@c Copyright (C) 2004,2005
@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This is part of the GFORTRAN manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file gfortran.texi.
@ignore
@c man begin COPYRIGHT
Copyright @copyright{} 2004
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding
Free Software'', the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with
the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is
included in the gfdl(7) man page.
(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
A GNU Manual
(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
funds for GNU development.
@c man end
@c Set file name and title for the man page.
@setfilename gfortran
@settitle GNU Fortran 95 compiler.
@c man begin SYNOPSIS
gfortran [@option{-c}|@option{-S}|@option{-E}]
[@option{-g}] [@option{-pg}] [@option{-O}@var{level}]
[@option{-W}@var{warn}@dots{}] [@option{-pedantic}]
[@option{-I}@var{dir}@dots{}] [@option{-L}@var{dir}@dots{}]
[@option{-D}@var{macro}[=@var{defn}]@dots{}] [@option{-U}@var{macro}]
[@option{-f}@var{option}@dots{}]
[@option{-m}@var{machine-option}@dots{}]
[@option{-o} @var{outfile}] @var{infile}@dots{}
Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the
remainder.
@c man end
@c man begin SEEALSO
gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7),
cpp(1), gcov(1), gcc(1), as(1), ld(1), gdb(1), adb(1), dbx(1), sdb(1)
and the Info entries for @file{gcc}, @file{cpp}, @file{gfortran}, @file{as},
@file{ld}, @file{binutils} and @file{gdb}.
@c man end
@c man begin BUGS
For instructions on reporting bugs, see
@w{@uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html}}.
@c man end
@c man begin AUTHOR
See the Info entry for @command{gfortran} for contributors to GCC and
GFORTRAN@.
@c man end
@end ignore
@node Invoking GFORTRAN
@chapter GNU Fortran 95 Command Options
@cindex GNU Fortran 95 command options
@cindex command options
@cindex options, GNU Fortran 95 command
@c man begin DESCRIPTION
The @command{gfortran} command supports all the options supported by the
@command{gcc} command. Only options specific to gfortran are documented here.
@emph{Gfortran is not yet a fully conformant Fortran 95 compiler}.
It can generate code for most constructs and expressions,
but work remains to be done. In particular, there are known
deficiencies with ENTRY, NAMELIST, and sophisticated use of
MODULES, POINTERS and DERIVED TYPES. For those whose Fortran
codes conform to either the Fortran 77 standard or the
GNU Fortran 77 language, we recommend to use @command{g77}
from GCC 3.4. We recommend that distributors continue to provide
packages of g77-3.4 until we announce that @command{gfortran}
fully replaces @command{g77}.
The gfortran developers welcome any feedback on user experience
with @command{gfortran} at @email{fortran@@gcc.gnu.org}.
@xref{Invoking GCC,,GCC Command Options,gcc,Using the GNU Compiler
Collection (GCC)}, for information
on the non-Fortran-specific aspects of the @command{gcc} command (and,
therefore, the @command{gfortran} command).
@cindex options, negative forms
@cindex negative forms of options
All @command{gcc} and @command{gfortran} options
are accepted both by @command{gfortran} and by @command{gcc}
(as well as any other drivers built at the same time,
such as @command{g++}),
since adding @command{gfortran} to the @command{gcc} distribution
enables acceptance of @command{gfortran} options
by all of the relevant drivers.
In some cases, options have positive and negative forms;
the negative form of @option{-ffoo} would be @option{-fno-foo}.
This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever
one is not the default.
@c man end
@menu
* Option Summary:: Brief list of all @command{gfortran} options,
without explanations.
* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language
compiled.
* Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be?
* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps.
* Directory Options:: Where to find module files
* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout
and register usage.
* Environment Variables:: Env vars that affect GNU Fortran.
@end menu
@node Option Summary
@section Option Summary
@c man begin OPTIONS
Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped
by type. Explanations are in the following sections.
@table @emph
@item Fortran Language Options
@xref{Fortran Dialect Options,,Options Controlling Fortran Dialect}.
@gccoptlist{
-ffree-form -fno-fixed-form @gol
-fdollar-ok -fimplicit-none -fmax-identifier-length @gol
-std=@var{std}
-ffixed-line-length-@var{n} -ffixed-line-length-none @gol
-fdefault-double-8 -fdefault-integer-8 -fdefault-real-8 }
@item Warning Options
@xref{Warning Options,,Options to Request or Suppress Warnings}.
