(ho)m(w)g(to)h(handle)d(them.)
61 b(Th)m(us,)38 b(don't)g(b)s(e)e(surprised)e(if)i(some)i(of)f(the)g
(follo)m(wing)150 1486 y(w)m(a)m(ys)f(of)f(sp)s(ecifying)e(builtin)e(t)
m(yp)s(es)k(do)g(not)g(sp)s(ecify)f(ev)m(erything)h(that)h(a)f
(debugger)g(w)m(ould)e(need)i(to)150 1596 y(kno)m(w)28
b(ab)s(out)g(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e|in)e(some)j(cases)f(they)g(merely)g(sp)s
(ecify)e(enough)i(information)e(to)j(distinguish)150
1705 y(the)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(from)g(other)h(t)m(yp)s(es.)275
1850 y(The)k(traditional)f(w)m(a)m(y)j(to)f(de\014ne)f(builtin)d(t)m
(yp)s(es)k(is)f(con)m(v)m(olun)m(ted,)j(so)e(new)f(w)m(a)m(ys)i(ha)m(v)
m(e)g(b)s(een)e(in-)150 1959 y(v)m(en)m(ted)f(to)f(describ)s(e)e(them.)
48 b(Sun's)32 b Fk(acc)g Fo(uses)g(sp)s(ecial)f(builtin)f(t)m(yp)s(e)i
(descriptors)g(\(`)p Fk(b)p Fo(')h(and)f(`)p Fk(R)p Fo('\),)j(and)150
2069 y(IBM)24 b(uses)g(negativ)m(e)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)37
b(GDB)25 b(accepts)g(all)e(three)h(w)m(a)m(ys,)i(as)e(of)h(v)m(ersion)e
(4.8;)k(db)m(x)d(just)f(ac-)150 2178 y(cepts)28 b(the)g(traditional)e
(builtin)f(t)m(yp)s(es)j(and)f(p)s(erhaps)f(one)i(of)g(the)g(other)g(t)
m(w)m(o)h(formats.)40 b(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)150 2288
y(sections)j(describ)s(e)f(eac)m(h)j(of)e(these)h(formats.)150
2532 y Fi(5.1.1)63 b(T)-10 b(raditional)41 b(Builtin)g(T)m(yp)s(es)275
2735 y Fo(This)30 b(is)h(the)h(traditional,)f(con)m(v)m(oluted)i(metho)
s(d)e(for)h(de\014ning)e(builtin)e(t)m(yp)s(es.)46 b(There)31
b(are)i(sev)m(eral)150 2844 y(classes)d(of)h(suc)m(h)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h
(de\014nitions:)38 b(in)m(teger,)31 b(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(and)f
Fk(void)p Fo(.)150 3088 y Fi(5.1.1.1)63 b(T)-10 b(raditional)41
b(In)m(teger)g(T)m(yp)s(es)275 3291 y Fo(Often)28 b(t)m(yp)s(es)g(are)h
(de\014ned)e(as)i(subranges)e(of)i(themselv)m(es.)40
b(If)28 b(the)h(b)s(ounding)c(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(\014t)g(within)e(an)150
3401 y Fk(int)p Fo(,)k(then)g(they)g(are)h(giv)m(en)f(normally)-8
b(.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example:)390 3539 y Fk(.stabs)46
b("int:t1=r1;-2147483648;21)o(474)o(8364)o(7;",)o(128)o(,0,0)o(,0)185
b(#)47 b Fo(128)22 b(is)d(N)p 3469 3539 28 4 v 33 w(LSYM)390
3643 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("char:t2=r2;0;127;",128,0)o(,0,)o(0)275
3787 y Fo(Builtin)27 b(t)m(yp)s(es)k(can)f(also)h(b)s(e)e(describ)s(ed)
g(as)h(subranges)g(of)g Fk(int)p Fo(:)390 3926 y Fk(.stabs)46
b("unsigned)f(short:t6=r1;0;65535;",128,)o(0,0)o(,0)275
4071 y Fo(If)27 b(the)h(lo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ound)e(of)i(a)h(subrange)e
(is)g(0)h(and)g(the)g(upp)s(er)e(b)s(ound)g(is)h(-1,)i(the)f(t)m(yp)s
(e)g(is)f(an)h(unsigned)150 4180 y(in)m(tegral)d(t)m(yp)s(e)g(whose)h
(b)s(ounds)d(are)i(to)s(o)h(big)f(to)h(describ)s(e)e(in)g(an)h
Fk(int)p Fo(.)38 b(T)-8 b(raditionally)23 b(this)h(is)g(only)h(used)150
4290 y(for)30 b Fk(unsigned)e(int)i Fo(and)g Fk(unsigned)e(long)p
Fo(:)390 4428 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("unsigned)f(int:t4=r1;0;-1;",128,0,0,0)
275 4573 y Fo(F)-8 b(or)31 b(larger)g(t)m(yp)s(es,)h(GCC)e(2.4.5)j
(puts)d(out)i(b)s(ounds)c(in)i(o)s(ctal,)i(with)e(one)h(or)g(more)g
(leading)f(zero)s(es.)150 4682 y(In)24 b(this)g(case)i(a)f(negativ)m(e)
h(b)s(ound)d(consists)i(of)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(whic)m(h)f(is)h(a)i
(1)f(bit)f(\(for)h(the)g(sign)f(bit\))g(follo)m(w)m(ed)150
4792 y(b)m(y)g(a)h(0)f(bit)g(for)g(eac)m(h)h(bit)e(in)g(the)i(n)m(um)m
(b)s(er)e(\(except)i(the)f(sign)g(bit\),)h(and)e(a)i(p)s(ositiv)m(e)e
(b)s(ound)f(is)i(one)g(whic)m(h)150 4902 y(is)32 b(a)i(1)f(bit)g(for)f
(eac)m(h)j(bit)d(in)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(\(except)j(p)s(ossibly)30
b(the)j(sign)f(bit\).)49 b(All)32 b(kno)m(wn)g(v)m(ersions)h(of)150
5011 y(db)m(x)27 b(and)f(GDB)j(v)m(ersion)d(4)i(accept)g(this)f(\(at)h
(least)f(in)f(the)i(sense)f(of)g(not)h(refusing)d(to)j(pro)s(cess)f
(the)g(\014le\),)150 5121 y(but)i(GDB)h(3.5)h(refuses)e(to)h(read)g
(the)f(whole)g(\014le)g(con)m(taining)g(suc)m(h)g(sym)m(b)s(ols.)39
b(So)30 b(GCC)f(2.3.3)i(did)d(not)150 5230 y(output)j(the)i(prop)s(er)d
(size)i(for)f(these)i(t)m(yp)s(es.)45 b(As)32 b(an)f(example)h(of)g(o)s
(ctal)g(b)s(ounds,)f(the)h(string)e(\014elds)h(of)150
5340 y(the)g(stabs)f(for)g(64)h(bit)f(in)m(teger)g(t)m(yp)s(es)h(lo)s
(ok)f(lik)m(e:)p eop
22 23 bop 150 -116 a Fo(22)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)390 299
y Fk(long)47 b(int:t3=r1;0010000000000)o(0000)o(000)o(0000)o(;000)o
(777)o(7777)o(7777)o(777)o(7777)o(777;)390 403 y(long)g(unsigned)e
(int:t5=r1;000000000000000)o(0000)o(000)o(00;0)o(0177)o(777)o(7777)o
(7777)o(777)o(7777)o(7;)p 3928 423 42 76 v 275 543 a
Fo(If)34 b(the)h(lo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ound)e(of)i(a)g(subrange)f(is)g(0)h
(and)f(the)h(upp)s(er)e(b)s(ound)g(is)h(negativ)m(e,)j(the)e(t)m(yp)s
(e)g(is)f(an)150 653 y(unsigned)21 b(in)m(tegral)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g(whose)g
(size)g(in)f(b)m(ytes)i(is)e(the)h(absolute)g(v)-5 b(alue)23
b(of)g(the)g(upp)s(er)f(b)s(ound.)36 b(I)23 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)150
762 y(this)29 b(is)h(a)g(Con)m(v)m(ex)i(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)f(for)f
Fk(unsigned)e(long)i(long)p Fo(.)275 903 y(If)37 b(the)g(lo)m(w)m(er)h
(b)s(ound)e(of)i(a)g(subrange)e(is)h(negativ)m(e)i(and)e(the)h(upp)s
(er)d(b)s(ound)h(is)g(0,)k(the)e(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)f(a)150
1012 y(signed)30 b(in)m(tegral)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(whose)g(size)g(in)f(b)m
(ytes)h(is)f(the)i(absolute)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h(the)h(lo)m(w)m(er)f
(b)s(ound.)41 b(I)31 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)150 1122 y(this)e(is)g(a)h(Con)m
(v)m(ex)h(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g(for)f Fk(long)f(long)p
Fo(.)39 b(T)-8 b(o)31 b(distinguish)26 b(this)j(from)g(a)i(legitimate)e
(subrange,)150 1232 y(the)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(should)e(b)s(e)i(a)h(subrange)
f(of)g(itself.)40 b(I'm)30 b(not)g(sure)g(whether)g(this)f(is)h(the)g
(case)i(for)e(Con)m(v)m(ex.)150 1468 y Fi(5.1.1.2)63
b(T)-10 b(raditional)41 b(Other)g(T)m(yp)s(es)275 1666
y Fo(If)d(the)h(upp)s(er)e(b)s(ound)f(of)j(a)h(subrange)e(is)f(0)j(and)
e(the)h(lo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ound)e(is)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e,)i(the)f(t)m(yp)s
(e)g(is)f(a)150 1776 y(\015oating)32 b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(t)m(yp)s(e,)i(and)
e(the)h(lo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ound)e(of)j(the)f(subrange)f(indicates)g(the)
h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(b)m(ytes)g(in)150 1886 y(the)f(t)m(yp)s(e:)390
2020 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("float:t12=r1;4;0;",128,0)o(,0,)o(0)390
2124 y(.stabs)g("double:t13=r1;8;0;",128,)o(0,0)o(,0)275
2265 y Fo(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)37 b(GCC)d(writes)g Fk(long)29
b(double)k Fo(the)h(same)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(it)f(writes)g
Fk(double)p Fo(,)g(so)h(there)f(is)g(no)g(w)m(a)m(y)150
2374 y(to)d(distinguish.)390 2509 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("long)g
(double:t14=r1;8;0;",128,0,)o(0,0)275 2649 y Fo(Complex)40
b(t)m(yp)s(es)i(are)g(de\014ned)e(the)i(same)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(as)f
(\015oating-p)s(oin)m(t)f(t)m(yp)s(es;)47 b(there)42
b(is)e(no)i(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)150 2759 y(distinguish)27
b(a)j(single-precision)e(complex)i(from)g(a)h(double-precision)c
(\015oating-p)s(oin)m(t)j(t)m(yp)s(e.)275 2899 y(The)f(C)h
Fk(void)g Fo(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)g(de\014ned)f(as)h(itself:)390
3034 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("void:t15=15",128,0,0,0)275 3175
y Fo(I'm)30 b(not)g(sure)g(ho)m(w)g(a)h(b)s(o)s(olean)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g
(is)f(represen)m(ted.)150 3411 y Fi(5.1.2)63 b(De\014ning)42
b(Builtin)f(T)m(yp)s(es)h(Using)g(Builtin)g(T)m(yp)s(e)f(Descriptors)
275 3609 y Fo(This)36 b(is)i(the)h(metho)s(d)f(used)g(b)m(y)h(Sun's)e
Fk(acc)h Fo(for)g(de\014ning)f(builtin)e(t)m(yp)s(es.)66
b(These)39 b(are)g(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)150 3719 y(descriptors)29
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2116 y(I'm)30 b(not)h(sure)e(ab)s(out)i(db)m(x.)275 2251
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2798 y(to)31 b(AIX)g(do)s(cumen)m(tation,)f(the)h(elemen)m(t)f(t)m(yp)s
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3262 y(an)e(upp)s(er)d(b)s(ound)h(of)i(2.)41 b(This)28
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4309 y(.byte)g(98)629 4413 y(.byte)g(99)275 4548 y Fo(If)27
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150 4657 y(at)33 b(the)f(exp)s(ense)f(of)h(sp)s(eed.)45
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4767 y(eac)m(h)k(elemen)m(t)e(aligned)f(on)i(a)f(4-b)m(yte)i(b)s
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b(that)i(something)f(is)f(pac)m(k)m(ed)j(is)d(with)g(t)m(yp)s(e)i
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4986 y(page)28 b(2\).)41 b(In)27 b(the)h(case)g(of)g(arra)m(ys,)h
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5096 y(than)30 b(sp)s(ecifying)e(a)j(pac)m(k)m(ed)h(arra)m(y)-8
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y(sp)s(ecifying)28 b(the)j(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m
(ts.)p eop
29 30 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(De\014ning)29
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559 y(dimensions)27 b Fo(is)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(dimensions;)
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1063 y(dimensions)27 b Fo(is)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i
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1727 y(related)28 b(things)f(lik)m(e)g(arra)m(ys)h(of)g(c)m(haracters.)
42 b(But)28 b(most)g(P)m(ascals)h(and)e(v)-5 b(arious)27
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y Fk(n)g Fl(t)m(yp)s(e-information)f Fk(;)h Fl(b)m(ytes)630
2103 y(b)m(ytes)j Fo(is)27 b(the)i(maxim)m(um)e(length.)40
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3121 y(Languages,)j(suc)m(h)f(as)h(CHILL)e(whic)m(h)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)g
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3918 y(lo)s(cated)j(after)g(the)g Fk(N_RBRAC)e Fo(that)i(marks)f(the)h
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b(The)39 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(descriptor)f(`)p Fk(e)p Fo(',)j(follo)m(wing)c
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30 31 bop 150 -116 a Fo(30)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)150 299
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2665 y(are)h(generated)g(for)f(the)g(structure)f(tag,)k(the)d
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3223 y(int)143 b(s_int;)485 3327 y(float)47 b(s_float;)485
3430 y(char)95 b(s_char_vec[8];)485 3534 y(struct)47
b(s_tag*)f(s_next;)390 3638 y(})h(g_an_s;)390 3846 y(typedef)f(struct)g
(s_tag)g(s_typedef;)275 3977 y Fo(The)22 b(structure)h(tag)h(has)f(an)g
Fk(N_LSYM)f Fo(stab)h(t)m(yp)s(e)h(b)s(ecause,)g(lik)m(e)f(the)g(en)m
(umeration,)i(the)e(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(has)150 4087 y(\014le)33
b(scop)s(e.)53 b(Lik)m(e)35 b(the)f(en)m(umeration,)h(the)g(sym)m(b)s
(ol)e(descriptor)g(is)h(`)p Fk(T)p Fo(',)i(for)e(en)m(umeration,)h
(structure,)150 4196 y(or)e(tag)h(t)m(yp)s(e.)49 b(The)33
b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(descriptor)f(`)p Fk(s)p Fo(')h(follo)m(wing)f(the)h(`)p
Fk(16=)p Fo(')g(of)g(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(de\014nition)e(narro)m(ws)i
(the)150 4306 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)c(t)m(yp)s(e)i(to)g(structure.)275
4437 y(F)-8 b(ollo)m(wing)28 b(the)h(`)p Fk(s)p Fo(')f(t)m(yp)s(e)h
(descriptor)f(is)f(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(b)m(ytes)g(the)g
(structure)f(o)s(ccupies,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)150 4547 y(b)m(y)35
b(a)g(description)e(of)i(eac)m(h)h(structure)f(elemen)m(t.)54
b(The)35 b(structure)f(elemen)m(t)i(descriptions)c(are)k(of)f(the)150
4656 y(form)30 b Fl(name:t)m(yp)s(e,)h(bit)e(o\013set)j(from)e(the)g
(start)h(of)g(the)f(struct,)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(bits)e(in)g(the)i
(elemen)m(t)p Fo(.)390 4782 y Fk(#)47 b Fo(128)32 b(is)e(N)p
817 4782 28 4 v 32 w(LSYM)390 4886 y Fk(.stabs)46 b
("s_tag:T16=s20s_int:1,0,3)o(2;s)o(_flo)o(at:1)o(2,3)o(2,32)o(;)772
4989 y(s_char_vec:17=ar1;0;7;2,)o(64,)o(64;s)o(_nex)o(t:1)o(8=*1)o
(6,12)o(8,3)o(2;;")o(,128)o(,0,)o(0,0)275 5121 y Fo(In)26
b(this)g(example,)h(the)g(\014rst)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(structure)f(elemen)m
(ts)g(are)g(previously)e(de\014ned)h(t)m(yp)s(es.)39
b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(these,)150 5230 y(the)35 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(follo)m(wing)e
(the)i(`)p Fl(name)5 b Fk(:)p Fo(')36 b(part)e(of)h(the)g(elemen)m(t)h
(description)c(is)i(a)h(simple)e(t)m(yp)s(e)i(reference.)150
5340 y(The)40 b(other)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(structure)d(elemen)m(ts)i(are)f
(new)g(t)m(yp)s(es.)70 b(In)40 b(this)f(case)i(there)f(is)f(a)i(t)m(yp)
s(e)f(de\014nition)p eop
31 32 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(De\014ning)29
b(T)m(yp)s(es)2441 b(31)150 299 y(em)m(b)s(edded)37 b(after)i(the)g(`)p
Fl(name)5 b Fk(:)p Fo('.)65 b(The)38 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(de\014nition)d(for)
i(the)g(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(t)g(lo)s(oks)f(just)g(lik)m(e)g(a)150
408 y(t)m(yp)s(e)e(de\014nition)e(for)i(a)g(standalone)g(arra)m(y)-8
b(.)58 b(The)36 b Fk(s_next)e Fo(\014eld)h(is)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(to)
i(the)f(same)h(kind)d(of)150 518 y(structure)f(that)h(the)g(\014eld)f
(is)f(an)i(elemen)m(t)g(of.)51 b(So)33 b(the)h(de\014nition)d(of)j
(structure)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(16)h(con)m(tains)f(a)150 628
y(t)m(yp)s(e)d(de\014nition)d(for)i(an)g(elemen)m(t)h(whic)m(h)e(is)g
(a)i(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(to)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(16.)275 772 y(If)g(a)i(\014eld)e
(is)g(a)i(static)g(mem)m(b)s(er)f(\(this)f(is)h(a)h(C)p
Fk(++)e Fo(feature)i(in)e(whic)m(h)g(a)h(single)f(v)-5
b(ariable)31 b(app)s(ears)f(to)150 881 y(b)s(e)f(a)i(\014eld)d(of)j(ev)
m(ery)f(structure)g(of)g(a)h(giv)m(en)f(t)m(yp)s(e\))g(it)g(still)e
(starts)i(out)g(with)f(the)h(\014eld)f(name,)h(a)h(colon,)150
991 y(and)k(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(but)e(then)g(instead)g(of)h(a)g(comma,)
i(bit)c(p)s(osition,)i(comma,)i(and)c(bit)h(size,)i(there)f(is)f(a)150
1100 y(colon)30 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(name)h(of)f(the)h(v)-5
b(ariable)29 b(whic)m(h)g(eac)m(h)j(suc)m(h)e(\014eld)f(refers)h(to.)
