GCC Frequently Asked Questions
The latest version of this document is always available at
[1]http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/faq.html.
This FAQ tries to answer specific questions concerning GCC. For
general information regarding C, C++, resp. Fortran please check the
[2]comp.lang.c FAQ, [3]comp.lang.c++ FAQ, [4]comp.std.c++ FAQ, and the
[5]Fortran Information page.
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Questions
1. [6]General information
1. [7]What is the relationship between GCC and EGCS
2. [8]What is the relationship between GCC and Cygnus
3. [9]What is an open development model?
4. [10]How to report bugs
5. [11]How do I get a bug fixed or a feature added?
2. [12]Installation
1. [13]Problems building the Fortran compiler
2. [14]How to install multiple versions of GCC
3. [15]Dynamic linker is unable to find GCC libraries
4. [16]libstdc++/libio tests fail badly with --enable-shared
5. [17]GCC can not find GNU as/GNU ld
6. [18]cpp: Usage:... Error
3. [19]Testsuite problems
1. [20]Why is there no testsuite in GCC 2.95
2. [21]Unable to run the testsuite
3. [22]How do I pass flags like -fnew-abi to the testsuite?
4. [23]How can I run the test suite with multiple options?
4. [24]Platform-specific issues
1. [25]Problems with exception handling on x86 platforms
2. [26]Problems with Invalid `asm' statements
3. [27]Building Linux kernels
4. [28]How do I compile X11 headers with g++
5. [29]How to build a cross compiler
5. [30]Bugs and Non-Bugs
1. [31]FD_ZERO macro
2. [32]Octave 2.0.13 does not compile
3. [33]Why can't I initialize a static variable with stdin?
4. [34]Why can't I use #if here?
6. [35]Miscellaneous
1. [36]Virtual memory exhausted
2. [37]Snapshots, how, when, why
3. [38]Friend Templates
4. [39]Where to find libg++
5. [40]Why do I need autoconf, bison, xgettext, automake, etc
6. [41]Problems debugging GCC code
7. [42]Conflicts when using cvs update
8. [43]Using GCC with GNAT/Ada
9. [44]Using GCC with GNU Pascal
10. [45]Using CVS to download snapshots
11. [46]Why can't I build a shared library?
12. [47]Dealing with spam on the lists
13. [48]How to work around too long C++ symbol names?
(-fsquangle)
14. [49]When building from CVS sources, I see 'gperf: invalid
option -- F', even with the most current version of gperf.
15. [50]When building C++, the linker says my constructors,
destructors or virtual tables are undefined, but I defined
them
16. [51]What is libstdc++-v3 and how can I use it with g++?
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General information
What is the relationship between GCC and EGCS
In 1990/1991 gcc version 1 had reached a point of stability. For the
targets it could support, it worked well. It had limitations inherent
in its design that would be difficult to resolve, so a major effort
was made to resolve those limitiations and gcc version 2 was the
result.
When we had gcc2 in a useful state, development efforts on gcc1
stopped and we all concentrated on making gcc2 better than gcc1 could
ever be. This is the kind of step forward we wanted to make with the
EGCS project when it was formed in 1997.
In April 1999 the Free Software Foundation officially halted
development on the gcc2 compiler and appointed the EGCS project as the
official GCC maintainers.
We are in the process of merging GCC and EGCS, which will take some
time. The net result will be a single project which will carry forward
GCC development under the ultimate control of the [52]GCC Steering
Committee.
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What is the relationship between GCC and Cygnus
It is a common mis-conception that Cygnus controls either directly or
indirectly GCC.
While Cygnus does donate hardware, network connections, code and
developer time to GCC development, Cygnus does not control GCC.
Overall control of GCC is in the hands of the [53]GCC Steering
Committee which includes people from a variety of different
organizations and backgrounds. The purpose of the steering committee
is to make decisions in the best interest of GCC and to help ensure
that no individual or company has control over the project.
To summarize, Cygnus contributes to GCCproject, but does not exert a
controlling influence over GCC.
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What is an open development model?
With GCC, we are going to try a bazaar style[54][1] approach to its
development: We make snapshots publicly available to anyone who wants
to try them; we're going to welcome anyone to join the development
mailing list. All of the discussions on the development mailing list
are available via the web. We're going to be making releases with a
much higher frequency than they have been made in the past.
In addition to weekly snapshots of the GCC development sources, we
have the sources readable from a CVS server by anyone. Furthermore we
are using remote CVS to allow remote maintainers write access to the
sources.
There have been many potential gcc developers who were not able to
participate in gcc development in the past. We want these people to
help in any way they can; we ultimately want GCC to be the best
compiler in the world.
A compiler is a complicated piece of software, there will still be
strong central maintainers who will reject patches, who will demand
documentation of implementations, and who will keep the level of
quality as high as it is today. Code that could use wider testing may
be integrated--code that is simply ill-conceived won't be.
GCC is not the first piece of software to use this open development
process; FreeBSD, the Emacs lisp repository, and the Linux kernel are
a few examples of the bazaar style of development.