@gccoptlist{
-fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors @gol
-w -Wall -Waliasing -Wconversion @gol
-Wimplicit-interface -Wnonstd-intrinsics -Wsurprising -Wunderflow @gol
-Wunused-labels -Wline-truncation @gol
-Werror -W}
@item Debugging Options
@xref{Debugging Options,,Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC}.
@gccoptlist{
-fdump-parse-tree}
@item Directory Options
@xref{Directory Options,,Options for Directory Search}.
@gccoptlist{
-I@var{dir} -M@var{dir}}
@item Code Generation Options
@xref{Code Gen Options,,Options for Code Generation Conventions}.
@gccoptlist{
-ff2c -fno-underscoring -fsecond-underscore @gol
-fbounds-check -fmax-stack-var-size=@var{n} @gol
-fpackderived -frepack-arrays}
@end table
@menu
* Fortran Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of Fortran language
compiled.
* Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be?
* Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps.
* Directory Options:: Where to find module files
* Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout
and register usage.
@end menu
@node Fortran Dialect Options
@section Options Controlling Fortran Dialect
@cindex dialect options
@cindex language, dialect options
@cindex options, dialect
The following options control the dialect of Fortran
that the compiler accepts:
@table @gcctabopt
@cindex -ffree-form option
@cindex options, -ffree-form
@cindex -fno-fixed-form option
@cindex options, -fno-fixed-form
@cindex source file format
@cindex free form
@cindex fixed form
@cindex Source Form
@cindex Fortran 90, features
@item -ffree-form
@item -ffixed-form
Specify the layout used by the the source file. The free form layout
was introduced in Fortran 90. Fixed form was traditionally used in
older Fortran programs.
@cindex option, -fdefault-double-8
@cindex -fdefault-double-8, option
@item -fdefault-double-8
Set the "DOUBLE PRECISION" type to an 8 byte wide.
@cindex option, -fdefault-integer-8
@cindex -fdefault-integer-8, option
@item -fdefault-integer-8
Set the default integer and logical types to an 8 byte wide type.
Do nothing if this is already the default.
@cindex option, -fdefault-real-8
@cindex -fdefault-real-8, option
@item -fdefault-real-8
Set the default real type to an 8 byte wide type.
Do nothing if this is already the default.
@cindex -fdollar-ok option
@cindex options, -fdollar-ok
@item -fdollar-ok
@cindex dollar sign
@cindex symbol names
@cindex character set
Allow @samp{$} as a valid character in a symbol name.
@cindex -fno-backslash option
@cindex options, -fno-backslash
@item -fno-backslash
@cindex backslash
@cindex escape characters
@item
Compile switch to change the interpretation of a backslash from
``C''-style escape characters to a single backslash character.
@cindex -ffixed-line-length-@var{n} option
@cindex options, -ffixed-line-length-@var{n}
@item -ffixed-line-length-@var{n}
@cindex source file format
@cindex lines, length
@cindex length of source lines
@cindex fixed form
@cindex limits, lengths of source lines
Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form
lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as
if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines.
@cindex card image
@cindex extended-source option
Popular values for @var{n} include 72 (the
standard and the default), 80 (card image), and 132 (corresponds
to ``extended-source'' options in some popular compilers).
@var{n} may be @samp{none}, meaning that the entire line is meaningful
and that continued character constants never have implicit spaces appended
to them to fill out the line.
@option{-ffixed-line-length-0} means the same thing as
@option{-ffixed-line-length-none}.
@cindex -fmax-identifier-length=@var{n} option
@cindex option -fmax-identifier-length=@var{n}
@item -fmax-identifier-length=@var{n}
Specify the maximum allowed identifier length. Typical values are
31 (Fortran 95) and 63 (Fortran 200x).
@cindex -fimplicit-none option
@cindex options, -fimplicit-none
@item -fimplicit-none
Specify that no implicit typing is allowed, unless overridden by explicit
@samp{IMPLICIT} statements. This is the equivalent of adding
@samp{implicit none} to the start of every procedure.