275 1244 y(If)39 b(the)i(structure)e(has)h(metho)s(ds)g(\(a)g(C)p
Fk(++)g Fo(feature\),)j(they)e(follo)m(w)e(the)h(non-metho)s(d)g
(\014elds;)j(see)150 1354 y(Chapter)30 b(7)h([Cplusplus],)c(page)k(37.)
150 1635 y Fp(5.9)68 b(Giving)45 b(a)h(T)l(yp)t(e)e(a)h(Name)275
1837 y Fo(T)-8 b(o)31 b(giv)m(e)g(a)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(a)g(name,)g(use)g
(the)g(`)p Fk(t)p Fo(')g(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(descriptor.)41
b(The)31 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)i(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)
150 1946 y(information)e(\(see)i(Section)f(1.3)i([String)d(Field],)g
(page)j(2\))f(for)f(the)g(stab.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)390
2084 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("s_typedef:t16",128,0,0,0)232 b(#)47
b Fo(128)32 b(is)d(N)p 2582 2084 28 4 v 33 w(LSYM)275
2228 y(sp)s(eci\014es)c(that)i Fk(s_typedef)d Fo(refers)i(to)h(t)m(yp)s
(e)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(16.)41 b(Suc)m(h)25 b(stabs)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(sym)m
(b)s(ol)d(t)m(yp)s(e)i Fk(N_LSYM)150 2338 y Fo(\(or)k
Fk(C_DECL)d Fo(for)j(X)m(COFF\).)g(\(The)f(Sun)f(do)s(cumen)m(tation)h
(men)m(tions)g(using)f Fk(N_GSYM)g Fo(in)g(some)i(cases\).)275
2482 y(If)36 b(y)m(ou)h(are)h(sp)s(ecifying)d(the)i(tag)h(name)f(for)g
(a)g(structure,)h(union,)f(or)g(en)m(umeration,)i(use)e(the)g(`)p
Fk(T)p Fo(')150 2591 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)29 b(descriptor)g(instead.)40
b(I)30 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)g(C)g(is)f(the)i(only)e(language)i(with)e(this)h
(feature.)275 2735 y(If)40 b(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(is)g(an)h(opaque)g(t)m
(yp)s(e)f(\(I)h(b)s(eliev)m(e)f(this)g(is)f(a)i(Mo)s(dula-2)g
(feature\),)j(AIX)d(pro)m(vides)f(a)150 2845 y(t)m(yp)s(e)32
b(descriptor)e(to)j(sp)s(ecify)d(it.)44 b(The)31 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h
(descriptor)e(is)h(`)p Fk(o)p Fo(')h(and)f(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)
f(a)h(name.)45 b(I)31 b(don't)150 2954 y(kno)m(w)41 b(what)h(the)f
(name)h(means|is)e(it)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(the)f(same)h(as)g(the)f(name)h
(of)f(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)i(or)e(is)e(this)150 3064 y(t)m(yp)s(e)35
b(descriptor)e(used)h(with)f(a)i(nameless)f(stab)g(\(see)i(Section)e
(1.3)i([String)d(Field],)i(page)g(2\)?)53 b(There)150
3174 y(optionally)40 b(follo)m(ws)g(a)i(comma)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)e(b)m(y)
i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(information)f(whic)m(h)f(de\014nes)i(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h
(of)f(this)150 3283 y(t)m(yp)s(e.)g(If)30 b(omitted,)h(a)g(semicolon)f
(is)f(used)h(in)f(place)i(of)f(the)h(comma)g(and)f(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f
(information,)g(and)150 3393 y(the)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(is)g(m)m(uc)m(h)g
(lik)m(e)g(a)h(generic)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(t)m(yp)s(e|it)h(has)h(a)f(kno)
m(wn)g(size)h(but)e(little)h(else)g(ab)s(out)g(it)g(is)150
3502 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 3783 y Fp(5.10)68 b(Unions)390
3980 y Fk(union)46 b(u_tag)h({)485 4083 y(int)95 b(u_int;)485
4187 y(float)47 b(u_float;)485 4291 y(char*)g(u_char;)390
4395 y(})g(an_u;)275 4539 y Fo(This)34 b(co)s(de)j(generates)h(a)e
(stab)h(for)f(a)h(union)d(tag)k(and)e(a)h(stab)f(for)g(a)h(union)e(v)-5
b(ariable.)57 b(Both)37 b(use)150 4648 y(the)h Fk(N_LSYM)e
Fo(stab)j(t)m(yp)s(e.)63 b(If)38 b(a)g(union)e(v)-5 b(ariable)37
b(is)g(scop)s(ed)h(lo)s(cally)e(to)j(the)f(pro)s(cedure)f(in)g(whic)m
(h)f(it)150 4758 y(is)30 b(de\014ned,)f(its)h(stab)h(is)e(lo)s(cated)i
(immediately)e(preceding)h(the)g Fk(N_LBRAC)f Fo(for)h(the)h(pro)s
(cedure's)e(blo)s(c)m(k)150 4867 y(start.)275 5011 y(The)h(stab)h(for)g
(the)g(union)f(tag,)i(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)h(is)d(lo)s(cated)i(preceding)e
(the)h(co)s(de)g(for)g(the)g(pro)s(cedure)f(in)150 5121
y(whic)m(h)25 b(it)h(is)f(de\014ned.)38 b(The)26 b(stab)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g
(is)g Fk(N_LSYM)p Fo(.)37 b(This)25 b(w)m(ould)g(seem)h(to)h(imply)d
(that)j(the)f(union)f(t)m(yp)s(e)150 5230 y(is)30 b(\014le)g(scop)s(e,)
h(lik)m(e)f(the)h(struct)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g Fk(s_tag)p Fo(.)40
b(This)29 b(is)h(not)h(true.)42 b(The)30 b(con)m(ten)m(ts)j(and)d(p)s
(osition)f(of)i(the)150 5340 y(stab)f(for)h Fk(u_type)d
Fo(do)j(not)f(con)m(v)m(ey)i(an)m(y)f(infomation)e(ab)s(out)h(its)g
(pro)s(cedure)f(lo)s(cal)h(scop)s(e.)p eop
32 33 bop 150 -116 a Fo(32)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)390 299
y Fk(#)47 b Fo(128)32 b(is)e(N)p 817 299 28 4 v 32 w(LSYM)390
403 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("u_tag:T23=u4u_int:1,0,32)o(;u_)o(floa)o(t:12)o
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641 y Fo(The)31 b(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(descriptor)h(`)p Fk(T)p
Fo(',)h(follo)m(wing)e(the)h(`)p Fk(name:)p Fo(')g(means)g(that)h(the)g
(stab)f(describ)s(es)f(an)h(en)m(u-)150 751 y(meration,)i(structure,)g
(or)f(union)f(tag.)51 b(The)33 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(descriptor)g(`)p
Fk(u)p Fo(',)h(follo)m(wing)e(the)i(`)p Fk(23=)p Fo(')f(of)g(the)h(t)m
(yp)s(e)150 860 y(de\014nition,)42 b(narro)m(ws)e(it)h(do)m(wn)f(to)i
(a)f(union)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(de\014nition.)70 b(F)-8 b(ollo)m(wing)41
b(the)g(`)p Fk(u)p Fo(')g(is)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150
970 y(of)c(b)m(ytes)g(in)e(the)h(union.)57 b(After)37
b(that)g(is)f(a)g(list)f(of)i(union)e(elemen)m(t)i(descriptions.)56
b(Their)35 b(format)i(is)150 1079 y Fl(name:t)m(yp)s(e,)31
b(bit)f(o\013set)h(in)m(to)f(the)h(union,)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(b)m
(ytes)h(for)f(the)h(elemen)m(t;)p Fo(.)275 1214 y(The)e(stab)i(for)f
(the)h(union)d(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is:)390 1342 y Fk(.stabs)46
b("an_u:23",128,0,0,-20)233 b(#)47 b Fo(128)32 b(is)e(N)p
2392 1342 V 32 w(LSYM)275 1477 y(`)p Fk(-20)p Fo(')g(sp)s(eci\014es)f
(where)g(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)h(stored)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)
g([Stac)m(k)h(V)-8 b(ariables],)30 b(page)h(15\).)150
1734 y Fp(5.11)68 b(F)-11 b(unction)44 b(T)l(yp)t(es)275
1927 y Fo(V)-8 b(arious)26 b(t)m(yp)s(es)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(de\014ned)f
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(not)f(used)e(in)h(de\014ning)150 2037 y(functions)35
b(\(see)j(Section)f(2.5)h([Pro)s(cedures],)g(page)f(9\);)k(they)c(are)g
(used)f(for)h(things)e(lik)m(e)i(p)s(oin)m(ters)e(to)150
2146 y(functions.)275 2281 y(The)g(simple,)h(traditional,)g(t)m(yp)s(e)
g(is)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(descriptor)f(`)p Fk(f)p Fo(')h(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)
h(b)m(y)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(information)e(for)150 2390 y(the)d(return)e(t)m
(yp)s(e)h(of)h(the)f(function,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)g(a)h
(semicolon.)275 2525 y(This)25 b(do)s(es)i(not)h(deal)e(with)g
(functions)g(for)h(whic)m(h)f(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(and)h(t)m(yp)s
(es)g(of)g(the)h(parameters)g(are)150 2634 y(part)e(of)g(the)g(t)m(yp)s
(e,)h(as)f(in)e(Mo)s(dula-2)i(or)g(ANSI)f(C.)h(AIX)g(pro)m(vides)f
(extensions)g(to)i(sp)s(ecify)d(these,)j(using)150 2744
y(the)k(`)p Fk(f)p Fo(',)f(`)p Fk(F)p Fo(',)h(`)p Fk(p)p
Fo(',)g(and)f(`)p Fk(R)p Fo(')g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(descriptors.)275
2878 y(First)22 b(comes)i(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(descriptor.)38
b(If)23 b(it)g(is)f(`)p Fk(f)p Fo(')h(or)h(`)p Fk(F)p
Fo(',)h(this)d(t)m(yp)s(e)i(in)m(v)m(olv)m(es)f(a)h(function)e(rather)h
(than)150 2988 y(a)31 b(pro)s(cedure,)f(and)h(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g
(information)e(for)h(the)i(return)d(t)m(yp)s(e)i(of)g(the)g(function)f
(follo)m(ws,)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)150 3098 y(b)m(y)43 b(a)g(comma.)78
b(Then)41 b(comes)j(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(parameters)g(to)g(the)
g(function)e(and)h(a)h(semicolon.)150 3207 y(Then,)34
b(for)f(eac)m(h)h(parameter,)h(there)f(is)f(the)g(name)h(of)g(the)f
(parameter)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(a)g(colon)f(\(this)g(is)150
3317 y(only)g(presen)m(t)i(for)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(descriptors)g(`)p
Fk(R)p Fo(')g(and)g(`)p Fk(F)p Fo(')g(whic)m(h)f(represen)m(t)i(P)m
(ascal)g(function)e(or)h(pro)s(cedure)150 3426 y(parameters\),)e(t)m
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(v)-5 b(alue,)30 b(and)g(a)h(semicolon.)40 b(The)30 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g
(de\014nition)e(ends)i(with)f(a)i(semicolon.)275 3670
y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(this)f(v)-5 b(ariable)29
b(de\014nition:)390 3799 y Fk(int)47 b(\(*g_pf\)\(\);)150
3934 y Fo(generates)32 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)f(co)s(de:)390
4062 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("g_pf:G24=*25=f1",32,0,0,)o(0)581
4166 y(.common)g(_g_pf,4,"bss")275 4301 y Fo(The)31 b(v)-5
b(ariable)31 b(de\014nes)h(a)g(new)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(24,)h(whic)m(h)d(is)
g(a)i(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)i(another)g(new)e(t)m(yp)s(e,)i(25,)h(whic)m
(h)150 4410 y(is)29 b(a)i(function)e(returning)g Fk(int)p
Fo(.)p eop
33 34 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Sym)m(b)s(ol)29
b(Information)g(in)g(Sym)m(b)s(ol)g(T)-8 b(ables)1530
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(stab)g(assem)m(bler)g(di-)150 657 y(rectiv)m(es)d(map)f(to)h(them.)49
b(It)34 b(also)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(transformations)g(that)h(the)f
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(stabs.)150 1037 y Fp(6.1)68 b(Sym)l(b)t(ol)45 b(T)-11
b(able)45 b(F)-11 b(ormat)275 1234 y Fo(Eac)m(h)29 b(time)f(the)h
(assem)m(bler)f(encoun)m(ters)g(a)h(stab)g(directiv)m(e,)g(it)f(puts)f
(eac)m(h)j(\014eld)d(of)i(the)f(stab)h(in)m(to)g(a)150
1344 y(corresp)s(onding)i(\014eld)g(in)h(a)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(table)h(en)
m(try)g(of)g(its)f(output)h(\014le.)47 b(If)33 b(the)g(stab)g(con)m
(tains)g(a)g(string)150 1453 y(\014eld,)24 b(the)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)d
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f(table)i(en)m(try)f(con)m(taining)g(the)g(string)150
1563 y(data)35 b(from)f(the)g(stab.)53 b(Assem)m(bler)34
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b(a.out)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(format:)390 1806 y Fk(struct)46
b(internal_nlist)e({)485 1910 y(unsigned)i(long)h(n_strx;)427
b(/*)47 b(index)g(into)f(string)h(table)f(of)h(name)g(*/)485
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2568 y Fo(If)26 b(the)g(stab)h(has)f(a)h(string,)g(the)g
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2788 y(example,)d(it)g(w)m(as)h(pro)s(duced)e(b)m(y)h(a)h
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Fk(n_strx)d Fo(\014eld)h(is)h(zero.)275 2927 y(Sym)m(b)s(ol)43
b(table)i(en)m(tries)g(with)f Fk(n_type)g Fo(\014eld)f(v)-5
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3037 y(generated)33 b(b)m(y)g(the)f(compiler)f(\(with)h(one)g(random)g
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150 3146 y(the)f(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(table)h(of)g(the)h(executable)g(b)m(y)f
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y Fp(6.2)68 b(T)-11 b(ransformations)46 b(on)f(Sym)l(b)t(ol)f(T)-11
b(ables)275 3613 y Fo(The)29 b(link)m(er)g(concatenates)k(ob)5
b(ject)31 b(\014les)f(and)f(do)s(es)h(\014xups)f(of)i(externally)e
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b(the)j(sym)m(b)s(ol)d(table)i(after)h(eac)m(h)g(pass)f(of)g(the)g
(build.)55 b(T)-8 b(o)36 b(do)g(this,)g(use)g(`)p Fk(nm)30
b(-ap)p Fo(',)37 b(whic)m(h)150 3972 y(dumps)32 b(the)j(sym)m(b)s(ol)e
(table,)i(including)c(debugging)i(information,)h(unsorted.)51
b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(stab)g(en)m(tries)f(the)150 4082 y(columns)23
b(are:)38 b Fl(v)-5 b(alue)p Fo(,)25 b Fl(other)p Fo(,)h
Fl(desc)p Fo(,)f Fl(t)m(yp)s(e)p Fo(,)h Fl(string)p Fo(.)38
b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(assem)m(bler)g(and)f(link)m(er)g(sym)m(b)s(ols,)h(the)