With GCC, we will be adding new features and optimizations at a rate
that has not been done since the creation of gcc2; these additions
will inevitably have a temporarily destabilizing effect. With the help
of developers working together with this bazaar style development, the
resulting stability and quality levels will be better than we've had
before.
_[1]_ We've been discussing different development models a lot over
the past few months. The paper which started all of this introduced
two terms: A _cathedral_ development model versus a _bazaar_
development model. The paper is written by Eric S. Raymond, it is
called ``[55]The Cathedral and the Bazaar''. The paper is a useful
starting point for discussions.
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How to report bugs
There are complete instructions in the [56]gcc info manual, section
Bugs. The manual can also be read using `_M-x info_' in Emacs, or if
the GNU info program is installed on your system by `info --node
"(gcc)Bugs"'. Or see the file [57]BUGS included with the GCC source
code.
Before you report a bug for the _C++ compiler_, please check the
[58]list of well-known bugs. If you want to report a bug with _egcs
1.0.x_ or _egcs 1.1.x_, we strongly recommend upgrading to the current
release first.
In short, if GCC says Internal compiler error (or any other error that
you'd like us to be able to reproduce, for that matter), please mail a
bug report to [59]gcc-bugs@gcc.gnu.org or [60]bug-gcc@gnu.org
including:
* The GCC version
* The system type
* All options you passed to the compiler
* Preprocessed output of the source file that caused the compiler
error
All this can normally be accomplished by mailing the command line, the
output of the command, and the resulting `_your-file_.i' for C, or
`_your-file_.ii' for C++, corresponding to:
gcc -v --save-temps _all-your-options_ _your-file_.c
Typically the CPP output (extension .i for C or .ii for C++) will be
large, so please compress the resulting file with one of the popular
compression programs such as bzip2, gzip, zip, pkzip or compress (in
decreasing order of preference). Use maximum compression (-9) if
available. Please include the compressed CPP output in your bug
report.
Since we're supposed to be able to re-create the assembly output
(extension .s), you usually don't have to include it in the bug
report, although you may want to post parts of it to point out
assembly code you consider to be wrong.
Whether to use MIME attachments or uuencode is up to you. In any case,
make sure the compiler command line, version and error output are in
plain text, so that we don't have to decode the bug report in order to
tell who should take care of it. A meaningful subject indicating
language and platform also helps.
The gcc lists have message size limits (100 kbytes) and bug reports
over those limits will currently be bounced. We're trying to find a
way to allow larger bug reports to be posted, but this is currently
impossible (unless you use MIME partials, which most people are unable
to handle anyway, so you'd better avoid them for now). So, although we
prefer to have complete bug reports archived, if you cannot reduce the
bug report below the limit, please make it available for ftp or http
and post the URL. Another alternative is to break the preprocessed
output in multiple files (using split, for example) and post them in
separate messages, but we prefer to have self-contained bug reports in
single messages.
If you fail to supply enough information for a bug report to be
reproduced, someone will probably ask you to post additional
information (or just ignore your bug report, if they're in a bad day,
so try to get it right on the first posting :-). In this case, please
post the additional information to the bug reporting mailing list, not
just to the person who requested it, unless explicitly told so. If
possible, please include in this follow-up all the information you had
supplied in the incomplete bug report (including the preprocessor
output), so that the new bug report is self-contained.
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How do I get a bug fixed or a feature added?
There are lots of ways to get something fixed. The list below may be
incomplete, but it covers many of the common cases. These are listed
roughly in order of increasing difficulty for the average GCC user,
meaning someone who is not skilled in the internals of GCC, and where
difficulty is measured in terms of the time required to fix the bug.
No alternative is better than any other; each has it's benefits and
disadvantages.
* Hire someone to fix it for you. There are various companies and
individuals providing support for GCC. This alternative costs
money, but is relatively likely to get results.
* Report the problem to gcc-bugs and hope that someone will be kind
enough to fix it for you. While this is certainly possible, and
often happens, there is no guarantee that it will. You should not
expect the same response from gcc-bugs that you would see from a
commercial support organization since the people who read
gcc-bugs, if they choose to help you, will be volunteering their
time. This alternative will work best if you follow the directions
on [61]submitting bugreports.
* Fix it yourself. This alternative will probably bring results, if
you work hard enough, but will probably take a lot of time, and,
depending on the quality of your work and the perceived benefits
of your changes, your code may or may not ever make it into an
official release of GCC.
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Installation
Problems building the Fortran compiler
The Fortran front end can not be built with most vendor compilers; it
must be built with gcc. As a result, you may get an error if you do
not follow the install instructions carefully.
In particular, instead of using "make" to build GCC, you should use
"make bootstrap" if you are building a native compiler or "make cross"
if you are building a cross compiler.
It has also been reported that the Fortran compiler can not be built
on Red Hat 4.X GNU/Linux for the Alpha. Fixing this may require
upgrading binutils or to Red Hat 5.0; we'll provide more information
as it becomes available.
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How to install multiple versions of gcc
It may be desirable to install multiple versions of the compiler on
the same system. This can be done by using different prefix paths at
configure time and a few symlinks.