@cindex -std=@var{std} option
@cindex option, -std=@var{std}
@item -std=@var{std}
Conform to the specified standard. Allowed values for @var{std} are
@samp{gnu} and @samp{f95}.
@end table
@node Warning Options
@section Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
@cindex options, warnings
@cindex warnings, suppressing
@cindex messages, warning
@cindex suppressing warnings
Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which
are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there
might have been an error.
You can request many specific warnings with options beginning @option{-W},
for example @option{-Wimplicit} to request warnings on implicit
declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a
negative form beginning @option{-Wno-} to turn off warnings;
for example, @option{-Wno-implicit}. This manual lists only one of the
two forms, whichever is not the default.
These options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced by GNU
Fortran:
@table @gcctabopt
@cindex syntax checking
@cindex -fsyntax-only option
@cindex options, -fsyntax-only
@item -fsyntax-only
Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond that.
@cindex -pedantic option
@cindex options, -pedantic
@item -pedantic
Issue warnings for uses of extensions to FORTRAN 95.
@option{-pedantic} also applies to C-language constructs where they
occur in GNU Fortran source files, such as use of @samp{\e} in a
character constant within a directive like @samp{#include}.
Valid FORTRAN 95 programs should compile properly with or without
this option.
However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional
Fortran features are supported as well.
With this option, many of them are rejected.
Some users try to use @option{-pedantic} to check programs for conformance.
They soon find that it does not do quite what they want---it finds some
nonstandard practices, but not all.
However, improvements to @command{gfortran} in this area are welcome.
This should be used in conjunction with -std=@var{std}.
@cindex -pedantic-errors option
@cindex options, -pedantic-errors
@item -pedantic-errors
Like @option{-pedantic}, except that errors are produced rather than
warnings.
@cindex -w option
@cindex options, -w
@item -w
Inhibit all warning messages.
@cindex -Wall option
@cindex options, -Wall
@item -Wall
@cindex all warnings
@cindex warnings, all
Enables commonly used warning options that which pertain to usage that
we recommend avoiding and that we believe is easy to avoid.
This currently includes @option{-Wunused-labels}, @option{-Waliasing},
@option{-Wsurprising}, @option{-Wnonstd-intrinsic} and
@option{-Wline-truncation}.
@cindex -Waliasing option
@cindex options, -Waliasing
@item -Waliasing
@cindex aliasing
Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. The following example
will trigger the warning as it would be illegal to @code{bar} to
modify either parameter.
@smallexample
INTEGER A
CALL BAR(A,A)
@end smallexample
@cindex -Wconversion option
@cindex options, -Wconversion
@item -Wconversion
@cindex conversion
Warn about implicit conversions between different types.
@cindex -Wimplicit-interface option
@cindex options, -Wimplicit-interface
@item -Wimplicit-interface
Warn about when procedure are called without an explicit interface.
Note this only checks that an explicit interface is present. It does not
check that the declared interfaces are consistent across program units.
@cindex -Wnonstd-intrinsic option
@cindex options, -Wnonstd-intrinsic
@item -Wnonstd-intrinsic
Warn if the user tries to use an intrinsic that does not belong to the
standard the user has chosen via the -std option.
@cindex -Wsurprising
@cindex options, -Wsurprising
@item -Wsurprising
@cindex Suspicious
Produce a warning when ``suspicious'' code constructs are encountered.
While technically legal these usually indicate that an error has been made.
This currently produces a warning under the following circumstances:
@itemize @bullet
@item
An INTEGER SELECT construct has a CASE that can never be matched as its
lower value is greater than its upper value.
@item
A LOGICAL SELECT construct has three CASE statements.
@end itemize
@cindex -Wunderflow
@cindex options, -Wunderflow
@item -Wunderflow
@cindex UNDERFLOW
Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are
encountered, which yield an UNDERFLOW during compilation.
@cindex -Wunused-labels option
@cindex options, -Wunused-labels
@item -Wunused-labels
@cindex unused labels
@cindex labels, unused
Warn whenever a label is defined but never referenced.
@cindex -Werror
@cindex options, -Werror
@item -Werror
Turns all warnings into errors.
@cindex -W option
@cindex options, -W
@item -W
@cindex extra warnings
@cindex warnings, extra
Turns on ``extra warnings'' and, if optimization is specified
via @option{-O}, the @option{-Wuninitialized} option.