g(columns)150 4191 y(are:)41 b Fl(v)-5 b(alue)p Fo(,)30
b Fl(t)m(yp)s(e)p Fo(,)h Fl(string)p Fo(.)275 4331 y(The)25
b(lo)m(w)h(5)g(bits)f(of)h(the)g(stab)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(tell)f(the)h(link)
m(er)e(ho)m(w)i(to)h(relo)s(cate)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26
b(of)g(the)g(stab.)39 b(Th)m(us)150 4440 y(for)c(stab)f(t)m(yp)s(es)h
(lik)m(e)f Fk(N_RSYM)f Fo(and)h Fk(N_LSYM)p Fo(,)h(where)f(the)h(v)-5
b(alue)34 b(is)g(an)h(o\013set)g(or)g(a)g(register)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)
150 4550 y(the)c(lo)m(w)f(5)g(bits)g(are)h Fk(N_ABS)p
Fo(,)e(whic)m(h)g(tells)g(the)i(link)m(er)e(not)h(to)h(relo)s(cate)g
(the)g(v)-5 b(alue.)275 4689 y(Where)26 b(the)g(v)-5
b(alue)25 b(of)h(a)h(stab)f(con)m(tains)g(an)f(assem)m(bly)h(language)g
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4799 y(build)f(step.)40 b(The)28 b(assem)m(bler)g(turns)f(it)h(in)m(to)
g(a)h(relo)s(catable)f(address)g(and)g(the)g(link)m(er)f(turns)g(it)h
(in)m(to)g(an)150 4908 y(absolute)i(address.)150 5142
y Fi(6.2.1)63 b(T)-10 b(ransformations)41 b(on)g(Static)f(V)-10
b(ariables)275 5340 y Fo(This)28 b(source)j(line)d(de\014nes)i(a)h
(static)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(at)i(\014le)e(scop)s(e:)p
eop
34 35 bop 150 -116 a Fo(34)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)390 299
y Fk(static)46 b(int)h(s_g_repeat)150 435 y Fo(The)30
b(follo)m(wing)f(stab)h(describ)s(es)f(the)h(sym)m(b)s(ol:)390
565 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("s_g_repeat:S1",38,0,0,_s)o(_g_)o(repe)o(at)150
701 y Fo(The)25 b(assem)m(bler)g(transforms)g(the)h(stab)g(in)m(to)f
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Fk(.o)p Fo(')h(\014le.)38 b(The)25 b(lo)s(cation)150
811 y(is)k(expressed)h(as)h(a)g(data)g(segmen)m(t)g(o\013set.)390
941 y Fk(00000084)46 b(-)h(00)g(0000)g(STSYM)f(s_g_repeat:S1)150
1077 y Fo(In)28 b(the)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(table)h(en)m(try)g(from)g(the)g
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(address)150 1187 y(absolute.)390 1317 y Fk(0000e00c)46
b(-)h(00)g(0000)g(STSYM)f(s_g_repeat:S1)150 1544 y Fi(6.2.2)63
b(T)-10 b(ransformations)41 b(on)g(Global)g(V)-10 b(ariables)275
1738 y Fo(Stabs)24 b(for)h(global)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24
b(do)h(not)g(con)m(tain)h(lo)s(cation)e(information.)38
b(In)24 b(this)g(case,)k(the)d(debugger)150 1848 y(\014nds)43
b(lo)s(cation)h(information)f(in)h(the)g(assem)m(bler)h(or)f(link)m(er)
f(sym)m(b)s(ol)h(table)g(en)m(try)h(describing)e(the)150
1958 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(The)29 b(source)i(line:)390
2088 y Fk(char)47 b(g_foo)f(=)h('c';)150 2224 y Fo(generates)32
b(the)e(stab:)390 2354 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("g_foo:G2",32,0,0,0)275
2490 y Fo(The)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(represen)m(ted)i(b)m(y)g(t)
m(w)m(o)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(table)g(en)m(tries)h(in)f(the)h(ob)5
b(ject)37 b(\014le)f(\(see)i(b)s(elo)m(w\).)150 2600
y(The)32 b(\014rst)f(one)i(originated)e(as)i(a)f(stab.)47
b(The)31 b(second)i(one)f(is)g(an)g(external)g(sym)m(b)s(ol.)45
b(The)32 b(upp)s(er)e(case)150 2709 y(`)p Fk(D)p Fo(')f(signi\014es)d
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h(con)m(tains)h(7,)g Fk(N_DATA)e Fo(with)g(lo)s(cal)g(link)-5
b(age.)150 2819 y(The)26 b(stab's)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)f(zero)i(since)
f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)f(not)i(used)f(for)g Fk(N_GSYM)f
Fo(stabs.)39 b(The)26 b(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)h(the)g(link)m(er)150
2928 y(sym)m(b)s(ol)i(is)h(the)g(relo)s(catable)g(address)g(corresp)s
(onding)e(to)j(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)390 3059 y Fk(00000000)46
b(-)h(00)g(0000)95 b(GSYM)46 b(g_foo:G2)390 3162 y(00000080)g(D)h
(_g_foo)150 3298 y Fo(These)37 b(en)m(tries)h(as)g(transformed)e(b)m(y)
i(the)g(link)m(er.)61 b(The)37 b(link)m(er)f(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(table)h(en)
m(try)h(no)m(w)g(holds)e(an)150 3408 y(absolute)30 b(address:)390
3538 y Fk(00000000)46 b(-)h(00)g(0000)95 b(GSYM)46 b(g_foo:G2)390
3642 y(...)390 3746 y(0000e008)g(D)h(_g_foo)150 3973
y Fi(6.2.3)63 b(T)-10 b(ransformations)41 b(of)g(Stabs)g(in)g(separate)
f(sections)275 4167 y Fo(F)-8 b(or)29 b(ob)5 b(ject)30
b(\014le)e(formats)i(using)d(stabs)i(in)f(separate)i(sections)f(\(see)h
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Fk(objdump)e(--stabs)g Fo(instead)i(of)g Fk(nm)g Fo(to)h(sho)m(w)f(the)
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4386 y(\014le.)40 b Fk(objdump)28 b Fo(is)i(a)g(GNU)h(utilit)m(y;)e
(Sun)g(do)s(es)h(not)h(pro)m(vide)e(an)m(y)i(equiv)-5
b(alen)m(t.)275 4523 y(The)20 b(follo)m(wing)g(example)h(is)f(for)h(a)g
(stab)h(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)20 b(is)g(an)h(address)g(is)f(relativ)m(e)h
(to)h(the)f(compilation)150 4632 y(unit)29 b(\(see)i(Section)f(F.2)i
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b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(if)f(the)i(source)f(line)390
4762 y Fk(static)46 b(int)h(ld)g(=)h(5;)275 4898 y Fo(app)s(ears)19
b(within)f(a)j(function,)g(then)f(the)h(assem)m(bly)e(language)i
(output)f(from)g(the)h(compiler)d(con)m(tains:)390 5029
y Fk(.Ddata.data:)390 5132 y(...)772 5236 y(.stabs)46
b("ld:V\(0,3\)",0x26,0,4,.L1)o(8-Dd)o(ata)o(.dat)o(a)185
b(#)47 b Fo(0x26)22 b(is)d(N)p 3469 5236 28 4 v 33 w(STSYM)390
5340 y Fk(...)p eop
35 36 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Sym)m(b)s(ol)29
b(Information)g(in)g(Sym)m(b)s(ol)g(T)-8 b(ables)1530
b(35)390 299 y Fk(.L18:)772 403 y(.align)46 b(4)772 506
y(.word)g(0x5)275 641 y Fo(Because)31 b(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)30
b(is)e(formed)h(b)m(y)h(subtracting)f(one)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(from)h
(another,)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(abso-)150 751
y(lute,)i(not)h(relo)s(catable,)f(and)g(so)h(the)f(ob)5
b(ject)32 b(\014le)d(con)m(tains)390 879 y Fk(Symnum)46
b(n_type)g(n_othr)g(n_desc)g(n_value)94 b(n_strx)46 b(String)390
983 y(31)238 b(STSYM)94 b(0)286 b(4)g(00000004)46 b(680)190
b(ld:V\(0,3\))275 1117 y Fo(without)29 b(an)m(y)i(relo)s(cations,)f
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1246 y Fk(Symnum)46 b(n_type)g(n_othr)g(n_desc)g(n_value)94
b(n_strx)46 b(String)390 1350 y(31)238 b(STSYM)94 b(0)286
b(4)g(00000004)46 b(680)190 b(ld:V\(0,3\))p eop
36 37 bop 150 -116 a Fo(36)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)p eop
37 38 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(7:)41 b(GNU)31 b(C)p
Fk(++)e Fo(Stabs)2397 b(37)150 299 y Fm(7)80 b(GNU)54
b(C)p Fh(++)f Fm(Stabs)150 714 y Fp(7.1)68 b(C)p Fg(++)44
b Fp(Class)i(Names)275 920 y Fo(In)28 b(C)p Fk(++)p Fo(,)g(a)h(class)g
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Fo(,)g Fk(struct)p Fo(,)g(or)g Fk(union)p Fo(,)g(is)g(not)h(only)f(a)h
(tag,)150 1030 y(as)36 b(in)f(C,)g(but)g(also)h(a)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(name.)
58 b(Th)m(us)34 b(there)i(should)e(b)s(e)i(stabs)f(with)g(b)s(oth)g(`)p
Fk(t)p Fo(')h(and)f(`)p Fk(T)p Fo(')h(sym)m(b)s(ol)150
1139 y(descriptors)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(5.9)g([T)m(yp)s(edefs],)f
(page)h(31\).)275 1287 y(T)-8 b(o)32 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(space,)f(there)f
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b(If)32 b(the)g(`)p Fk(T)p Fo(')g(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(descriptor)150
1396 y(is)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)h(`)p Fk(t)p Fo(',)f(then)h(the)f
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275 1544 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(the)h(C)p Fk(++)e
Fo(co)s(de)390 1686 y Fk(struct)46 b(foo)h({int)g(x;};)275
1833 y Fo(can)30 b(b)s(e)g(represen)m(ted)g(as)h(either)390
1975 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("foo:T19=s4x:1,0,32;;",12)o(8,0)o(,0,0)327
b(#)48 b Fo(128)32 b(is)d(N)p 3012 1975 28 4 v 33 w(LSYM)390
2079 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("foo:t19",128,0,0,0)275 2226 y
Fo(or)390 2368 y Fk(.stabs)g("foo:Tt19=s4x:1,0,32;;",1)o(28,)o(0,0,)o
(0)150 2658 y Fp(7.2)68 b(De\014ning)45 b(a)g(Sym)l(b)t(ol)g(Within)h
(Another)e(T)l(yp)t(e)275 2863 y Fo(In)29 b(C)p Fk(++)p
Fo(,)h(a)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(\(suc)m(h)h(as)h(a)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(name\))g
(can)f(b)s(e)g(de\014ned)f(within)f(another)j(t)m(yp)s(e.)275
3011 y(In)d(stabs,)i(this)f(is)f(sometimes)i(represen)m(ted)f(b)m(y)h
(making)e(the)i(name)g(of)f(a)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(whic)m(h)h(con)m(tains)
150 3121 y(`)p Fk(::)p Fo('.)58 b(Suc)m(h)36 b(a)g(pair)f(of)i(colons)f
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m(a)m(y)h(a)g(single)e(colon)150 3230 y(w)m(ould)e(\(see)j(Section)e
(1.3)i([String)d(Field],)i(page)h(2\).)54 b(I'm)34 b(not)h(sure)f(ho)m
(w)g(consisten)m(tly)h(used)e(or)i(w)m(ell)150 3340 y(though)m(t)j(out)
g(this)f(mec)m(hanism)g(is.)62 b(So)38 b(that)g(a)g(pair)f(of)h(colons)
f(in)g(this)f(p)s(osition)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)j(has)e(this)150
3449 y(meaning,)30 b(`)p Fk(:)p Fo(')g(cannot)h(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)g(a)h
(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(descriptor.)275 3597 y(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)h(if)e
(the)h(string)f(for)h(a)g(stab)h(is)e(`)p Fk(foo::bar::baz:t5=*6)p
Fo(',)d(then)j Fk(foo::bar::baz)e Fo(is)150 3706 y(the)k(name)f(of)h
(the)f(sym)m(b)s(ol,)f(`)p Fk(t)p Fo(')i(is)e(the)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)e
(descriptor,)h(and)f(`)p Fk(5=*6)p Fo(')h(is)f(the)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g
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b(or)44 b(C)p Fg(++)275 4202 y Fk(<<)29 b Fo(the)i(examples)f(that)h
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y Fo(C)p Fk(++)e Fo(adds)h(t)m(w)m(o)i(more)f(builtin)c(t)m(yp)s(es)k
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(wn)e(t)m(yp)s(e)150 4459 y(and)35 b(the)g(vtable)h(record)f(t)m(yp)s
(e.)56 b(The)35 b(unkno)m(wn)f(t)m(yp)s(e,)j(t)m(yp)s(e)e(16,)j(is)c
(de\014ned)h(in)f(terms)h(of)g(itself)g(lik)m(e)150 4569
y(the)c(v)m(oid)f(t)m(yp)s(e.)275 4716 y(The)i(vtable)g(record)h(t)m
(yp)s(e,)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(17,)h(is)e(de\014ned)f(as)i(a)g(structure)f(t)m
(yp)s(e)h(and)f(then)h(as)f(a)h(structure)150 4826 y(tag.)41
b(The)25 b(structure)h(has)g(four)g(\014elds:)37 b(delta,)27
b(index,)f(pfn,)g(and)f(delta2.)40 b(pfn)25 b(is)g(the)i(function)e(p)s
(oin)m(ter.)275 4973 y Fk(<<)34 b Fo(In)g(b)s(oilerplate)f($vtbl)p
1190 4973 V 32 w(ptr)p 1344 4973 V 32 w(t)m(yp)s(e,)k(what)e(are)g(the)
g(\014elds)e(delta,)k(index,)e(and)f(delta2)h(used)f(for?)150
5083 y Fk(>>)275 5230 y Fo(This)40 b(basic)h(t)m(yp)s(e)h(is)e(presen)m
(t)i(in)f(all)f(C)p Fk(++)h Fo(programs)h(ev)m(en)g(if)f(there)h(are)g
(no)g(virtual)e(metho)s(ds)150 5340 y(de\014ned.)p eop
38 39 bop 150 -116 a Fo(38)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)390 299
y(.stabs)31 b Fk(")p Fo(struct)p 935 299 28 4 v 32 w(name:sym)p
1364 299 V 33 w(desc\(t)m(yp)s(e\)t)m(yp)s(e)p 1982 299
V 34 w(def\(17\)=t)m(yp)s(e)p 2540 299 V 34 w(desc\(struct\)struct)p
3277 299 V 34 w(b)m(ytes\(8\))632 403 y(elem)p 819 403
V 33 w(name\(delta\):t)m(yp)s(e)p 1530 403 V 34 w(ref\(short)f(in)m
(t\),bit)p 2217 403 V 32 w(o\013set\(0\),\014eld)p 2766
403 V 34 w(bits\(16\);)632 506 y(elem)p 819 506 V 33
w(name\(index\):t)m(yp)s(e)p 1549 506 V 33 w(ref\(short)g(in)m(t\),bit)
p 2235 506 V 32 w(o\013set\(16\),\014eld)p 2829 506 V
34 w(bits\(16\);)632 610 y(elem)p 819 610 V 33 w(name\(pfn\):t)m(yp)s
(e)p 1463 610 V 33 w(def\(18\)=t)m(yp)s(e)p 2020 610
V 34 w(desc\(ptr)g(to\)t)m(yp)s(e)p 2697 610 V 34 w(ref\(v)m(oid\),)
1481 714 y(bit)p 1598 714 V 32 w(o\013set\(32\),\014eld)p
2192 714 V 34 w(bits\(32\);)632 818 y(elem)p 819 818
V 33 w(name\(delta2\):t)m(yp)s(e)p 1575 818 V 34 w(def\(short)h(in)m
(t\);bit)p 2278 818 V 32 w(o\013set\(32\),\014eld)p 2872
818 V 34 w(bits\(16\);;)p Fk(")632 922 y Fo(N)p 705 922
V 33 w(LSYM,)g(NIL,)f(NIL)390 1056 y Fk(.stabs)46 b
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1264 y(,128,0,0,0)390 1399 y Fo(.stabs)31 b Fk(")p Fo(name:sym)p
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1399 V 35 w(ref\($vtbl)p 2274 1399 V 32 w(ptr)p 2428