Basically, configure the two compilers with different --prefix
options, then build and install each compiler. Assume you want "gcc"
to be the latest compiler and available in /usr/local/bin; also assume
that you want "gcc2" to be the older gcc2 compiler and also available
in /usr/local/bin.
The easiest way to do this is to configure the new GCC with
--prefix=/usr/local/gcc and the older gcc2 with
--prefix=/usr/local/gcc2. Build and install both compilers. Then make
a symlink from /usr/local/bin/gcc to /usr/local/gcc/bin/gcc and from
/usr/local/bin/gcc2 to /usr/local/gcc2/bin/gcc. Create similar links
for the "g++", "c++" and "g77" compiler drivers.
An alternative to using symlinks is to configure with a
--program-transform-name option. This option specifies a sed command
to process installed program names with. Using it you can, for
instance, have all the new GCC programs installed as "new-gcc" and the
like. You will still have to specify different --prefix options for
new GCC and old GCC, because it is only the executable program names
that are transformed. The difference is that you (as administrator) do
not have to set up symlinks, but must specify additional directories
in your (as a user) PATH. A complication with --program-transform-name
is that the sed command invariably contains characters significant to
the shell, and these have to be escaped correctly, also it is not
possible to use "^" or "$" in the command. Here is the option to
prefix "new-" to the new GCC installed programs
"--program-transform-name='s,\\\\(.*\\\\),new-\\\\1,'". With the above
--prefix option, that will install the new GCC programs into
/usr/local/gcc/bin with names prefixed by "new-". You can use
--program-transform-name if you have multiple versions of GCC, and
wish to be sure about which version you are invoking.
If you use --prefix, GCC may have difficulty locating a GNU assembler
or linker on your system, [62]GCC can not find GNU as/GNU ld explains
how to deal with this.
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Dynamic linker is unable to find GCC libraries
This problem manifests itself by programs not finding shared libraries
they depend on when the programs are started. Note this problem often
manifests itself with failures in the libio/libstdc++ tests after
configuring with --enable-shared and building GCC.
GCC does not specify a runpath so that the dynamic linker can find
dynamic libraries at runtime.
The short explanation is that if you always pass a -R option to the
linker, then your programs become dependent on directories which may
be NFS mounted, and programs may hang unnecessarily when an NFS server
goes down.
The problem is not programs that do require the directories; those
programs are going to hang no matter what you do. The problem is
programs that do not require the directories.
SunOS effectively always passed a -R option for every -L option; this
was a bad idea, and so it was removed for Solaris. We should not
recreate it.
However, if you feel you really need such an option to be passed
automatically to the linker, you may add it to the gcc specs file.
This file can be found in the same directory that contains cc1 (run
gcc -print-prog-name=cc1 to find it). You may add linker flags such as
-R or -rpath, depending on platform and linker, to the *link or *lib
specs.
Another alterative is to install a wrapper script around gcc, g++ or
ld that adds the appropriate directory to the environment variable
LD_RUN_PATH or equivalent (again, it's platform-dependent).
Yet another option, that works on a few platforms, is to hard-code the
full pathname of the library into its soname. This can only be
accomplished by modifying the appropriate .ml file within
libstdc++/config (and also libg++/config, if you are building libg++),
so that $(libdir)/ appears just before the library name in -soname or
-h options.
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GCC can not find GNU as/GNU ld
GCC searches the PATH for an assembler and a loader, but it only does
so after searching a directory list hard-coded in the gcc executables.
Since, on most platforms, the hard-coded list includes directories in
which the system asembler and loader can be found, you may have to
take one of the following actions to arrange that gcc uses the GNU
versions of those programs.
To ensure that GCC finds the GNU assembler (the GNU loader), which are
required by [63]some configurations, you should configure these with
the same --prefix option as you used for GCC. Then build & install GNU
as (GNU ld) and proceed with building GCC.
Another alternative is to create links to GNU as and ld in any of the
directories printed by the command `gcc -print-search-dirs | grep
'^programs:''. The link to `ld' should be named `real-ld' if `ld'
already exists. If such links do not exist while you're compiling GCC,
you may have to create them in the build directories too, within the
gcc directory _and_ in all the gcc/stage* subdirectories.
GCC 2.95 allows you to specify the full pathname of the assembler and
the linker to use. The configure flags are `--with-as=/path/to/as' and
`--with-ld=/path/to/ld'. GCC will try to use these pathnames before
looking for `as' or `(real-)ld' in the standard search dirs. If, at
configure-time, the specified programs are found to be GNU utilities,
`--with-gnu-as' and `--with-gnu-ld' need not be used; these flags will
be auto-detected. One drawback of this option is that it won't allow
you to override the search path for assembler and linker with
command-line options -B/path/ if the specified filenames exist.
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cpp: Usage:... Error
If you get an error like this when building GCC (particularly when
building __mulsi3), then you likely have a problem with your
environment variables.
cpp: Usage: /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i586-unknown-linux-gnulibc1/2.7.2.3/cpp
[switches] input output
First look for an explicit '.' in either LIBRARY_PATH or
GCC_EXEC_PREFIX from your environment. If you do not find an explicit
'.', look for an empty pathname in those variables. Note that ':' at
either the start or end of these variables is an implicit '.' and will
cause problems.