(This might change in future versions of @command{gfortran}
@end table
@xref{Warning Options,,Options to Request or Suppress Warnings,
gcc,Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}, for information on more
options offered by the GBE shared by @command{gfortran}, @command{gcc} and
other GNU compilers.
Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in Fortran.
@node Debugging Options
@section Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU Fortran
@cindex options, debugging
@cindex debugging information options
GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging
either your program or @command{gfortran}
@table @gcctabopt
@cindex -fdump-parse-tree option
@cindex option, -fdump-parse-tree
@item -fdump-parse-tree
Output the internal parse tree before starting code generation. Only
really useful for debugging gfortran itself.
@end table
@xref{Debugging Options,,Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC,
gcc,Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}, for more information on
debugging options.
@node Directory Options
@section Options for Directory Search
@cindex directory, options
@cindex options, directory search
@cindex search path
@cindex INCLUDE directive
@cindex directive, INCLUDE
There options affect how affect how @command{gfortran} searches
for files specified via the @code{INCLUDE} directive, and where it searches
for previously compiled modules.
It also affects the search paths used by @command{cpp} when used to preprocess
Fortran source.
@table @gcctabopt
@cindex -Idir option
@cindex options, -Idir
@item -I@var{dir}
@cindex directory, search paths for inclusion
@cindex inclusion, directory search paths for
@cindex search paths, for included files
@cindex paths, search
@cindex module search path
These affect interpretation of the @code{INCLUDE} directive
(as well as of the @code{#include} directive of the @command{cpp}
preprocessor).
Also note that the general behavior of @option{-I} and
@code{INCLUDE} is pretty much the same as of @option{-I} with
@code{#include} in the @command{cpp} preprocessor, with regard to
looking for @file{header.gcc} files and other such things.
This path is also used to search for @samp{.mod} files when previously
compiled modules are required by a @code{USE} statement.
@xref{Directory Options,,Options for Directory Search,
gcc,Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}, for information on the
@option{-I} option.
@cindex -Mdir option
@cindex option, -Mdir
@item -M@var{dir}
@item -J@var{dir}
This option specifies where to put @samp{.mod} files for compiled modules.
It is also added to the list of directories to searched by an @code{USE}
statement.
The default is the current directory.
@option{-J} is an alias for @option{-M} to avoid conflicts with existing
GCC options.
@end table
@node Code Gen Options
@section Options for Code Generation Conventions
@cindex code generation, conventions
@cindex options, code generation
@cindex run-time, options
These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
used in code generation.
Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
of @option{-ffoo} would be @option{-fno-foo}. In the table below, only
one of the forms is listed---the one which is not the default. You
can figure out the other form by either removing @option{no-} or adding
it.
@table @gcctabopt
@cindex @option{-ff2c} option
@cindex options, @option{-ff2c}
@item -ff2c
@cindex calling convention
@cindex @command{f2c} calling convention
@cindex @command{g77} calling convention
@cindex libf2c calling convention
Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated
by @command{g77} and @command{f2c}.
The calling conventions used by @command{g77} (originally implemented
in @command{f2c}) require functions that return type
default @code{REAL} to actually return the C type @code{double}, and
functions that return type @code{COMPLEX} to return the values via an
extra argument in the calling sequence that points to where to
store the return value. Under the default GNU calling conventions, such
functions simply return their results as they would in GNU
C -- default @code{REAL} functions return the C type @code{float}, and
@code{COMPLEX} functions return the GNU C type @code{complex}.
Additionally, this option implies the @option{-fsecond-underscore}
option, unless @option{-fno-second-underscore} is explicitly requested.
This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with
the @command{libgfortran} library.
@emph{Caution:} It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled
with @code{-ff2c} with code compiled with the default @code{-fno-f2c}
calling conventions as, calling @code{COMPLEX} or default @code{REAL}
functions between program parts which were compiled with different
calling conventions will break at execution time.
@emph{Caution:} This will break code which passes intrinsic functions
of type default @code{REAL} or @code{COMPLEX} as actual arguments, as
the library implementations use the @command{-fno-f2c} calling conventions.