1399 V 32 w(t)m(yp)s(e\))p Fk(")p Fo(,N)p 2810 1399 V
34 w(LSYM,NIL,NIL,NIL)390 1533 y Fk(.stabs)46 b
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b(Simple)46 b(Class)f(De\014nition)275 2005 y Fo(The)31
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2334 y(C)30 b(language)h(v)-5 b(ariables.)275 2474 y(Consider)28
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2609 y Fk(class)46 b(baseA)h({)390 2713 y(public:)772
2817 y(int)g(Adat;)772 2920 y(int)g(Ameth\(int)e(in,)i(char)g(other\);)
390 3024 y(};)275 3165 y Fo(The)40 b(class)h Fk(baseA)e
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b(The)40 b(\014rst)h(stab)g(describ)s(es)e(the)i(class)f(as)i(a)150
3274 y(structure)c(t)m(yp)s(e.)64 b(The)38 b(second)g(stab)g(describ)s
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b(Both)39 b(stabs)150 3384 y(are)33 b(of)h(stab)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g
Fk(N_LSYM)p Fo(.)47 b(Since)32 b(the)h(stab)g(is)f(not)h(lo)s(cated)h
(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(an)g Fk(N_FUN)f Fo(and)g(an)h Fk(N_LBRAC)150
3493 y Fo(stab)e(this)e(indicates)h(that)h(the)g(class)f(is)g
(de\014ned)f(at)i(\014le)f(scop)s(e.)42 b(If)30 b(it)g(w)m(ere,)h(then)
f(the)h Fk(N_LSYM)e Fo(w)m(ould)150 3603 y(signify)f(a)j(lo)s(cal)f(v)
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(stab)f(describing)e(a)i(C)g(struct,)150 3853 y(with)j(eac)m(h)i(class)
f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(sho)m(wn)g(as)g(a)h(\014eld)d(in)h(the)i(structure.)58
b(The)35 b(part)i(of)f(the)g(struct)h(format)150 3963
y(describing)22 b(\014elds)h(is)h(expanded)f(to)i(include)e(extra)i
(information)e(relev)m(en)m(t)i(to)g(C)p Fk(++)e Fo(class)i(mem)m(b)s
(ers.)38 b(In)150 4072 y(addition,)26 b(if)g(the)i(class)e(has)h(m)m
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(format)h(outside)150 4182 y(of)j(the)f(\014eld)f(parts)h(is)g(also)g
(augmen)m(ted.)275 4323 y(In)36 b(this)g(simple)f(example)h(the)i
(\014eld)d(part)i(of)g(the)h(C)p Fk(++)e Fo(class)g(stab)i(represen)m
(ting)e(mem)m(b)s(er)g(data)150 4432 y(lo)s(oks)d(just)h(lik)m(e)f(the)
h(\014eld)f(part)h(of)g(a)g(C)g(struct)g(stab.)51 b(The)34
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(its)h(return)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)i(its)e(argumen)m(t)150 5011
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(er)e(of)j(the)f(\014rst)f(base)h(class)g(de\014ning)150
5340 y(the)c(metho)s(d.)p eop
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(o)h(colons)e(rather)g(than)h(one.)39 b(This)150 408
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e(for)i(the)g(metho)s(d.)40 b(This)27 b(is)h(a)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e
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i(a)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(declared)g(using)f(the)i(`)p Fk(#)p
Fo(')g(t)m(yp)s(e)150 628 y(descriptor;)28 b(see)h(Section)f(7.7)h
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878 y(The)d(format)i(of)f(an)g(o)m(v)m(erloaded)i(op)s(erator)e(metho)s
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988 y(It)i(is)e(`)p Fk(op$::)p Fl(op)s(erator-name)p
Fk(.)p Fo(')h(where)g Fl(op)s(erator-name)37 b Fo(is)29
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(erio)s(d)d(can)j(o)s(ccur)g(in)f(the)150 1207 y Fl(op)s(erator-name)36
b Fo(string.)275 1348 y(The)31 b(next)h(part)g(of)g(the)h(metho)s(d)e
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(d,)g(pre-)150 1458 y(ceeded)d(b)m(y)g(a)g(colon)f(and)h(ending)e(with)
g(a)i(semi-colon.)40 b(The)28 b(t)m(yp)s(es)h(of)g(the)f(argumen)m(ts)h
(are)g(expressed)150 1567 y(in)g(the)i(same)h(w)m(a)m(y)f(argumen)m(t)g
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40 b(In)30 b(this)g(example)g(an)150 1677 y Fk(int)f
Fo(and)h(a)h Fk(char)e Fo(map)h(to)h(`)p Fk(ic)p Fo('.)275
1818 y(This)j(is)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)h(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(a)g
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(b)m(y)g(another)150 1928 y(semicolon.)k(The)28 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g
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b(The)33 b(letter)h(enco)s(des)f(an)m(y)h(quali\014er)d(applied)g(to)j
(the)g(metho)s(d)e(de\014nition.)48 b(In)150 2147 y(this)28
b(case,)i(`)p Fk(A)p Fo(')f(means)g(that)g(it)f(is)g(a)h(normal)f
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(metho)s(d)150 2256 y(is)34 b(not)i(virtual.)54 b(The)35
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b(information)h(presen)m(t)h(for)h(virtual)d(metho)s(ds.)390
2501 y(.stabs)j Fk(")p Fo(class)p 885 2501 28 4 v 32
w(name:sym)p 1314 2501 V 33 w(desc\(t)m(yp)s(e\)t)m(yp)s(e)p
1932 2501 V 34 w(def\(20\)=t)m(yp)s(e)p 2490 2501 V 34
w(desc\(struct\)struct)p 3227 2501 V 33 w(b)m(ytes\(4\))632
2605 y(\014eld)p 805 2605 V 32 w(name\(Adat\):t)m(yp)s(e\(in)m(t\),bit)
p 1833 2605 V 34 w(o\013set\(0\),\014eld)p 2384 2605
V 34 w(bits\(32\);)632 2813 y(metho)s(d)p 938 2813 V
33 w(name\(Ameth\)::t)m(yp)s(e)p 1747 2813 V 34 w(def\(21\)=t)m(yp)s(e)
p 2305 2813 V 34 w(desc\(metho)s(d\)return)p 3126 2813
V 32 w(t)m(yp)s(e\(in)m(t\);)632 2916 y(:arg)p 788 2916
V 34 w(t)m(yp)s(es\(in)m(t)f(c)m(har\);)632 3020 y
(protection\(public\)quali\014er\(normal\)virtual\(no\);;)p
Fk(")632 3124 y Fo(N)p 705 3124 V 33 w(LSYM,NIL,NIL,NIL)390
3259 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("baseA:t20=s4Adat:1,0,32;)o(Ame)o(th::)o(21=#)o
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("class_name:sym_desc\(stru)o(ct)41 b(tag\)",N_LSYM,NIL,NIL,NIL)390
3674 y(.stabs)46 b("baseA:T20",128,0,0,0)150 3948 y Fp(7.5)68
b(Class)46 b(Instance)275 4147 y Fo(As)31 b(sho)m(wn)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)
j(describing)29 b(ev)m(en)j(a)g(simple)e(C)p Fk(++)g
Fo(class)i(de\014nition)d(is)i(accomplished)f(b)m(y)i(mas-)150
4257 y(siv)m(ely)f(extending)g(the)g(stab)h(format)g(used)f(in)f(C)h
(to)i(describ)s(e)d(structure)h(t)m(yp)s(es.)44 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)34
b(once)f(the)150 4366 y(class)c(is)f(de\014ned,)g(C)h(stabs)f(with)g
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(class)i(instances.)39 b(The)150 4476 y(follo)m(wing)29
b(source:)390 4611 y Fk(main)47 b(\(\))g({)772 4715 y(baseA)f(AbaseA;)
390 4819 y(})150 4960 y Fo(yields)26 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(stab)i
(describing)d(the)j(class)f(instance.)39 b(It)28 b(lo)s(oks)f(no)g
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e(a)j(lo)s(cal)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)390 5205 y(.stabs)31
b Fk(")p Fo(name:t)m(yp)s(e)p 1113 5205 V 33 w(ref\(baseA\))p
Fk(")p Fo(,)g(N)p 1732 5205 V 33 w(LSYM,)f(NIL,)h(NIL,)f(frame)p
2731 5205 V 33 w(ptr)p 2886 5205 V 32 w(o\013set)390
5340 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("AbaseA:20",128,0,0,-20)p eop
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y Fp(7.6)68 b(Metho)t(d)45 b(De\014nition)275 492 y Fo(The)25
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390 621 y Fk(int)390 725 y(baseA::Ameth\(int)43 b(in,)k(char)g(other\))
390 828 y({)772 932 y(return)f(in;)390 1036 y(};)275
1171 y Fo(This)33 b(metho)s(d)i(de\014nition)e(yields)h(three)h(stabs)h
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b(One)35 b(stab)150 1280 y(describ)s(es)g(the)i(metho)s(d)g(itself)f
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b(Although)36 b(there)h(is)150 1390 y(only)25 b(one)h(formal)f(argumen)
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(whic)m(h)e(is)h(the)h Fk(this)f Fo(p)s(oin)m(ter.)150
1500 y(The)j Fk(this)f Fo(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(is)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)j
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m(yp)s(es.)40 b(Name)29 b(mangling)e(is)150 1719 y(describ)s(ed)c(in)g
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Fl(Reference)h(Man)m(ual)p Fo(,)h(b)m(y)f(Ellis)d(and)i(Stroustrup,)g
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2623 y(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)i Fk(this)p Fo(.)41 b(T)m(yp)s(e)31
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Fp(')g(T)l(yp)t(e)f(Descriptor)275 4876 y Fo(This)21
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-5 b(ailable.)p eop
41 42 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(7:)41 b(GNU)31 b(C)p
Fk(++)e Fo(Stabs)2397 b(41)275 299 y(Otherwise,)44 b(the)e(single)f(`)p
Fk(#)p Fo(')h(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)i(the)f(class)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)k
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(\014nal)d(argumen)m(t)150 628 y(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)f Fk(void)g
Fo(indicates)f(a)i(metho)s(d)f(whic)m(h)f(do)s(es)i(not)f(tak)m(e)j(a)e
(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)i(argumen)m(ts.)53
b(If)150 737 y(the)29 b(\014nal)d(argumen)m(t)j(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)f
Fk(void)f Fo(do)s(es)h(not)h(app)s(ear,)f(the)h(metho)s(d)e(w)m(as)i
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1097 y(con)m(texts.)150 1368 y Fp(7.8)68 b(The)45 b(`)p
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1676 y(information)c(for)h(the)g(o\013set)h(baset)m(yp)s(e,)h(a)e
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1895 y(really)29 b(go)s(es)i(here?\).)275 2035 y(Note)38
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2145 y(Field],)f(page)f(2\);)k(b)s(oth)35 b(use)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g
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b(the)d(`)p Fk(@)p Fo(')g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(descriptor)f(used)g(in)150
2255 y(this)27 b(C)p Fk(++)h Fo(sense)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(will)d(b)s(e)i
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2364 y(with)g(those)i(things.)150 2636 y Fp(7.9)68 b(Protections)275
2834 y Fo(In)29 b(the)h(simple)e(class)i(de\014nition)d(sho)m(wn)j(ab)s
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Fo(stabs.)275 3193 y(If)19 b(the)i(c)m(haracter)h(follo)m(wing)d(the)h
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3303 y(is)34 b(the)g(visibilit)m(y)-8 b(.)50 b(`)p Fk(0)p
Fo(')35 b(means)f(priv)-5 b(ate,)36 b(`)p Fk(1)p Fo(')e(means)h
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Fo(source:)390 4235 y Fk(class)46 b(vis)h({)390 4339
y(private:)772 4443 y(int)142 b(priv;)390 4547 y(protected:)772
4650 y(char)94 b(prot;)390 4754 y(public:)772 4858 y(float)46
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42 43 bop 150 -116 a Fo(42)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)275 299
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983 y(Consider)29 b(the)h(C)p Fk(++)g Fo(class)g(de\014nition)e(b)s
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1218 y(private:)772 1322 y(int)142 b(priv_meth\(int)44
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y(char)94 b(protMeth\(char)44 b(in\){return)h(in;};)390
1633 y(public:)772 1737 y(float)h(pubMeth\(float)e(in\){return)h(in;};)
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y(Notice)g(also)f(that)g(in)f(this)f(case)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)c
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2196 y(struct)f(t)m(yp)s(e.)390 2327 y(.stabs)h Fk(")p
Fo(class)p 885 2327 28 4 v 32 w(name:sym)p 1314 2327
V 33 w(desc\(struct)f(tag&t)m(yp)s(e\)t)m(yp)s(e)p 2391
2327 V 35 w(def\(21\)=)632 2431 y(sym)p 797 2431 V 33
w(desc\(struct\)struct)p 1533 2431 V 34 w(b)m(ytes\(1\))632
2534 y(meth)p 839 2534 V 33 w(name::t)m(yp)s(e)p 1308
2534 V 34 w(def\(22\)=sym)p 1852 2534 V 33 w(desc\(metho)s
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V 34 w(def\(23\)=sym)p 1852 2742 V 33 w(desc\(metho)s(d\)returning\(c)m
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(di\014er\(normal\)virual\(no\);)632 2949 y(meth)p 839
2949 V 33 w(name::t)m(yp)s(e)p 1308 2949 V 34 w(def\(24\)=sym)p
1852 2949 V 33 w(desc\(metho)s(d\)returning\(\015oat\);)632
3053 y(:args\(\015oat\);protection\(public\)mo)s
(di\014er\(normal\)virtual\(no\);;)p Fk(")p Fo(,)632
3157 y(N)p 705 3157 V 33 w(LSYM,NIL,NIL,NIL)390 3288
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1885 5340 V 34 w(def\(20\)=t)m(yp)s(e)p 2443 5340 V 34
w(desc\(struct\)struct)p 3180 5340 V 33 w(b)m(ytes\(1\))p
eop
43 44 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(7:)41 b(GNU)31 b(C)p
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4 v 33 w(name\(ConstMeth\)::t)m(yp)s(e)p 1820 299 V 35