Also note '::' in these paths will also cause similar problems.
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Testsuite problems
Why is there no testsuite in GCC 2.95
The GCC testsuite is not included in the GCC 2.95 release due to the
uncertain copyright status of some tests.
The GCC team will be reviewing the entire testsuite to find and remove
any tests with uncertain copyright status. Once those tests are
removed from the testsuite, the testsuite as a whole will be
copyrighted under the terms of the GPL and included in future GCC
releases.
It is believed that only a few tests have uncertain copyright status
and thus only a few tests will need to be removed from the testsuite.
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Unable to run the testsuite
If you get a message about unable to find "standard.exp" when trying
to run the GCC testsuites, then your dejagnu is too old to run the GCC
tests. You will need to get a newer version of dejagnu; we've made a
[64]dejagnu snapshot available until a new version of dejagnu can be
released.
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How do I pass flags like -fnew-abi to the testsuite?
If you invoke runtest directly, you can use the --tool_opts option,
e.g:
runtest --tool_opts "-fnew-abi -fno-honor-std" <other options>
Or, if you use make check you can use the make variable RUNTESTFLAGS,
e.g:
make RUNTESTFLAGS='--tool_opts "-fnew-abi -fno-honor-std"' check-g++
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How can I run the test suite with multiple options?
If you invoke runtest directly, you can use the --target_board option,
e.g:
runtest --target_board "unix{-fPIC,-fpic,}" <other options>
Or, if you use make check you can use the make variable RUNTESTFLAGS,
e.g:
make RUNTESTFLAGS='--target_board "unix{-fPIC,-fpic,}"' check-gcc
Either of these examples will run the tests three times. Once with
-fPIC, once with -fpic, and once with no additional flags.
This technique is particularly useful on multilibbed targets.
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Platform-specific issues
Please read the [65]host/target specific installation notes, too.
Problems with exception handling on x86 platforms
If you are using the GNU assembler (aka gas) on an x86 platform and
exception handling is not working correctly, then odds are you're
using a buggy assembler. Releases of binutils prior to 2.9 are known
to assemble exception handling code incorrectly.
We recommend binutils-2.9.1 or newer. Some post-2.9.1 snapshots of
binutils fix some subtle bugs, particularly on x86 and alpha. They are
available at [66]ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/. The
2.9.1.0.15 snapshot is known to work fine on those platforms; other
than that, be aware that snapshots are in general untested and may not
work (or even build). Use them at your own risk.
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Problems with invalid `asm' statements
Previous releases of GCC (for example, GCC 2.7.2 or EGCS 1.1.2) did
not detect as invalid a clobber specifier that clobbered an operand.
Instead, it could spuriously and silently generate incorrect code for
certain non-obvious cases of source code. Even more unfortunately, the
manual (Using and Porting GCC, section Extended Asm, see the [67]bug
report entry) did not explicitly say that it was invalid to specify
clobber registers that were destined to overlap operands; it could
arguably be interpreted that it was correct to clobber an input
operand to mark it as not holding a usable value after the asm.
For the general case, there is no way to tell whether a specified
clobber is _intended_ to overlap with a specific (input) operand or is
a program error, where the choice of actual register for operands
failed to _avoid_ the clobbered register. Such unavoidable overlap is
detected by versions GCC 2.95 and newer, and flagged as an error
rather than accepted. An error message is given, such as:
foo.c: In function `foo':
foo.c:7: Invalid `asm' statement:
foo.c:7: fixed or forbidden register 0 (ax) was spilled for class AREG.
Unfortunately, a lot of existing software, for example the [68]Linux
kernel version 2.0.35 for the Intel x86, has constructs where input
operands are marked as clobbered.
The manual now describes how to write constructs with operands that
are modified by the construct, but not actually used. To write an asm
which modifies an input operand but does not output anything usable,
specify that operand as an _output operand_ outputting to an _unused
dummy variable_.
In the following example for the x86 architecture (taken from the
Linux 2.0.35 kernel -- include/asm-i386/delay.h), the register-class
constraint "a" denotes a register class containing the single register
"ax" (aka. "eax"). It is therefore invalid to clobber "ax"; this
operand has to be specified as an output as well as an input. The
following code is therefore _invalid_:
extern __inline__ void
__delay (int loops)
{
__asm__ __volatile__
(".align 2,0x90\n1:\tdecl %0\n\tjns 1b"
: /* no outputs */
: "a" (loops)
: "ax");
}
It could be argued that since the register class for "a" contains only
a single register, this could be detected as an "obvious" intended
clobber of the input operand. While that is feasible, it opens up for
further "obvious" cases, where the level of obviousness changes from
person to person. As there is a correct way to write such asm
constructs, this obviousness-detection is not needed other than for
reasons of compatibility with an existing code-base, and that code
base can be corrected.