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403 y(returning\(in)m(t\);:arg\(in)m(t\);protection\(public\)mo)s
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506 V 33 w(name\(V)-8 b(olatileMeth\)::t)m(yp)s(e)p 1890
506 V 35 w(def\(22\)=sym)p 2435 506 V 33 w(desc\(metho)s(d\))632
610 y(returning\(c)m(har\);:arg\(c)m(har\);protection\(public\)mo)s
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714 V 33 w(name\(ConstV)g(olMeth\)::t)m(yp)s(e)p 1951
714 V 35 w(def\(23\)=sym)p 2496 714 V 34 w(desc\(metho)s(d\))632
818 y(returning\(\015oat\);:arg\(\015oat\);protection\(public\)mo)s
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2506 y(};)275 2641 y Fo(This)28 b(results)g(in)h(the)h(stab)g(b)s(elo)m
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b(The)26 b(\014rst)g(\014eld)e(of)j(the)f(class)g(struct)h(is)e(`)p
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2860 y(o\013set)k(0)g(and)f(o)s(ccup)m(ying)g(32)h(bits.)275
2995 y(The)h(second)h(\014eld)e(in)h(the)h(class)g(struct)g(is)f(not)h
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b(when)g(the)i(\014eld)e(is)g(a)i(vtable)f(p)s(oin)m(ter.)275
4412 y(Next)35 b(is)e(the)h(metho)s(d)g(de\014nition)d(for)j(the)h
(virtual)d(mem)m(b)s(er)i(function)e Fk(A_virt)p Fo(.)51
b(Its)34 b(description)150 4522 y(starts)42 b(out)f(using)f(the)h(same)
h(format)g(as)f(the)h(non-virtual)d(mem)m(b)s(er)i(functions)e(describ)
s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)150 4631 y(except)i(instead)e(of)i(a)f(dot)g
(after)h(the)f(`)p Fk(A)p Fo(')g(there)h(is)e(an)h(asterisk,)i
(indicating)c(that)j(the)f(function)f(is)150 4741 y(virtual.)f(Since)28
b(is)f(is)h(virtual)e(some)j(addition)e(information)f(is)i(app)s(ended)
e(to)j(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(metho)s(d)150 4851 y(description.)275
4986 y(The)k(\014rst)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(represen)m(ts)i(the)f(vtable)h
(index)e(of)h(the)h(metho)s(d.)49 b(This)32 b(is)g(a)i(32)h(bit)d
(unsigned)150 5095 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(with)g(the)i(high)e(bit)g(set,)i
(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(a)f(semi-colon.)275 5230 y(The)c(second)h(n)m
(um)m(b)s(er)e(is)h(a)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(reference)g(to)g(the)g(\014rst)f
(base)h(class)g(in)e(the)i(inheritence)e(hierarc)m(h)m(y)150
5340 y(de\014ning)32 b(the)h(virtual)f(mem)m(b)s(er)h(function.)49
b(In)33 b(this)f(case)j(the)e(class)h(stab)f(describ)s(es)f(a)i(base)f
(class)h(so)p eop
44 45 bop 150 -116 a Fo(44)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)150 299
y(the)39 b(virtual)f(function)g(is)g(not)i(o)m(v)m(erriding)e(an)m(y)i
(other)f(de\014nition)e(of)i(the)h(metho)s(d.)67 b(Therefore)39
b(the)150 408 y(reference)31 b(is)e(to)i(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(n)m(um)m(b)
s(er)g(of)g(the)h(class)f(that)h(the)f(stab)h(is)e(describing)f
(\(20\).)275 544 y(This)c(is)i(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)h(three)g
(semi-colons.)39 b(One)26 b(marks)g(the)h(end)f(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)g
(sub-section,)g(one)150 654 y(marks)j(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f(metho)s(d)
g(\014eld,)f(and)h(the)h(third)d(marks)i(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)g(struct)
f(de\014nition.)275 790 y(F)-8 b(or)25 b(classes)g(con)m(taining)g
(virtual)e(functions)g(the)j(v)m(ery)f(last)g(section)g(of)g(the)g
(string)f(part)h(of)g(the)g(stab)150 900 y(holds)33 b(a)h(t)m(yp)s(e)h
(reference)f(to)h(the)g(\014rst)e(base)i(class.)52 b(This)32
b(is)h(preceeded)i(b)m(y)f(`)p Fk(~\045)p Fo(')g(and)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)f
(b)m(y)i(a)150 1009 y(\014nal)29 b(semi-colon.)390 1139
y(.stabs)i Fk(")p Fo(class)p 885 1139 28 4 v 32 w(name\(A\):t)m(yp)s(e)
p 1466 1139 V 34 w(def\(20\)=sym)p 2010 1139 V 33 w
(desc\(struct\)struct)p 2746 1139 V 34 w(b)m(ytes\(8\))632
1243 y(\014eld)p 805 1243 V 32 w(name\(Adat\):t)m(yp)s(e)p
1517 1243 V 34 w(ref\(in)m(t\),bit)p 1971 1243 V 33 w
(o\013set\(0\),\014eld)p 2521 1243 V 33 w(bits\(32\);)632
1347 y(\014eld)p 805 1347 V 32 w(name\(A)g(virt)e(func)h(ptr\):t)m(yp)s
(e)p 1913 1347 V 33 w(def\(21\)=t)m(yp)s(e)p 2470 1347
V 34 w(desc\(ptr)g(to\)t)m(yp)s(e)p 3147 1347 V 34 w(def\(22\)=)632
1451 y(sym)p 797 1451 V 33 w(desc\(arra)m(y\)index)p
1490 1451 V 33 w(t)m(yp)s(e)p 1697 1451 V 33 w(ref\(range)g(of)h(in)m
(t)f(from)g(0)g(to)i(1\);)632 1554 y(elem)p 819 1554
V 33 w(t)m(yp)s(e)p 1026 1554 V 33 w(ref\(vtbl)d(elem)i(t)m(yp)s(e\),)
632 1658 y(bit)p 749 1658 V 32 w(o\013set\(32\);)632
1762 y(meth)p 839 1762 V 33 w(name\(A)p 1187 1762 V 34
w(virt\)::t)m(yp)s(edef\(23\)=sym)p 2135 1762 V 33 w(desc\(metho)s
(d\)returning\(in)m(t\);)632 1866 y(:arg)p 788 1866 V
34 w(t)m(yp)s(e\(in)m(t\),protection\(public\)normal\(y)m
(es\)virtual\(y)m(es\))632 1969 y(vtable)p 882 1969 V
33 w(index\(1\);class)p 1454 1969 V 33 w(\014rst)p 1645
1969 V 32 w(de\014ning\(A\);;;)p Fk(~)p Fo(\045\014rst)p
2487 1969 V 31 w(base\(A\);)p Fk(")p Fo(,)632 2073 y(N)p
705 2073 V 33 w(LSYM,NIL,NIL,NIL)390 2203 y Fk(.stabs)46
b("A:t20=s8Adat:1,0,32;$vf2)o(0:2)o(1=*2)o(2=ar)o(1;0)o(;1;1)o(7,32)o
(;)772 2307 y(A_virt::23=##1;:i;2A*-21)o(474)o(8364)o(7;20)o(;;;)o
(~\04520)o(;",1)o(28,)o(0,0,)o(0)150 2568 y Fp(7.12)68
b(Inheritence)275 2762 y Fo(Stabs)25 b(describing)f(C)p
Fk(++)h Fo(deriv)m(ed)g(classes)i(include)c(additional)h(sections)j
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b(hierarc)m(h)m(y)f(of)h(the)f(class.)46 b(A)33 b(deriv)m(ed)e(class)h
(stab)h(also)f(enco)s(des)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(base)h
(classes.)150 2981 y(F)-8 b(or)28 b(eac)m(h)h(base)e(class)g(it)g
(tells)g(if)f(the)i(base)f(class)g(is)g(virtual)f(or)h(not,)h(and)f(if)
g(the)g(inheritence)f(is)g(priv)-5 b(ate)150 3091 y(or)30
b(public.)38 b(It)30 b(also)g(giv)m(es)g(the)g(o\013set)h(in)m(to)f
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b(ject)31 b(corresp)s(onding)150 3200 y(to)g(eac)m(h)h(base)e(class.)
275 3336 y(This)g(additional)f(information)i(is)g(em)m(b)s(eded)g(in)g
(the)h(class)f(stab)h(follo)m(wing)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(b)m
(ytes)150 3446 y(in)e(the)i(struct.)44 b(First)31 b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s
(er)e(of)h(base)h(classes)g(app)s(ears)e(brac)m(k)m(eted)j(b)m(y)f(an)f
(exclamation)h(p)s(oin)m(t)150 3556 y(and)e(a)h(comma.)275
3691 y(Then)c(for)h(eac)m(h)i(base)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(there)f(rep)s(eats)h
(a)g(series:)39 b(a)29 b(virtual)e(c)m(haracter,)k(a)d(visibilt)m(y)e
(c)m(haracter,)150 3801 y(a)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)e(a)i(comma,)g
(another)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)e(and)h(a)h(semi-colon.)275
3937 y(The)42 b(virtual)e(c)m(haracter)45 b(is)c(`)p
Fk(1)p Fo(')i(if)e(the)i(base)g(class)f(is)g(virtual)f(and)h(`)p
Fk(0)p Fo(')g(if)g(not.)78 b(The)42 b(visibilit)m(y)150
4047 y(c)m(haracter)i(is)e(`)p Fk(2)p Fo(')h(if)f(the)h(deriv)-5
b(ation)42 b(is)g(public,)h(`)p Fk(1)p Fo(')g(if)f(it)h(is)f
(protected,)47 b(and)42 b(`)p Fk(0)p Fo(')h(if)f(it)g(is)g(priv)-5
b(ate.)150 4156 y(Debuggers)32 b(should)d(ignore)i(virtual)e(or)j
(visibilit)m(y)27 b(c)m(haracters)33 b(they)e(do)h(not)f(recognize,)i
(and)d(assume)150 4266 y(a)h(reasonable)g(default)f(\(suc)m(h)h(as)g
(public)d(and)j(non-virtual\))e(\(GDB)j(4.11)h(do)s(es)d(not,)i(but)e
(this)g(should)150 4375 y(b)s(e)g(\014xed)f(in)g(the)i(next)g(GDB)g
(release\).)275 4511 y(The)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(follo)m(wing)g(the)i
(virtual)e(and)h(visibilit)m(y)d(c)m(haracters)31 b(is)d(the)i
(o\013set)h(from)e(the)h(start)g(of)150 4621 y(the)h(ob)5
b(ject)31 b(to)g(the)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(ob)5 b(ject)31
b(p)s(ertaining)d(to)j(the)g(base)f(class.)275 4757 y(After)k(the)h
(comma,)i(the)e(second)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(is)h(a)h(t)m(yp)s(e)p
2170 4757 V 33 w(descriptor)e(for)i(the)f(base)h(t)m(yp)s(e.)54
b(Finally)33 b(a)150 4866 y(semi-colon)d(ends)g(the)g(series,)g(whic)m
(h)f(rep)s(eats)i(for)f(eac)m(h)h(base)g(class.)275 5002
y(The)e(source)i(b)s(elo)m(w)f(de\014nes)f(three)i(base)f(classes)g
Fk(A)p Fo(,)h Fk(B)p Fo(,)f(and)g Fk(C)g Fo(and)g(the)g(deriv)m(ed)g
(class)g Fk(D)p Fo(.)390 5132 y Fk(class)46 b(A)i({)390
5236 y(public:)772 5340 y(int)f(Adat;)p eop
45 46 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Chapter)30 b(7:)41 b(GNU)31 b(C)p
Fk(++)e Fo(Stabs)2397 b(45)772 299 y Fk(virtual)46 b(int)h(A_virt)f
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610 y(class)f(B)i({)390 714 y(public:)772 818 y(int)f(B_dat;)772
922 y(virtual)f(int)h(B_virt)f(\(int)g(arg\))h({return)f(arg;)g(};)390
1025 y(};)390 1233 y(class)g(C)i({)390 1337 y(public:)772
1440 y(int)f(Cdat;)772 1544 y(virtual)f(int)h(C_virt)f(\(int)g(arg\))h
({return)f(arg;)g(};)390 1648 y(};)390 1856 y(class)g(D)i(:)f(A,)g
(virtual)f(B,)h(public)g(C)g({)390 1959 y(public:)772
2063 y(int)g(Ddat;)772 2167 y(virtual)f(int)h(A_virt)f(\(int)g(arg)h
(\))h({)f(return)f(arg+1;)g(};)772 2271 y(virtual)g(int)h(B_virt)f
(\(int)g(arg\))95 b({)47 b(return)f(arg+2;)g(};)772 2374
y(virtual)g(int)h(C_virt)f(\(int)g(arg\))95 b({)47 b(return)f(arg+3;)g
(};)772 2478 y(virtual)g(int)h(D_virt)f(\(int)g(arg\))95
b({)47 b(return)f(arg;)h(};)390 2582 y(};)275 2762 y
Fo(Class)29 b(stabs)h(similar)e(to)j(the)g(ones)f(describ)s(ed)e
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2937 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("A:T20=s8Adat:1,0,32;$vf2)o(0:2)o(1=*2)o(2=ar)o
(1;0)o(;1;1)o(7,32)o(;)772 3041 y(A_virt::23=##1;:i;2A*-21)o(474)o
(8364)o(7;20)o(;;;)o(~\04520)o(;",1)o(28,)o(0,0,)o(0)390
3248 y(.stabs)g("B:Tt25=s8Bdat:1,0,32;$vf)o(25:)o(21,3)o(2;B_)o(vir)o
(t::2)o(6=##)o(1;)772 3352 y(:i;2A*-2147483647;25;;;~)o(\04525)o(;",1)o
(28,0)o(,0,)o(0)390 3559 y(.stabs)g("C:Tt28=s8Cdat:1,0,32;$vf)o(28:)o
(21,3)o(2;C_)o(vir)o(t::2)o(9=##)o(1;)772 3663 y
(:i;2A*-2147483647;28;;;~)o(\04528)o(;",1)o(28,0)o(,0,)o(0)275
3844 y Fo(In)25 b(the)h(stab)h(describing)c(deriv)m(ed)j(class)g
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m(ws.)390 4128 y(.stabs)h Fk(")p Fo(deriv)m(ed)p 991
4128 28 4 v 31 w(class)p 1205 4128 V 33 w(name:sym)m(b)s(ol)p
1757 4128 V 32 w(descriptors\(struct)e(tag&t)m(yp)s(e\)=)632
4231 y(t)m(yp)s(e)p 811 4231 V 33 w(descriptor\(struct\)struct)p
1776 4231 V 33 w(b)m(ytes\(32\)!n)m(um)p 2376 4231 V
34 w(bases\(3\),)632 4335 y(base)p 809 4335 V 33 w
(virtual\(no\)inheritence)p 1711 4335 V 31 w(public\(no\)base)p
2325 4335 V 31 w(o\013set\(0\),)632 4439 y(base)p 809
4439 V 33 w(class)p 1025 4439 V 33 w(t)m(yp)s(e)p 1232
4439 V 33 w(ref\(A\);)632 4543 y(base)p 809 4543 V 33
w(virtual\(y)m(es\)inheritence)p 1736 4543 V 32 w(public\(no\)base)p
2351 4543 V 31 w(o\013set\(NIL\),)632 4647 y(base)p 809
4647 V 33 w(class)p 1025 4647 V 33 w(t)m(yp)s(e)p 1232
4647 V 33 w(ref\(B\);)632 4750 y(base)p 809 4750 V 33
w(virtual\(no\)inheritence)p 1711 4750 V 31 w(public\(y)m(es\)base)p
2350 4750 V 32 w(o\013set\(64\),)632 4854 y(base)p 809
4854 V 33 w(class)p 1025 4854 V 33 w(t)m(yp)s(e)p 1232
4854 V 33 w(ref\(C\);)36 b(.)22 b(.)h(.)390 5029 y Fk(.stabs)46
b("D:Tt31=s32!3,000,20;100,)o(25;)o(0264)o(,28;)o($vb)o(25:2)o(4,12)o
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(483)o(647;)o(20;;)o(B_v)o(irt:)772 5236 y(:32:i;2A*-2147483647;25;)o
(;C_)o(virt)o(::32)o(:i;)o(2A*-)o(2147)o(483)o(647;)772
5340 y(28;;D_virt::32:i;2A*-214)o(748)o(3646)o(;31;)o(;;~)o(\04520;)o
(",12)o(8,0)o(,0,0)p eop
46 47 bop 150 -116 a Fo(46)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)150 299
y Fp(7.13)68 b(Virtual)46 b(Base)f(Classes)275 491 y
Fo(A)33 b(deriv)m(ed)e(class)i(ob)5 b(ject)34 b(consists)e(of)h(a)g
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601 y(b)m(y)g(eac)m(h)h(base)f(class,)g(starting)g(with)e(the)j
(leftmost)f(and)f(ending)f(with)h(the)h(righ)m(tmost)g(in)e(the)i(list)
f(of)150 711 y(base)k(classes.)58 b(The)36 b(exception)g(to)h(this)e
(rule)g(is)g(for)h(virtual)e(inheritence.)57 b(In)35
b(the)i(example)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)150 820 y(class)d Fk(D)f
Fo(inherits)f(virtually)f(from)j(base)g(class)g Fk(B)p
Fo(.)45 b(This)30 b(means)i(that)g(an)g(instance)g(of)g(a)g
Fk(D)g Fo(ob)5 b(ject)33 b(will)150 930 y(not)26 b(con)m(tain)f(its)g
(o)m(wn)g Fk(B)g Fo(part)h(but)e(merely)h(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)i(a)g
Fk(B)f Fo(part,)h(kno)m(wn)f(as)h(a)f(virtual)f(base)i(p)s(oin)m(ter.)
275 1064 y(In)41 b(a)h(deriv)m(ed)f(class)h(stab,)k(the)c(base)g
(o\013set)h(part)f(of)g(the)h(deriv)-5 b(ation)40 b(information,)k
(describ)s(ed)150 1174 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)33 b(sho)m(ws)e(ho)m(w)h(the)f
(base)h(class)f(parts)g(are)h(ordered.)44 b(The)31 b(base)g(o\013set)i
(for)e(a)h(virtual)e(base)h(class)150 1284 y(is)d(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(giv)m
(en)g(as)g(0.)41 b(Notice)30 b(that)f(the)g(base)h(o\013set)f(for)g
Fk(B)g Fo(is)f(giv)m(en)g(as)i(0)f(ev)m(en)h(though)e
Fk(B)h Fo(is)f(not)h(the)150 1393 y(\014rst)h(base)g(class.)41
b(The)30 b(\014rst)f(base)i(class)f Fk(A)g Fo(starts)h(at)g(o\013set)g
(0.)275 1528 y(The)d(\014eld)g(information)g(part)h(of)g(the)g(stab)h
(for)f(class)g Fk(D)g Fo(describ)s(es)e(the)i(\014eld)f(whic)m(h)g(is)h
(the)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)150 1637 y(to)h(the)f(virtual)e(base)j(class)f
Fk(B)p Fo(.)39 b(The)29 b(vbase)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(name)h(is)g(`)p
Fk($vb)p Fo(')f(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(a)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(reference)f
(to)150 1747 y(the)g(virtual)d(base)j(class.)40 b(Since)27
b(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)h(id)e(for)h Fk(B)g Fo(in)f(this)g(example)h(is)g
(25,)i(the)e(vbase)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(name)150 1856 y(is)i(`)p
Fk($vb25)p Fo('.)390 1985 y Fk(.stabs)46 b("D:Tt31=s32!3,000,20;100,)o
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(2:i;)o(2A*-)o(214)o(7483)o(647;)o(28;)o(;D_v)o(irt:)724
2296 y(:32:i;2A*-2147483646;31;;)o(;~\045)o(20;")o(,128)o(,0,)o(0,0)275
2431 y Fo(F)-8 b(ollo)m(wing)25 b(the)h(name)g(and)f(a)h(semicolon)f
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(the)g(virtual)150 2540 y(base)35 b(class)g(p)s(oin)m(ter,)h(in)e(this)
g(case)i(24.)56 b(T)m(yp)s(e)35 b(24)h(w)m(as)f(de\014ned)f(earlier)g
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2650 y Fk(this)29 b Fo(p)s(oin)m(ter.)40 b(The)30 b Fk(this)f
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g(class)f(t)m(yp)s(e.)390 2779 y Fk(.stabs)46 b
("this:P24=*25=xsB:",64,0,)o(0,8)275 2913 y Fo(Finally)32
b(the)i(\014eld)f(o\013set)i(part)f(of)h(the)f(vbase)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)g
(\014eld)e(description)h(sho)m(ws)h(that)g(the)h(vbase)150
3023 y(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(is)g(the)h(\014rst)f(\014eld)g(in)g(the)h
Fk(D)g Fo(ob)5 b(ject,)39 b(b)s(efore)e(an)m(y)g(data)h(\014elds)d
(de\014ned)h(b)m(y)h(the)g(class.)60 b(The)150 3132 y(la)m(y)m(out)31
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Fk(Adat)g Fo(at)h(0,)g(the)g(vtable)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(for)g
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s(oin)m(ter)f(for)h(C)g(at)h(96,)h(the)e(virtual)f(base)i(p)s(oin)m
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3499 y Fp(7.14)68 b(Static)46 b(Mem)l(b)t(ers)275 3692
y Fo(The)32 b(data)i(area)h(for)e(a)g(class)g(is)g(a)g(concatenation)i
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3802 y(the)28 b(class.)39 b(If)27 b(the)g(class)g(has)h(virtual)d
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(in)e(stabs?)40 b(See)31 b(Cygn)m(us)f(bug)f(#677)j(for)e(some)h(info.)
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47 48 bop 150 -116 a Fo(App)s(endix)28 b(A:)i(T)-8 b(able)30
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737 y([Stab)28 b(Sections],)h(page)g(61\).)42 b(Stabs)28
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y Fp(A.1)67 b(Non-Stab)45 b(Sym)l(b)t(ol)g(T)l(yp)t(es)275
1416 y Fo(The)31 b(follo)m(wing)f(t)m(yp)s(es)i(are)g(used)f(b)m(y)g
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1636 y(debugging)29 b(format,)i(no)g(details)e(are)i(giv)m(en.)150
1789 y Fk(0x0)e(N_UNDF)439 b Fo(Unde\014ned)29 b(sym)m(b)s(ol)150
1942 y Fk(0x2)g(N_ABS)487 b Fo(File)30 b(scop)s(e)g(absolute)g(sym)m(b)
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y Fk(0x5)e(N_TEXT)g(|)h(N_EXT)92 b Fo(External)30 b(text)h(sym)m(b)s
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3630 y Fk(0x14)g(N_SETA)150 3740 y(0x15)g(N_SETA)g(|)h(N_EXT)1050
3850 y Fo(Absolute)g(set)h(elemen)m(t)150 4003 y Fk(0x16)e(N_SETT)150
4113 y(0x17)g(N_SETT)g(|)h(N_EXT)1050 4222 y Fo(T)-8
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y(0x1b)g(N_SETB)g(|)h(N_EXT)1050 4967 y Fo(BSS)g(segmen)m(t)h(set)g
(elemen)m(t)150 5121 y Fk(0x1c)e(N_SETV)150 5230 y(0x1d)g(N_SETV)g(|)h
(N_EXT)1050 5340 y Fo(P)m(oin)m(ter)h(to)g(set)g(v)m(ector)p
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48 49 bop 150 -116 a Fo(48)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)150 299
y Fk(0x1e)29 b(N_WARNING)247 b Fo(Prin)m(t)29 b(a)i(w)m(arning)e
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715 y Fp(A.2)67 b(Stab)45 b(Sym)l(b)t(ol)g(T)l(yp)t(es)275
908 y Fo(The)40 b(follo)m(wing)g(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(t)m(yp)s(es)i(indicate)
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1177 y Fk(0x20)f(N_GSYM)391 b Fo(Global)30 b(sym)m(b)s(ol;)f(see)i
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1336 y Fk(0x22)e(N_FNAME)343 b Fo(F)-8 b(unction)50 b(name)h(\(for)f
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1050 1446 y(page)31 b(9.)150 1605 y Fk(0x24)e(N_FUN)439
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1715 y(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(\(see)i(Section)g(4.5)g([Statics],)g(page)g
(17\).)150 1874 y Fk(0x26)e(N_STSYM)343 b Fo(Data)32
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y Fk(0x2c)e(N_ROSYM)343 b Fo(V)-8 b(ariable)30 b(in)f
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2512 28 4 v 34 w(PC],)f(page)h(55.)150 2671 y Fk(0x32)e(N_NSYMS)343
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y Fk(0x3c)g(N_OPT)439 b Fo(Debugger)31 b(options)f(\(Solaris2\).)150
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b(page)g(16.)150 3577 y Fk(0x42)e(N_M2C)439 b Fo(Mo)s(dula-2)30
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2495 y Fk(d)432 b Fo(Floating)30 b(p)s(oin)m(t)g(register)g(v)-5
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2917 y Fk(f)432 b Fo(File)30 b(scop)s(e)g(function;)f(see)i(Section)f
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(Section)f(2.6)i([Nested)f(Pro)s(cedures],)f(page)h(10.)150
3855 y Fk(L)432 b Fo(Lab)s(el)29 b(name)i(\(do)s(cumen)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g
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w(BR)m(O)m(WS)31 b(has)f(the)h(same)g(v)-5 b(alue)29
b(as)i(N)p 2083 2352 V 33 w(BSLINE.)150 2639 y Fp(D.6)68
b(N)p 538 2639 41 6 v 49 w(DEFD)3588 2967 y Fk(.stabn)-3726
b Fe(N)p 247 2967 35 5 v 41 w(DEFD)390 3077 y Fo(GNU)31
b(Mo)s(dula2)f(de\014nition)e(mo)s(dule)h(dep)s(endency)-8
b(.)390 3223 y(GNU)39 b(Mo)s(dula-2)f(de\014nition)e(mo)s(dule)h(dep)s
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(di\014cation)f(time)390 3333 y(of)c(the)g(de\014nition)e(\014le.)47
b(The)32 b(other)h(\014eld)f(is)g(non-zero)h(if)f(it)g(is)g(imp)s
(orted)f(with)h(the)h(GNU)g(M2)390 3443 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)d
Fk(\045INITIALIZE)p Fo(.)37 b(P)m(erhaps)30 b Fk(N_M2C)e
Fo(can)i(b)s(e)f(used)g(if)f(there)i(are)g(enough)g(empt)m(y)g
(\014elds?)150 3730 y Fp(D.7)68 b(N)p 538 3730 41 6 v
49 w(EHDECL)3588 4058 y Fk(.stabs)-3726 b Fe(N)p 247
4058 35 5 v 41 w(EHDECL)390 4167 y Fo(GNU)31 b(C)p Fk(++)e
Fo(exception)i(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b Fk(<<)p Fo(?)p Fk(>>)p
Fo(.)390 4314 y Fk(")p Fl(string)37 b Fo(is)29 b(v)-5
b(ariable)29 b(name)p Fk(")390 4460 y Fo(Note:)42 b(con\015icts)30
b(with)f Fk(N_MOD2)p Fo(.)150 4747 y Fp(D.8)68 b(N)p
538 4747 41 6 v 49 w(MOD2)3588 5075 y Fk(.stab?)-3726
b Fe(N)p 247 5075 35 5 v 41 w(MOD2)390 5185 y Fo(Mo)s(dula2)30
b(info)f Fk(")p Fo(for)h(imc)p Fk(")f Fo(\(according)i(to)g(Ultrix)e
(V4.0\))390 5331 y(Note:)42 b(con\015icts)30 b(with)f
Fk(N_EHDECL)f(<<)p Fo(?)p Fk(>>)p eop
57 58 bop 150 -116 a Fo(App)s(endix)28 b(D:)j(Expanded)e(Reference)i(b)
m(y)f(Stab)g(T)m(yp)s(e)1583 b(57)150 299 y Fp(D.9)68
b(N)p 538 299 41 6 v 49 w(CA)-11 b(TCH)3588 636 y Fk(.stabn)-3726
b Fe(N)p 247 636 35 5 v 41 w(CA)-10 b(TCH)390 745 y Fo(GNU)31
b(C)p Fk(++)e(catch)g Fo(clause)390 895 y(GNU)37 b(C)p
Fk(++)f(catch)f Fo(clause.)59 b(The)36 b(v)-5 b(alue)36
b(is)f(its)h(address.)58 b(The)36 b(desc)h(\014eld)e(is)h(nonzero)h(if)
e(this)390 1005 y(en)m(try)h(is)g(immediately)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)
g(a)g Fk(CAUGHT)f Fo(stab)h(sa)m(ying)g(what)g(exception)g(w)m(as)h
(caugh)m(t.)390 1114 y(Multiple)28 b Fk(CAUGHT)h Fo(stabs)i(means)f
(that)h(m)m(ultiple)d(exceptions)j(can)g(b)s(e)f(caugh)m(t)h(here.)41
b(If)30 b(desc)h(is)390 1224 y(0,)g(it)f(means)g(all)f(exceptions)i
(are)g(caugh)m(t)g(here.)150 1518 y Fp(D.10)68 b(N)p
605 1518 41 6 v 49 w(SSYM)3588 1855 y Fk(.stabn)-3726
b Fe(N)p 247 1855 35 5 v 41 w(SSYM)390 1965 y Fo(Structure)30
b(or)g(union)e(elemen)m(t.)390 2114 y(The)i(v)-5 b(alue)30
b(is)f(the)i(o\013set)g(in)e(the)i(structure.)390 2264
y Fk(<<)p Fo(?lo)s(oking)e(at)i(structs)f(and)g(unions)e(in)h(C)h(I)g
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605 2559 41 6 v 49 w(SCOPE)3588 2896 y Fk(.stab?)-3726
b Fe(N)p 247 2896 35 5 v 41 w(SCOPE)390 3005 y Fo(Mo)s(dula2)30
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Fo(?)p Fk(>>)150 3300 y Fp(D.12)68 b(Non-base)45 b(registers)i(on)e
(Gould)f(systems)3588 3637 y Fk(.stab?)-3726 b Fe(N)p
247 3637 V 41 w(NBTEXT)3588 3746 y Fk(.stab?)g Fe(N)p
247 3746 V 41 w(NBD)m(A)-10 b(T)g(A)3588 3856 y Fk(.stab?)-3726
b Fe(N)p 247 3856 V 41 w(NBBSS)3588 3966 y Fk(.stab?)g
Fe(N)p 247 3966 V 41 w(NBSTS)3588 4075 y Fk(.stab?)g
Fe(N)p 247 4075 V 41 w(NBLCS)390 4185 y Fo(These)30 b(are)h(used)e(on)i
(Gould)e(systems)h(for)h(non-base)f(registers)g(syms.)390
4334 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)35 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)e(v)-5
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f(they)h(are)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)390 4444 y(whic)m(h)29
b(GNU)j(has)e(b)s(een)g(do)s(cumen)m(ting)g(for)g(these)h(v)-5
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4553 y(c)m(hec)m(king)d(what)g(Gould)e(uses.)39 b(I)26
b(include)d(these)j(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(only)g(b)s(ecause)g(p)s(erhaps)f
(some)i(someone)390 4663 y(actually)j(did)f(something)h(with)g(the)h
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b(to)i(these)g(in)e(the)i(header)f(\014le)f(is)h(a)h(complete)g(m)m
(ystery)f(to)h(me\).)630 4916 y Fk(240)190 b(0xf0)238
b(N_NBTEXT)93 b(??)630 5020 y(242)190 b(0xf2)238 b(N_NBDATA)93
b(??)630 5124 y(244)190 b(0xf4)238 b(N_NBBSS)141 b(??)630
5228 y(246)190 b(0xf6)238 b(N_NBSTS)141 b(??)630 5331
y(248)190 b(0xf8)238 b(N_NBLCS)141 b(??)p eop
58 59 bop 150 -116 a Fo(58)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)150 299
y Fp(D.13)68 b(N)p 605 299 41 6 v 49 w(LENG)3588 591
y Fk(.stabn)-3726 b Fe(N)p 247 591 35 5 v 41 w(LENG)390
701 y Fo(Second)31 b(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(en)m(try)h(con)m(taining)f(a)h
(length-v)-5 b(alue)32 b(for)f(the)h(preceding)f(en)m(try)-8
b(.)45 b(The)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)390 810 y(the)g(length.)p
eop
59 60 bop 150 -116 a Fo(App)s(endix)28 b(E:)i(Questions)f(and)h
(Anomalies)1965 b(59)150 299 y Fm(App)t(endix)53 b(E)81
b(Questions)53 b(and)g(Anomalies)225 533 y Fn(\017)60
b Fo(F)-8 b(or)37 b(GNU)g(C)f(stabs)h(de\014ning)d(lo)s(cal)i(and)g
(global)f(v)-5 b(ariables)35 b(\()p Fk(N_LSYM)h Fo(and)f
Fk(N_GSYM)p Fo(\),)i(the)g(desc)330 643 y(\014eld)26
b(is)h(supp)s(osed)f(to)i(con)m(tain)g(the)g(source)g(line)e(n)m(um)m
(b)s(er)h(on)g(whic)m(h)g(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(is)h(de\014ned.)39
b(In)330 752 y(realit)m(y)32 b(the)h(desc)g(\014eld)e(is)g(alw)m(a)m
(ys)j(0.)47 b(\(This)31 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(de\014ned)f(in)g(`)p
Fk(dbxout.c)p Fo(')g(and)h(putting)330 862 y(a)f(line)e(n)m(um)m(b)s
(er)g(in)g(desc)i(is)f(con)m(trolled)g(b)m(y)g(`)p Fk(#ifdef)f
(WINNING_GDB)p Fo(',)f(whic)m(h)i(defaults)f(to)j(false\).)330
971 y(GDB)j(supp)s(osedly)d(uses)i(this)f(information)g(if)g(y)m(ou)i
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b(In)34 b(realit)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b Fl(v)-5 b(ar)41 b Fo(can)35
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(program)f(and)g(GDB)h(sa)m(ys)g(`)p Fk(function)e Fl(v)-5
b(ar)36 b Fk(not)30 b(defined)p Fo('.)225 1215 y Fn(\017)60
b Fo(In)22 b(GNU)i(C)e(stabs,)j(there)e(seems)g(to)g(b)s(e)g(no)f(w)m
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b(structures,)24 b(unions,)330 1325 y(and)31 b(en)m(ums)g(\(sym)m(b)s
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1435 y(scop)s(e)k(from)g(t)m(yp)s(es)g(de\014ned)e(lo)s(cally)h(to)i(a)
f(pro)s(cedure)f(or)h(other)g(more)g(lo)s(cal)g(scop)s(e.)61
b(They)36 b(all)330 1544 y(use)f(the)g Fk(N_LSYM)e Fo(stab)i(t)m(yp)s
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b Fo(of)h(the)g(preceding)f(function)g(and)g(b)s(efore)h(the)g(co)s(de)
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1763 y(de\014ned.)52 b(This)33 b(is)h(exactly)h(the)g(same)g(as)g(t)m
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1983 y(for)26 b(sym)m(b)s(ols)f(of)i(\014le)f(scop)s(e.)39
b(This)25 b(is)h(true)g(for)g(default,)h(`)p Fk(-ansi)p
Fo(')f(and)g(`)p Fk(-traditional)p Fo(')d(compiler)330
2092 y(options.)40 b(\(Bugs)31 b(gcc/1063,)j(gdb/1066.\))225
2227 y Fn(\017)60 b Fo(What)31 b(ends)f(the)g(pro)s(cedure)g(scop)s(e?)