This corrected and clobber-less version, is _valid_ for GCC 2.95 as
well as for previous versions of GCC and EGCS:
extern __inline__ void
__delay (int loops)
{
int dummy;
__asm__ __volatile__
(".align 2,0x90\n1:\tdecl %0\n\tjns 1b"
: "=a" (dummy)
: "0" (loops));
}
Note that the asm construct now has an output operand, but it is
unused. Normally asm constructs with only unused output operands may
be removed by gcc, unless marked volatile as above.
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Building Linux kernels
The linux kernel violates certain aliasing rules specified in the
ANSI/ISO standard. Starting with GCC 2.95, the gcc optimizer by
default relies on these rules to produce more efficient code and thus
will produce malfunctioning kernels. To work around this problem, the
flag -fno-strict-aliasing must be added to the CFLAGS variable in the
main kernel Makefile.
If you try to build a 2.0.x kernel for Intel machines with any
compiler other than GCC 2.7.2, then you are on your own. The 2.0.x
kernels are to be built only with gcc 2.7.2. They use certain asm
constructs which are incorrect, but (by accident) happen to work with
gcc 2.7.2. If you insist on building 2.0.x kernels with egcs, you may
be interested in this [69]patch which fixes some of the asm problems.
You will also want to change asm constructs to [70]avoid clobbering
their input operands.
If you installed a recent binutils/gas snapshot on your GNU/Linux
system, you may not be able to build the kernel because objdump does
not understand the "-k" switch. The solution for this problem is to
remove /usr/bin/encaps. (This is an obsolete program that was part of
older binutils distributions; the Linux kernel's Makefile looks for
this program to decide if you have an old or a new binutils. Problems
occur if you installed a new binutils but haven't removed encaps,
because the Makefile thinks you have the old one.)
Finally, you may get errors with the X driver of the form
_X11TransSocketUNIXConnect: Can't connect: errno = 111
This is a kernel bug. The function sys_iopl in
arch/i386/kernel/ioport.c does an illegal hack which used to work but
is now broken since GCC optimizes more aggressively . The newer 2.1.x
kernels already have a fix which should also work in 2.0.32.
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How do I compile X11 headers with g++
When compiling X11 headers with a GCC 2.95 or newer, g++ will complain
that types are missing. These headers assume that omitting the type
means 'int'; this assumption is wrong for C++.
g++ accepts such (illegal) constructs with the option -fpermissive; it
will assume that missing type is 'int' (as defined by the C89
standard).
Since the upcoming C99 standard also obsoletes the implicit type
assumptions, the X11 headers have to get fixed eventually.
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How to build a cross compiler
Building cross compilers is a rather complex undertaking because they
usually need additional software (cross assembler, cross linker,
target libraries, target include files, etc).
We recommend reading the [71]crossgcc FAQ for information about
building cross compilers.
If you have all the pieces available, then `make cross' should build a
cross compiler. `make LANGUAGES="c c++" install' will install the
cross compiler.
Note that if you're trying to build a cross compiler in a tree which
includes binutils-2.8 in addition to GCC, then you're going to need to
make a couple minor tweaks so that the cross assembler, linker and nm
utilities will be found.
binutils-2.8 builds those files as gas.new, ld.new and nm.new; GCC
looks for them using gas-new, ld-new and nm-new, so you may have to
arrange for any symlinks which point to <file>.new to be changed to
<file>-new.
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Bugs and Non-Bugs
Unfortunately, improvements in tools that are widely used are sooner
or later bound to break _something_. Sometimes, the code that breaks
was wrong, and then that code should be fixed, even if it works for
earlier versions of gcc or other compilers. The following problems
with some releases of widely used packages have been identified:
There is a separate [72]list of well-known bugs describing known
deficiencies. Naturally we'd like that list to be of zero length.
To report a bug, see [73]How to report bugs.
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FD_ZERO macro
The FD_ZERO macro in (e.g.) libc-5.4.46 is incorrect. It uses
[74]invalid asm clobbers. The following rewrite by Ulrich Drepper
<drepper@cygnus.com> should fix this for glibc 2.0:
# define __FD_ZERO(fdsetp) \
do { \
int __d0, __d1; \
__asm__ __volatile__ ("cld; rep; stosl" \
: "=m" (((__fd_mask *) \
(fdsetp))[__FDELT (__FD_SETSIZE)]), \
"=&c" (__d0), "=&D" (__d1) \
: "a" (0), "1" (sizeof (__fd_set) \
/ sizeof (__fd_mask)), \
"2" ((__fd_mask *) (fdsetp)) \
: "memory"); \
} while (0)
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Octave 2.0.13 does not compile
Apparently Octave 2.0.13 uses some C++ features which have been
obsoleted and thus fails to build with EGCS 1.1 and later. This
[75]patch to Octave should fix this.
Octave 2.0.13.96, a test release, has been compiled without patches by
egcs 1.1.2. It is available at
[76]ftp://ftp.che.wisc.edu/pub/octave/test-releases/.
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Why can't I initialize a static variable with stdin?
This has nothing to do with gcc, but people ask us about it a lot.
Code like this:
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *yyin = stdin;
will not compile with GNU libc (Linux libc6), because stdin is not a
constant. This was done deliberately, in order for there to be no
limit on the number of open FILE objects. It is surprising for people
used to traditional Unix C libraries, but it is permitted by the C
standard.
This construct commonly occurs in code generated by old versions of
lex or yacc. We suggest you try regenerating the parser with a current
version of flex or bison, respectively. In your own code, the
appropriate fix is to move the initialization to the beginning of
main.
There is a common misconception that the GCC developers are
responsible for GNU libc. These are in fact two entirely separate
projects. The appropriate place to ask questions relating to GNU libc
is [77]libc-alpha@sourceware.cygnus.com.
_________________________________________________________________
Why can't I use #if here?
Let me guess... you wrote code that looks something like this:
memcpy(dest, src,
#ifdef PLATFORM1
12
#else
24
#endif
);
and you got a whole pile of error messages:
test.c:11: warning: preprocessing directive not recognized within macro arg
test.c:11: warning: preprocessing directive not recognized within macro arg
test.c:11: warning: preprocessing directive not recognized within macro arg
test.c: In function `foo':
test.c:6: undefined or invalid # directive
test.c:8: undefined or invalid # directive
test.c:9: parse error before `24'
test.c:10: undefined or invalid # directive
test.c:11: parse error before `#'
The problem, simply put, is that GCC's preprocessor does not allow you
to put #ifdef (or any other directive) inside the arguments of a
macro. Your C library's string.h happens to define memcpy as a macro -
this is perfectly legitimate. The code therefore will not compile.
We have two good reasons for not allowing directives inside macro
arguments. First, it is not portable. It is "undefined behavior"
according to the C standard; that means different compilers will do
different things with it. Some will give you errors. Some will dump
core. Some will silently mangle your code - you could get the
equivalent of
memcpy(dest, src, 1224);
from the above example. A very few might do what you expected it to.
We therefore feel it is most useful for GCC to reject this construct
immediately so that it is found and fixed.
Second, it is extraordinarily difficult to implement the preprocessor
such that it does what you would expect for every possible directive
found inside a macro argument. The best example is perhaps
#define foo(arg) ... arg ...
foo(blah
#undef foo
blah)
which is impossible to implement in portable C without leaking memory.
Allowing only a subset of directives would be confusing.
It is always possible to rewrite code which uses conditionals inside
macros so that it doesn't. You could write the above example
#ifdef PLATFORM1
memcpy(dest, src, 12);
#else
memcpy(dest, src, 24);
#endif
This is a bit more typing, but I personally think it's better style in
addition to being more portable.
_________________________________________________________________
Miscellaneous
Virtual memory exhausted error
This error means your system ran out of memory; this can happen for
large files, particularly when optimizing. If you're getting this
error you should consider trying to simplify your files or reducing
the optimization level.
Note that using -pedantic or -Wreturn-type can cause an explosion in
the amount of memory needed for template-heavy C++ code, such as code
that uses STL. Also note that -Wall includes -Wreturn-type, so if you
use -Wall you will need to specify -Wno-return-type to turn it off.
_________________________________________________________________
Snapshots, how, when, why
We make snapshots of the GCC sources about once a week; there is no
predetermined schedule. These snapshots are intended to give everyone
access to work in progress. Any given snapshot may generate incorrect
code or even fail to build.
If you plan on downloading and using snapshots, we highly recommend
you subscribe to the GCC mailing lists. See [78]mailing lists on the
main GCC page for instructions on how to subscribe.
When using the diff files to update from older snapshots to newer
snapshots, make sure to use "-E" and "-p" arguments to patch so that
empty files are deleted and full pathnames are provided to patch. If
your version of patch does not support "-E", you'll need to get a
newer version. Also note that you may need autoconf, autoheader and
various other programs if you use diff files to update from one
snapshot to the next.
_________________________________________________________________
Friend Templates
In order to make a specialization of a template function a friend of a
(possibly template) class, you must explicitly state that the friend
function is a template, by appending angle brackets to its name, and
this template function must have been declared already. Here's an
example:
template <typename T> class foo {
friend void bar(foo<T>);
}
The above declaration declares a non-template function named bar, so
it must be explicitly defined for _each_ specialization of foo. A
template definition of bar won't do, because it is unrelated with the
non-template declaration above. So you'd have to end up writing:
void bar(foo<int>) { /* ... */ }
void bar(foo<void>) { /* ... */ }
If you meant bar to be a template function, you should have
forward-declared it as follows. Note that, since the template function
declaration refers to the template class, the template class must be
forward-declared too:
template <typename T>
class foo;
template <typename T>
void bar(foo<T>);
template <typename T>
class foo {
friend void bar<>(foo<T>);
};
template <typename T>
void bar(foo<T>) { /* ... */ }
In this case, the template argument list could be left empty, because
it can be implicitly deduced from the function arguments, but the
angle brackets must be present, otherwise the declaration will be
taken as a non-template function. Furthermore, in some cases, you may
have to explicitly specify the template arguments, to remove
ambiguity.
An error in the last public comment draft of the ANSI/ISO C++ Standard
and the fact that previous releases of gcc would accept such friend
declarations as template declarations has led people to believe that
the forward declaration was not necessary, but, according to the final
version of the Standard, it is.