40 b(Is)30 b(it)g(the)h(pro)s(c)f(blo)s(c)m(k's)g Fk(N_RBRAC)e
Fo(or)j(the)f(next)h Fk(N_FUN)p Fo(?)39 b(\(I)330 2336
y(b)s(eliev)m(e)30 b(its)f(the)i(\014rst.\))p eop
60 61 bop 150 -116 a Fo(60)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)p eop
61 62 bop 150 -116 a Fo(App)s(endix)28 b(F:)j(Using)e(Stabs)h(in)f
(Their)g(Own)g(Sections)1579 b(61)150 299 y Fm(App)t(endix)53
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540 y Fo(Man)m(y)23 b(ob)5 b(ject)24 b(\014le)e(formats)h(allo)m(w)g
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759 y(sections.)72 b(This)39 b(is)h(ho)m(w)h(stabs)g(are)g(used)f(with)
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869 y(X)m(COFF,)31 b(is)f(ho)m(w)g(stabs)g(are)h(used)f(with)f(COFF.)
150 1132 y Fp(F.1)67 b(Ho)l(w)46 b(to)f(Em)l(b)t(ed)g(Stabs)g(in)g
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b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(ELF,)f(it)g(matc)m(hes)150 1765 y(the)j(b)m(yte)h
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1875 y Fo(mem)m(b)s(er)26 b(of)h(the)g(ELF)f(header.)40
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y(COFF,)35 b(it)f(matc)m(hes)i(the)f(b)m(yte)h(order)e(of)h(the)g(COFF)
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2450 y(The)41 b(\014rst)f(stab)i(in)e(the)i Fk(.stab)e
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3536 y(\014le.)150 3698 y Fk(n_value)144 b Fo(Size)30
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Fk(.stabstr)f Fo(section)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(starts)f(with)f(a)h(n)m(ull)e
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4326 y(type)c Fo(mem)m(b)s(er)h(set)h(to)h Fk(SHT_STRTAB)23
b Fo(to)28 b(mark)e(it)g(as)h(a)g(string)e(table.)39
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4436 y(of)31 b(linking)c(the)k(sections)f(together)i(or)e(marking)g
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5011 y(need)25 b(for)g(the)h(link)m(er)e(to)i(relo)s(cate)g(or)f
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b(.)56 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(instance,)g(if)e(the)150 5230
y(link)m(er)28 b(w)m(ere)j(to)g(pad)e(in)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i(the)f
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(o\013sets)150 5340 y(to)h(strings)e(in)g(the)i(middle)d(of)i(the)h
(executable's)g Fk(.stabstr)d Fo(section)j(w)m(ould)e(b)s(e)h(wrong.)p
eop
62 63 bop 150 -116 a Fo(62)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)275 299
y(The)29 b(GNU)i(link)m(er)e(is)g(able)h(to)h(optimize)f(stabs)g
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408 y(remo)m(ving)i(duplicate)f(header)h(\014le)f(information)g(\(see)i
(Section)f(2.3)h([Include)e(Files],)h(page)h(7\).)47
b(When)150 518 y(some)26 b(v)m(ersions)f(of)g(the)h(GNU)g(link)m(er)e
(optimize)h(stabs)g(in)f(sections,)j(they)f(remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e
(leading)g Fk(N_UNDF)150 628 y Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol)35 b(and)g(arranges)h
(for)g(all)f(the)h Fk(n_strx)f Fo(\014elds)f(to)j(b)s(e)e(relativ)m(e)h
(to)h(the)f(start)h(of)f(the)g Fk(.stabstr)150 737 y
Fo(section.)150 995 y Fp(F.2)67 b(Ha)l(ving)46 b(the)g(Link)l(er)f
(Relo)t(cate)i(Stabs)e(in)f(ELF)275 1187 y Fo(This)29
b(section)i(describ)s(es)e(some)i(Sun)e(hac)m(ks)j(for)e(Stabs)h(in)e
(ELF;)i(it)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(apply)f(to)h(COFF)g(or)150
1297 y(SOM.)275 1431 y(T)-8 b(o)40 b(k)m(eep)g(linking)d(fast,)43
b(y)m(ou)e(don't)e(w)m(an)m(t)i(the)f(link)m(er)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)
g(relo)s(cate)f(v)m(ery)h(man)m(y)f(stabs.)150 1541 y(Making)32
b(sure)g(this)g(is)f(done)h(for)h Fk(N_SLINE)p Fo(,)e
Fk(N_RBRAC)p Fo(,)g(and)h Fk(N_LBRAC)e Fo(stabs)j(is)e(the)i(most)g
(imp)s(ortan)m(t)150 1650 y(thing)23 b(\(see)j(the)e(descriptions)f(of)
h(those)h(stabs)g(for)f(more)g(information\).)38 b(But)24
b(Sun's)f(stabs)i(in)e(ELF)h(has)150 1760 y(tak)m(en)h(this)e(further,)
h(to)g(mak)m(e)h(all)e(addresses)g(in)g(the)h Fk(n_value)e
Fo(\014eld)g(\(functions)h(and)g(static)i(v)-5 b(ariables\))150
1870 y(relativ)m(e)36 b(to)h(the)f(source)h(\014le.)57
b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(the)f Fk(N_SO)f Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol)g(itself,)h(Sun)f
(simply)e(omits)j(the)g(address.)57 b(T)-8 b(o)150 1979
y(\014nd)29 b(the)i(address)f(of)h(eac)m(h)h(section)f(corresp)s
(onding)e(to)j(a)f(giv)m(en)g(source)g(\014le,)f(the)h(compiler)f(puts)
g(out)150 2089 y(sym)m(b)s(ols)39 b(giving)h(the)h(address)f(of)h(eac)m
(h)h(section)f(for)g(a)g(giv)m(en)g(source)g(\014le.)71
b(Since)39 b(these)j(are)f(ELF)150 2198 y(\(not)35 b(stab\))f(sym)m(b)s
(ols,)g(the)h(link)m(er)d(relo)s(cates)j(them)f(correctly)h(without)e
(ha)m(ving)h(to)h(touc)m(h)g(the)f(stabs)150 2308 y(section.)k(They)23
b(are)h(named)e Fk(Bbss.bss)f Fo(for)i(the)h(bss)e(section,)j
Fk(Ddata.data)20 b Fo(for)j(the)h(data)g(section,)h(and)150
2418 y Fk(Drodata.rodata)h Fo(for)31 b(the)f(ro)s(data)h(section.)41
b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(the)g(text)g(section,)g(there)f(is)g(no)g(suc)m(h)g
(sym)m(b)s(ol)f(\(but)150 2527 y(there)j(should)d(b)s(e,)j(see)g(b)s
(elo)m(w\).)44 b(F)-8 b(or)33 b(an)e(example)h(of)f(ho)m(w)h(these)g
(sym)m(b)s(ols)e(w)m(ork,)j(See)f(Section)f(6.2.3)150
2637 y([Stab)i(Section)h(T)-8 b(ransformations],)33 b(page)h(34.)51
b(GCC)33 b(do)s(es)g(not)h(pro)m(vide)e(these)i(sym)m(b)s(ols;)g(it)f
(instead)150 2746 y(relies)f(on)i(the)g(stabs)g(getting)g(relo)s
(cated.)51 b(Th)m(us)32 b(addresses)i(whic)m(h)e(w)m(ould)g(normally)g
(b)s(e)h(relativ)m(e)h(to)150 2856 y Fk(Bbss.bss)p Fo(,)28
b(etc.,)k(are)f(already)f(relo)s(cated.)41 b(The)29 b(Sun)g(link)m(er)g
(pro)m(vided)g(with)f(Solaris)h(2.2)i(and)f(earlier)150
2966 y(relo)s(cates)38 b(stabs)f(using)f(normal)g(ELF)i(relo)s(cation)e
(information,)i(as)g(it)e(w)m(ould)h(do)g(for)g(an)m(y)h(section.)150
3075 y(Sun)31 b(has)i(b)s(een)f(threatening)h(to)h(kludge)e(their)g
(link)m(er)f(to)j(not)f(do)g(this)f(\(to)i(sp)s(eed)e(up)g(linking\),)f
(ev)m(en)150 3185 y(though)22 b(the)g(correct)i(w)m(a)m(y)f(to)g(a)m(v)
m(oid)g(ha)m(ving)f(the)g(link)m(er)f(do)h(these)g(relo)s(cations)g(is)
f(to)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(compiler)150 3294 y(no)36 b(longer)g(output)g
(relo)s(catable)h(v)-5 b(alues.)58 b(Last)36 b(I)g(heard)g(they)h(had)f
(b)s(een)f(talk)m(ed)i(out)f(of)h(the)g(link)m(er)150
3404 y(kludge.)42 b(See)31 b(Sun)e(p)s(oin)m(t)h(patc)m(h)i(101052-01)j
(and)30 b(Sun)f(bug)i(1142109.)45 b(With)31 b(the)g(Sun)e(compiler)h
(this)150 3513 y(a\013ects)40 b(`)p Fk(S)p Fo(')f(sym)m(b)s(ol)e
(descriptor)h(stabs)h(\(see)g(Section)g(4.5)h([Statics],)h(page)f(17\))
g(and)e(functions)f(\(see)150 3623 y(Section)d(2.5)i([Pro)s(cedures],)f
(page)h(9\).)54 b(In)33 b(the)i(latter)g(case,)i(to)e(adopt)g(the)g
(clean)f(solution)f(\(making)150 3733 y(the)c(v)-5 b(alue)28
b(of)h(the)g(stab)f(relativ)m(e)h(to)g(the)g(start)h(of)e(the)h
(compilation)e(unit\),)i(it)f(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)h(necessary)h(to)150
3842 y(in)m(v)m(en)m(t)i(a)h Fk(Ttext.text)c Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol,)i
(analogous)h(to)h(the)f Fk(Bbss.bss)p Fo(,)e(etc.,)k(sym)m(b)s(ols.)41
b(I)30 b(recommend)h(this)150 3952 y(rather)f(than)g(using)f(a)i(zero)g
(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(and)g(getting)h(the)f(address)g(from)g(the)g(ELF)h
(sym)m(b)s(ols.)275 4086 y(Finding)20 b(the)k(correct)g
Fk(Bbss.bss)p Fo(,)f(etc.,)j(sym)m(b)s(ol)c(is)g(di\016cult,)h(b)s
(ecause)g(the)g(link)m(er)f(simply)f(concate-)150 4196
y(nates)28 b(the)h Fk(.stab)d Fo(sections)i(from)g(eac)m(h)h(`)p
Fk(.o)p Fo(')e(\014le)h(without)e(including)f(an)m(y)j(information)f
(ab)s(out)g(whic)m(h)150 4306 y(part)33 b(of)g(a)g Fk(.stab)f
Fo(section)h(comes)h(from)e(whic)m(h)g(`)p Fk(.o)p Fo(')h(\014le.)48
b(The)32 b(w)m(a)m(y)i(GDB)g(do)s(es)f(this)f(is)g(to)i(lo)s(ok)e(for)
150 4415 y(an)c(ELF)h Fk(STT_FILE)d Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol)h(whic)m(h)g(has)i
(the)f(same)h(name)g(as)f(the)h(last)f(comp)s(onen)m(t)h(of)g(the)f
(\014le)g(name)150 4525 y(from)36 b(the)g Fk(N_SO)g Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol)f
(in)g(the)h(stabs)g(\(for)h(example,)h(if)d(the)h(\014le)g(name)g(is)g
(`)p Fk(../../gdb/main.c)p Fo(',)150 4634 y(it)31 b(lo)s(oks)g(for)g
(an)g(ELF)h Fk(STT_FILE)d Fo(sym)m(b)s(ol)h(named)h Fk(main.c)p
Fo(\).)43 b(This)29 b(loses)i(if)g(di\013eren)m(t)g(\014les)f(ha)m(v)m
(e)j(the)150 4744 y(same)k(name)f(\(they)h(could)f(b)s(e)g(in)f
(di\013eren)m(t)h(directories,)h(a)g(library)d(could)i(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s
(een)d(copied)h(from)150 4853 y(one)f(system)f(to)h(another,)h(etc.\).)