_________________________________________________________________
Where to find libg++
Many folks have been asking where to find libg++ for GCC. First we
should point out that few programs actually need libg++; most only
need libstdc++/libio which are included in the GCC distribution.
If you do need libg++ you can get a libg++ release that works with GCC
from [79]ftp://egcs.cygnus.com/pub/egcs/infrastructure/. Note that the
2.8.2 snapshot pre-dates the 2.8.1.2 release.
_________________________________________________________________
autoconf, bison, xgettext, automake, etc
If you're using diffs up dated from one snapshot to the next, or if
you're using the CVS repository, you may need several additional
programs to build GCC.
These include, but are not necessarily limited to autoconf, automake,
bison, and xgettext.
This is necessary because neither diff nor cvs keep timestamps
correct. This causes problems for generated files as "make" may think
those generated files are out of date and try to regenerate them.
An easy way to work around this problem is to use the gcc_update
script in the contrib subdirectory of GCC, which handles this
transparently without requiring installation of any additional tools.
(Note: Up to and including GCC 2.95 this script was called egcs_update
.)
When building from diffs or CVS or if you modified some sources, you
may also need to obtain development versions of some GNU tools, as the
production versions do not necessarily handle all features needed to
rebuild GCC.
Autoconf is available from [80]http://sourceware.cygnus.com/autoconf/;
have a look at [81]ftp://egcs.cygnus.com/pub/egcs/infrastructure/ for
the other packages.
_________________________________________________________________
Conflicts when using cvs update
It is not uncommon to get CVS conflict messages for some generated
files when updating your local sources from the CVS repository.
Typically such conflicts occur with bison or autoconf generated files.
As long as you haven't been making modifications to the generated
files or the generator files, it is safe to delete the offending file,
then run cvs update again to get a new copy.
_________________________________________________________________
Problems debugging GCC code
On some systems GCC will produce dwarf debug records by default;
however the gdb-4.16 release may not be able to read such debug
records.
You can either use the argument "-gstabs" instead of "-g" or pick up a
copy of gdb-4.17 to work around the problem.
_________________________________________________________________
Using GCC with GNAT/Ada
The GNU Ada front-end is not currently supported by GCC; however, it
is possible to build the GNAT compiler with a little work.
First, retrieve the gnat-3.10p sources. The sources for the Ada front
end and runtime all live in the "ada" subdirectory. Move that
subdirectory to egcs/gcc/ada.
Second, apply the patch found in egcs/gcc/README.gnat.
Finally, rebuild per the GNAT build instructions.
_________________________________________________________________
Using GCC with GNU Pascal
The [82]GNU Pascal front-end does work with EGCS 1.1 It does not work
with EGCS 1.0.x and the main branch of the CVS repository. A tarball
can be found at
[83]ftp://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/gnu-pascal/beta/.
_________________________________________________________________
Using CVS to download snapshots
It is possible to checkout specific snapshots with CVS or to check out
the latest snapshot.
We use CVS tags to identify each snapshot we make. Snapshot tags have
the form "egcs_ss_YYYYMMDD". In addition, the latest official snapshot
always has the tag "gcc_latest_snapshot".
_________________________________________________________________
Why can't I build a shared library?
When building a shared library you may get an error message from the
linker like `assert pure-text failed:' or `DP relative code in file'.
This kind of error occurs when you've failed to provide proper flags
to gcc when linking the shared library.
You can get this error even if all the .o files for the shared library
were compiled with the proper PIC option. When building a shared
library, gcc will compile additional code to be included in the
library. That additional code must also be compiled with the proper
PIC option.
Adding the proper PIC option (-fpic or -fPIC) to the link line which
creates the shared library will fix this problem on targets that
support PIC in this manner. For example:
gcc -c -fPIC myfile.c
gcc -shared -o libmyfile.so -fPIC myfile.o
_________________________________________________________________
How to work around too long C++ symbol names? (-fsquangle)
If the standard assembler of your platform can't cope with the large
symbol names that the default g++ name mangling mechanism produces,
your best bet is to use GNU as, from the GNU binutils package.
Unfortunately, GNU as does not support all platforms supported by
egcs, so you may have to use an experimental work-around: the
-fsquangle option, that enables compression of symbol names.
Note that this option is still under development, and subject to
change. Since it modifies the name mangling mechanism, you'll need to
build libstdc++ and any other C++ libraries with this option enabled.
Furthermore, if this option changes its behavior in the future, you'll
have to rebuild them all again. :-(
This option can be enabled by default by initializing
`flag_do_squangling' with `1' in `gcc/cp/decl2.c' (it is not
initialized by default), then rebuilding egcs and any C++ libraries.
_________________________________________________________________
When building from CVS sources, I see 'gperf: invalid option -- F', even with
the most current version of gperf.
The current version of gperf (v2.7) does not support the -F flag which
is used when building egcs from CVS sources. You will need to obtain a
patch for gperf and rebuild the program; this patch is available at
[84]ftp://egcs.cygnus.com/pub/egcs/infrastructure/
Patches for other tools, particularly autoconf, may also be necessary
if you're building from CVS sources. Please see the [85]FAQ entry
regarding these tools to determine if anything else is needed.
These patched utilities should _only_ be required if you are building
from CVS sources. For example, gperf is used to generate C code for a
perfect hash function given an input file. Distributions of egcs
already contain the generated C code, while the CVS sources will
provide only the gperf input file. So gperf should only be necessary
if you are building anything obtained from CVS.
_________________________________________________________________
When building C++, the linker says my constructors, destructors or virtual
tables are undefined, but I defined them
The ISO C++ Standard specifies that all virtual methods of a class
that are not pure-virtual must be defined, but does not require any
diagnostic for violations of this rule [class.virtual]/8. Based on
this assumption, egcs will only emit the implicitly defined
constructors, the assignment operator, the destructor and the virtual
table of a class in the translation unit that defines its first such
non-inline method.
Therefore, if you fail to define this particular method, the linker
may complain about the lack of definitions for apparently unrelated
symbols. Unfortunately, in order to improve this error message, it
might be necessary to change the linker, and this can't always be
done.
The solution is to ensure that all virtual methods that are not pure
are defined. Note that a destructor must be defined even if it is
declared pure-virtual [class.dtor]/7.
_________________________________________________________________
What is libstdc++-v3 and how can I use it with g++?
From the [86]libstdc++-FAQ: "The EGCS Standard C++ Library v3, or
libstdc++-2.90.x, is an ongoing project to implement the ISO 14882
Standard C++ library as described in chapters 17 through 27 and annex
D."
At the moment the libstdc++-v3 is no "drop in replacement" for GCC's
libstdc++. The best way to use it is as follows:
1. Build and install GCC
2. Build and install libstdc++-v3
3. Use compiler flags to use the new libstdc++
Please note that the libstdc++-v3 is not yet complete and should only
be used by experienced programmers.
For more information please refer to the [87]libstdc++-v3 homepage
_________________________________________________________________
[88]Return to the GCC home page
_Last modified: October 19, 1999_
References
1. http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/faq.html
2. http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html
3. http://www.cerfnet.com/~mpcline/On-Line-C++-FAQs/
4. http://reality.sgi.com/austern_mti/std-c++/faq.html
5. http://www.fortran.com/fortran/info.html
6. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#general
7. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gcc
8. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#cygnus
9. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#open-development
10. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#bugreport
11. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#support
12. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#installation
13. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#fortran
14. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#multiple
15. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#rpath
16. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#rpath
17. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gas
18. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#environ
19. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#testsuite
20. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#testsuite
21. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#dejagnu
22. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#testoptions
23. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#multipletests
24. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#platform
25. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#x86eh
26. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#asmclobber
27. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#linuxkernel
28. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#X11R6
29. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#cross
30. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#bugs
31. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#fdzero
32. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#octave
33. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#stdin
34. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#macarg
35. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#misc
36. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#memexhausted
37. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#snapshot
38. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#friend
39. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#libg++
40. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#generated_files
41. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gdb
42. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#conflicts
43. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gnat
44. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gpc
45. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#cvssnapshots
46. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#picflag-needed
47. http://gcc.gnu.org/spam.html
48. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#squangle
49. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gperf
50. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#vtables
51. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#libstdc++
52. http://gcc.gnu.org/steering.html
53. http://gcc.gnu.org/steering.html
54. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#cathedral-vs-bazaar
55. http://locke.ccil.org/~esr/writings/cathedral.html
56. http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/
57. http://egcs.cygnus.com/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/~checkout~/egcs/gcc/BUGS?content-type=text/plain&only_with_tag=HEAD
58. http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html
59. mailto:gcc-bugs@gcc.gnu.org
60. mailto:bug-gcc@gnu.org
61. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#bugreport
62. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#gas
63. http://gcc.gnu.org/install/specific.html
64. ftp://egcs.cygnus.com/pub/egcs/infrastructure/dejagnu-19981026.tar.gz
65. http://gcc.gnu.org/install/specific.html
66. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/
67. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#bugreport
68. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#linuxkernel
69. http://www.suse.de/~florian/kernel+egcs.html
70. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#asmclobber
71. http://www.objsw.com/CrossGCC/
72. http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html
73. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#bugreport
74. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#asmclobber
75. http://www.che.wisc.edu/octave/mailing-lists/bug-octave/1998/270
76. ftp://ftp.che.wisc.edu/pub/octave/test-releases/
77. mailto:libc-alpha@sourceware.cygnus.com
78. http://gcc.gnu.org/index.html#mailinglists
79. ftp://egcs.cygnus.com/pub/egcs/infrastructure/
80. http://sourceware.cygnus.com/autoconf/
81. ftp://egcs.cygnus.com/pub/egcs/infrastructure/
82. http://home.pages.de/~GNU-Pascal/
83. ftp://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/gnu-pascal/beta/
84. ftp://egcs.cygnus.com/pub/egcs/infrastructure
85. http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#generated_files
86. http://sourceware.cygnus.com/libstdc++/faq/
87. http://sourceware.cygnus.com/libstdc++/
88. http://gcc.gnu.org/index.html