55 b(It)34 b(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)h(m)m(uc)m(h)g(cleaner)h(to)g(ha)m(v)m(e)
h(the)e Fk(Bbss.bss)e Fo(sym)m(b)s(ols)h(in)150 4963
y(the)h(stabs)f(themselv)m(es.)51 b(Ha)m(ving)33 b(the)h(link)m(er)e
(relo)s(cate)i(them)g(there)g(is)e(no)i(more)f(w)m(ork)h(than)f(ha)m
(ving)150 5073 y(the)e(link)m(er)e(relo)s(cate)j(ELF)f(sym)m(b)s(ols,)f
(and)g(it)g(solv)m(es)i(the)f(problem)e(of)i(ha)m(ving)f(to)i(asso)s
(ciate)g(the)f(ELF)150 5182 y(and)f(stab)g(sym)m(b)s(ols.)40
b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)32 b(no)e(one)h(has)f(y)m(et)i(designed)d(or)h
(implemen)m(ted)f(suc)m(h)h(a)h(sc)m(heme.)p eop
63 64 bop 150 -116 a Fo(Sym)m(b)s(ol)29 b(T)m(yp)s(es)g(Index)2690
b(63)150 299 y Fm(Sym)l(b)t(ol)53 b(T)l(yp)t(es)h(Index)150
651 y Fp(.)150 783 y Fd(.bb)14 b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)39
b Fb(11)150 883 y Fd(.be)14 b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)39
b Fb(11)150 1149 y Fp(C)150 1281 y Fd(C_BCOMM)8 b Fc(.)14
b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)34 b Fb(16)150 1381 y Fd(C_BINCL)9 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)35
b Fb(8)150 1480 y Fd(C_BLOCK)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(11)150
1580 y Fd(C_BSTAT)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(17)150 1680 y
Fd(C_DECL,)27 b(for)f(types)7 b Fc(.)14 b(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)33 b Fb(31)150 1779 y Fd(C_ECOML)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34
b Fb(16)150 1879 y Fd(C_ECOMM)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(16)150
1979 y Fd(C_EINCL)9 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)35 b Fb(8)150 2078
y Fd(C_ENTRY)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(11)150 2178 y Fd(C_ESTAT)8
b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(17)150 2278 y Fd(C_FILE)11 b Fc(.)i(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)37
b Fb(7)150 2377 y Fd(C_FUN)12 b Fc(.)i(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)38
b Fb(9)150 2477 y Fd(C_GSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(15)150
2576 y Fd(C_LSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(15)150 2676
y Fd(C_PSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(18)150 2776 y Fd(C_RPSYM)8
b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(19)150 2875 y Fd(C_RSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35
b Fb(16)150 2975 y Fd(C_STSYM)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(17)150
3241 y Fp(N)150 3373 y Fd(N_BCOMM)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b
Fb(16)150 3473 y Fd(N_BINCL)9 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)35 b
Fb(8)150 3573 y Fd(N_BROWS)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(56)150
3672 y Fd(N_BSLINE)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(8)150 3772
y Fd(N_CATCH)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(57)150 3872 y Fd(N_DEFD)10
b Fc(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)35 b Fb(56)150 3971 y Fd(N_DSLINE)8 b
Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
h(.)f(.)g(.)34 b Fb(8)150 4071 y Fd(N_ECOML)8 b Fc(.)14
b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)34 b Fb(16)150 4171 y Fd(N_ECOMM)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)34
b Fb(16)150 4270 y Fd(N_EHDECL)7 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
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651 y Fd(N_EINCL)9 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)36 b Fb(8)2025 751
y Fd(N_ENTRY)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(11)2025 852 y Fd(N_EXCL)11
b Fc(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
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b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
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h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)36 b Fb(9)2025 1053 y Fd(N_FUN,)27 b(for)f(functions)e
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Fd(N_FUN,)27 b(for)f(variables)d Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
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b Fb(17)2025 1254 y Fd(N_GSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)35 b
Fb(15)2025 1354 y Fd(N_GSYM,)27 b(for)f(functions)i(\(Sun)e(acc\))21
b Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)46
b Fb(9)2025 1455 y Fd(N_LBRAC)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(11)2025
1555 y Fd(N_LCSYM)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(17)2025 1656
y Fd(N_LENG)10 b Fc(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)35 b Fb(58)2025 1757 y Fd(N_LSYM,)27
b(for)f(parameter)c Fc(.)12 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)45 b Fb(20)2025
1857 y Fd(N_LSYM,)27 b(for)f(stack)h(variables)18 b Fc(.)c(.)e(.)h(.)f
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1958 y Fd(N_LSYM,)27 b(for)f(types)7 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)33 b Fb(31)2025 2058 y Fd(N_M2C)11 b Fc(.)i(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h
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g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)37
b Fb(56)2025 2159 y Fd(N_MAIN)11 b Fc(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)37
b Fb(7)2025 2259 y Fd(N_MOD2)10 b Fc(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
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2360 y Fd(N_NBBSS)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(57)2025 2460
y Fd(N_NBDATA)7 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)32 b Fb(57)2025 2561 y Fd(N_NBLCS)8
b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
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g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(57)2025 2661 y Fd(N_NBSTS)8 b Fc(.)14
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f(.)34 b Fb(57)2025 2762 y Fd(N_NBTEXT)7 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
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b Fb(57)2025 2863 y Fd(N_NOMAP)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
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2963 y Fd(N_NSYMS)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(55)2025 3064
y Fd(N_PC)13 b Fc(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)38 b Fb(55)2025 3164
y Fd(N_PSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)35 b Fb(18)2025 3265 y Fd(N_RBRAC)8
b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h
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g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(11)2025 3365 y Fd(N_ROSYM)8 b Fc(.)14
b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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f(.)34 b Fb(17)2025 3466 y Fd(N_RSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)
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b Fb(16)2025 3566 y Fd(N_RSYM,)27 b(for)f(parameters)18
b Fc(.)d(.)d(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)44 b Fb(19)2025 3667 y Fd(N_SCOPE)8 b
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g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(57)2025 3767 y Fd(N_SLINE)9 b Fc(.)14
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g(.)g(.)36 b Fb(8)2025 3868 y Fd(N_SO)14 b Fc(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)40
b Fb(7)2025 3969 y Fd(N_SOL)12 b Fc(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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b Fb(7)2025 4069 y Fd(N_SSYM)10 b Fc(.)j(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
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4170 y Fd(N_STSYM)8 b Fc(.)14 b(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)34 b Fb(17)2025 4270
y Fd(N_STSYM,)27 b(for)f(functions)i(\(Sun)f(acc\))18
b Fc(.)13 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)45
b Fb(9)p eop
64 65 bop 150 -116 a Fo(64)3218 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)p eop
-1 66 bop 3725 -116 a Fo(i)150 299 y Fm(T)-13 b(able)54
b(of)g(Con)l(ten)l(ts)150 632 y Fp(1)135 b(Ov)l(erview)46
b(of)f(Stabs)38 b Fa(.)20 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g
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b(Ov)m(erview)30 b(of)g(Stab)g(F)-8 b(ormat)27 b Fj(.)15
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b Fo(1)449 989 y(1.3)92 b(The)30 b(String)f(Field)c Fj(.)15
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)56 b Fo(2)449 1098 y(1.4)92 b(A)30 b(Simple)e(Example)i
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b Fo(3)449 1208 y(1.5)92 b(The)30 b(Simple)e(Example)h(at)i(the)g
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(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b Fo(4)150 1446 y Fp(2)135
b(Enco)t(ding)44 b(the)i(Structure)e(of)h(the)h(Program)32
b Fa(.)19 b(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)76 b Fp(7)449 1583 y Fo(2.1)92
b(Main)30 b(Program)23 b Fj(.)16 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
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b Fo(7)449 1693 y(2.2)92 b(P)m(aths)31 b(and)f(Names)g(of)h(the)g
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1802 y(2.3)92 b(Names)31 b(of)f(Include)f(Files)11 b
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41 b Fo(7)449 1912 y(2.4)92 b(Line)29 b(Num)m(b)s(ers)12
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g(.)g(.)g(.)58 b Fo(10)449 2241 y(2.7)92 b(Blo)s(c)m(k)31
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)49 b Fo(11)449
2350 y(2.8)92 b(Alternate)31 b(En)m(try)f(P)m(oin)m(ts)d
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b Fo(11)150 2589 y Fp(3)135 b(Constan)l(ts)27 b Fa(.)21
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b Fp(13)150 2855 y(4)135 b(V)-11 b(ariables)19 b Fa(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)f
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f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)64 b Fp(15)449
2992 y Fo(4.1)92 b(Automatic)31 b(V)-8 b(ariables)30
b(Allo)s(cated)g(on)g(the)h(Stac)m(k)15 b Fj(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)45 b Fo(15)449 3101 y(4.2)92
b(Global)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)25 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
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b Fo(15)449 3211 y(4.3)92 b(Register)31 b(V)-8 b(ariables)17
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b(Blo)s(c)m(ks)10 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)39 b Fo(16)449
3430 y(4.5)92 b(Static)31 b(V)-8 b(ariables)20 b Fj(.)14
b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)50 b Fo(16)449 3540 y(4.6)92 b(F)-8 b(ortran)31
b(Based)g(V)-8 b(ariables)25 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)55 b Fo(17)449 3649 y(4.7)92 b(P)m(arameters)23
b Fj(.)16 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)52 b Fo(18)748
3759 y(4.7.1)93 b(P)m(assing)30 b(P)m(arameters)h(in)e(Registers)f
Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)57
b Fo(18)748 3869 y(4.7.2)93 b(Storing)29 b(P)m(arameters)j(as)e(Lo)s
(cal)g(V)-8 b(ariables)13 b Fj(.)i(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)42 b Fo(19)748 3978 y(4.7.3)93 b(P)m(assing)30 b(P)m(arameters)h(b)m
(y)f(Reference)g Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)58 b Fo(20)748 4088 y(4.7.4)93 b(P)m(assing)30
b(Conforman)m(t)g(Arra)m(y)g(P)m(arameters)23 b Fj(.)17
b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)52 b Fo(20)150 4326
y Fp(5)135 b(De\014ning)45 b(T)l(yp)t(es)30 b Fa(.)20
b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)76 b Fp(21)449 4463
y Fo(5.1)92 b(Builtin)28 b(T)m(yp)s(es)17 b Fj(.)d(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g
(.)46 b Fo(21)748 4573 y(5.1.1)93 b(T)-8 b(raditional)28
b(Builtin)g(T)m(yp)s(es)e Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)56 b Fo(21)1047
4682 y(5.1.1.1)93 b(T)-8 b(raditional)29 b(In)m(teger)i(T)m(yp)s(es)13
b Fj(.)h(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)42
b Fo(21)1047 4792 y(5.1.1.2)93 b(T)-8 b(raditional)29
b(Other)g(T)m(yp)s(es)14 b Fj(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)43 b Fo(22)748 4902 y(5.1.2)93 b(De\014ning)29
b(Builtin)f(T)m(yp)s(es)h(Using)h(Builtin)e(T)m(yp)s(e)930
5011 y(Descriptors)15 b Fj(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)44 b Fo(22)748 5121
y(5.1.3)93 b(Negativ)m(e)32 b(T)m(yp)s(e)e(Num)m(b)s(ers)9
b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)39 b Fo(23)449 5230 y(5.2)92
b(Miscellaneous)29 b(T)m(yp)s(es)13 b Fj(.)h(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)42 b Fo(26)449
5340 y(5.3)92 b(Cross-References)31 b(to)g(Other)f(T)m(yp)s(es)22
b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b Fo(27)p eop
-2 67 bop 150 -116 a Fo(ii)3256 b(ST)-8 b(ABS)449 83
y(5.4)92 b(Subrange)29 b(T)m(yp)s(es)14 b Fj(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)43
b Fo(27)449 193 y(5.5)92 b(Arra)m(y)31 b(T)m(yp)s(es)19
b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)48 b Fo(28)449 302
y(5.6)92 b(Strings)22 b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)52 b Fo(29)449 412 y(5.7)92 b(En)m(umerations)16
b Fj(.)e(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)45 b Fo(29)449 521 y(5.8)92
b(Structures)21 b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)50
b Fo(30)449 631 y(5.9)92 b(Giving)29 b(a)i(T)m(yp)s(e)f(a)g(Name)g
Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)58
b Fo(31)449 741 y(5.10)92 b(Unions)23 b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)52 b Fo(31)449 850 y(5.11)92 b(F)-8
b(unction)30 b(T)m(yp)s(es)22 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)52
b Fo(32)150 1093 y Fp(6)135 b(Sym)l(b)t(ol)45 b(Information)h(in)f(Sym)
l(b)t(ol)g(T)-11 b(ables)14 b Fa(.)19 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)58
b Fp(33)449 1230 y Fo(6.1)92 b(Sym)m(b)s(ol)29 b(T)-8
b(able)30 b(F)-8 b(ormat)9 b Fj(.)16 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)38 b Fo(33)449 1339 y(6.2)92
b(T)-8 b(ransformations)29 b(on)h(Sym)m(b)s(ol)f(T)-8
b(ables)28 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)57 b Fo(33)748 1449
y(6.2.1)93 b(T)-8 b(ransformations)29 b(on)h(Static)h(V)-8
b(ariables)14 b Fj(.)g(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)43
b Fo(33)748 1558 y(6.2.2)93 b(T)-8 b(ransformations)29
b(on)h(Global)g(V)-8 b(ariables)20 b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)49 b Fo(34)748 1668 y(6.2.3)93 b(T)-8
b(ransformations)29 b(of)h(Stabs)g(in)f(separate)j(sections)21
b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)51 b Fo(34)150 1910 y Fp(7)135
b(GNU)45 b(C)p Fg(++)f Fp(Stabs)36 b Fa(.)19 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h
(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)
h(.)80 b Fp(37)449 2047 y Fo(7.1)92 b(C)p Fk(++)29 b
Fo(Class)h(Names)g Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)58 b Fo(37)449 2157
y(7.2)92 b(De\014ning)29 b(a)i(Sym)m(b)s(ol)e(Within)f(Another)j(T)m
(yp)s(e)11 b Fj(.)j(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)40 b Fo(37)449 2266 y(7.3)92 b(Basic)31 b(T)m(yp)s(es)e(F)-8
b(or)31 b(C)p Fk(++)23 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)52 b Fo(37)449 2376 y(7.4)92
b(Simple)28 b(Class)h(De\014nition)20 b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)49 b Fo(38)449 2486
y(7.5)92 b(Class)29 b(Instance)f Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)57
b Fo(39)449 2595 y(7.6)92 b(Metho)s(d)30 b(De\014nition)11
b Fj(.)j(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)41 b Fo(40)449 2705 y(7.7)92 b(The)30
b(`)p Fk(#)p Fo(')g(T)m(yp)s(e)g(Descriptor)24 b Fj(.)15
b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53
b Fo(40)449 2814 y(7.8)92 b(The)30 b(`)p Fk(@)p Fo(')g(T)m(yp)s(e)g
(Descriptor)24 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)53 b Fo(41)449 2924 y(7.9)92 b(Protections)22
b Fj(.)16 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)51 b Fo(41)449
3034 y(7.10)92 b(Metho)s(d)31 b(Mo)s(di\014ers)e(\()p
Fk(const)p Fo(,)g Fk(volatile)p Fo(,)f Fk(const)h(volatile)p
Fo(\))12 b Fj(.)h(.)i(.)41 b Fo(42)449 3143 y(7.11)92
b(Virtual)29 b(Metho)s(ds)24 b Fj(.)15 b(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)53 b Fo(43)449
3253 y(7.12)92 b(Inheritence)25 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)55
b Fo(44)449 3362 y(7.13)92 b(Virtual)29 b(Base)j(Classes)10
b Fj(.)k(.)h(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)40 b Fo(46)449 3472 y(7.14)92 b(Static)31 b(Mem)m(b)s(ers)20
b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)50 b Fo(46)150 3714 y Fp(App)t(endix)44
b(A)134 b(T)-11 b(able)45 b(of)g(Stab)g(T)l(yp)t(es)26
b Fa(.)19 b(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)71
b Fp(47)449 3851 y Fo(A.1)92 b(Non-Stab)30 b(Sym)m(b)s(ol)f(T)m(yp)s
(es)8 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
37 b Fo(47)449 3961 y(A.2)92 b(Stab)30 b(Sym)m(b)s(ol)f(T)m(yp)s(es)19
b Fj(.)14 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)49 b Fo(48)150 4203 y Fp(App)t(endix)44 b(B)134
b(T)-11 b(able)45 b(of)g(Sym)l(b)t(ol)g(Descriptors)35
b Fa(.)20 b(.)f(.)h(.)79 b Fp(51)150 4473 y(App)t(endix)44
b(C)134 b(T)-11 b(able)45 b(of)h(T)l(yp)t(e)e(Descriptors)c
Fa(.)20 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)84 b Fp(53)p eop
-3 68 bop 3674 -116 a Fo(iii)150 83 y Fp(App)t(endix)44
b(D)134 b(Expanded)45 b(Reference)h(b)l(y)f(Stab)g(T)l(yp)t(e)456
216 y Fa(.)20 b(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h
(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)
g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)82 b Fp(55)449 353 y Fo(D.1)92
b(N)p 753 353 28 4 v 33 w(PC)14 b Fj(.)g(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)43 b Fo(55)449 462 y(D.2)92 b(N)p
753 462 V 33 w(NSYMS)25 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)54
b Fo(55)449 572 y(D.3)92 b(N)p 753 572 V 33 w(NOMAP)9
b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)38 b Fo(55)449
682 y(D.4)92 b(N)p 753 682 V 33 w(M2C)24 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h
(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)53 b Fo(56)449 791 y(D.5)92 b(N)p
753 791 V 33 w(BR)m(O)m(WS)15 b Fj(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)44
b Fo(56)449 901 y(D.6)92 b(N)p 753 901 V 33 w(DEFD)12
b Fj(.)k(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)41 b Fo(56)449
1010 y(D.7)92 b(N)p 753 1010 V 33 w(EHDECL)15 b Fj(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)44 b Fo(56)449 1120 y(D.8)92 b(N)p 753 1120
V 33 w(MOD2)30 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)59
b Fo(56)449 1230 y(D.9)92 b(N)p 753 1230 V 33 w(CA)-8
b(TCH)22 b Fj(.)15 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)52
b Fo(57)449 1339 y(D.10)92 b(N)p 798 1339 V 33 w(SSYM)15
b Fj(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)44 b Fo(57)449
1449 y(D.11)92 b(N)p 798 1449 V 33 w(SCOPE)28 b Fj(.)15
b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)58 b Fo(57)449 1558 y(D.12)92
b(Non-base)31 b(registers)f(on)h(Gould)e(systems)19 b
Fj(.)c(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)48 b Fo(57)449 1668 y(D.13)92 b(N)p 798 1668 V
33 w(LENG)12 b Fj(.)k(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)41
b Fo(58)150 1910 y Fp(App)t(endix)j(E)134 b(Questions)46
b(and)f(Anomalies)37 b Fa(.)20 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)81
b Fp(59)150 2180 y(App)t(endix)44 b(F)134 b(Using)45
b(Stabs)g(in)g(Their)g(Own)g(Sections)456 2313 y Fa(.)20
b(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)82 b Fp(61)449 2450 y Fo(F.1)92 b(Ho)m(w)31
b(to)g(Em)m(b)s(ed)e(Stabs)h(in)f(Sections)18 b Fj(.)e(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)
g(.)48 b Fo(61)449 2560 y(F.2)92 b(Ha)m(ving)30 b(the)h(Link)m(er)e
(Relo)s(cate)j(Stabs)e(in)f(ELF)15 b Fj(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g
(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)44 b Fo(62)150 2802 y
Fp(Sym)l(b)t(ol)h(T)l(yp)t(es)f(Index)34 b Fa(.)20 b(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)
h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)h(.)f
(.)g(.)79 b Fp(63)p eop
end
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if