@cindex @option{-fno-underscoring option}
@cindex options, @option{-fno-underscoring}
@item -fno-underscoring
@cindex underscore
@cindex symbol names, underscores
@cindex transforming symbol names
@cindex symbol names, transforming
Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran
source file by appending underscores to them.
With @option{-funderscoring} in effect, @command{gfortran} appends one
underscore to external names with no underscores.
This is done to ensure compatibility with code produced by many
UNIX Fortran compilers.
@emph{Caution}: The default behavior of @command{gfortran} is
incompatible with @command{f2c} and @command{g77}, please use the
@option{-ff2c} option if you want object files compiled with
@option{gfortran} to be compatible with object code created with these
tools.
Use of @option{-fno-underscoring} is not recommended unless you are
experimenting with issues such as integration of (GNU) Fortran into
existing system environments (vis-a-vis existing libraries, tools, and
so on).
For example, with @option{-funderscoring}, and assuming other defaults like
@option{-fcase-lower} and that @samp{j()} and @samp{max_count()} are
external functions while @samp{my_var} and @samp{lvar} are local variables,
a statement like
@smallexample
I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR)
@end smallexample
@noindent
is implemented as something akin to:
@smallexample
i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar);
@end smallexample
With @option{-fno-underscoring}, the same statement is implemented as:
@smallexample
i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar);
@end smallexample
Use of @option{-fno-underscoring} allows direct specification of
user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing @command{gfortran}
code with other languages.
Note that just because the names match does @emph{not} mean that the
interface implemented by @command{gfortran} for an external name matches the
interface implemented by some other language for that same name.
That is, getting code produced by @command{gfortran} to link to code produced
by some other compiler using this or any other method can be only a
small part of the overall solution---getting the code generated by
both compilers to agree on issues other than naming can require
significant effort, and, unlike naming disagreements, linkers normally
cannot detect disagreements in these other areas.
Also, note that with @option{-fno-underscoring}, the lack of appended
underscores introduces the very real possibility that a user-defined
external name will conflict with a name in a system library, which
could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite difficult in some
cases---they might occur at program run time, and show up only as
buggy behavior at run time.
In future versions of @command{gfortran} we hope to improve naming and linking
issues so that debugging always involves using the names as they appear
in the source, even if the names as seen by the linker are mangled to
prevent accidental linking between procedures with incompatible
interfaces.
@cindex @option{-fsecond-underscore option}
@cindex options, @option{-fsecond-underscore}
@item -fsecond-underscore
@cindex underscore
@cindex symbol names, underscores
@cindex transforming symbol names
@cindex symbol names, transforming
@cindex @command{f2c} calling convention
@cindex @command{g77} calling convention
@cindex libf2c calling convention
By default, @command{gfortran} appends an underscore to external
names. If this option is used @command{gfortran} appends two
underscores to names with underscores and one underscore to external names
with no underscores. (@command{gfortran} also appends two underscores to
internal names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with external
names.
This option has no effect if @option{-fno-underscoring} is
in effect. It is implied by the @option{-ff2c} option.
Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as @samp{MAX_COUNT}
is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol
@samp{max_count__}, instead of @samp{max_count_}. This is required
for compatibility with @command{g77} and @command{f2c}, and is implied
by use of the @option{-ff2c} option.
@cindex -fbounds-check option
@cindex -ffortran-bounds-check option
@item -fbounds-check
@cindex bounds checking
@cindex range checking
@cindex array bounds checking
@cindex subscript checking
@cindex checking subscripts
Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts
and against the declared minimum and maximum values. It also
checks array indices for assumed and deferred
shape arrays against the actual allocated bounds.
In the future this may also include other forms of checking, eg. checking
substring references.
@cindex -fmax-stack-var-size option
@item -fmax-stack-var-size=@var{n}
This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that will be put
on the stack.
This option currently only affects local arrays declared with constant
bounds, and may not apply to all character variables.
Future versions of @command{gfortran} may improve this behavior.
The default value for @var{n} is 32768.
@cindex -fpackderived
@item -fpackderived
@cindex Structure packing
This option tells gfortran to pack derived type members as closely as
possible. Code compiled with this option is likely to be incompatible
with code compiled without this option, and may execute slower.
@cindex -frepack-arrays option
@item -frepack-arrays
@cindex Repacking arrays
In some circumstances @command{gfortran} may pass assumed shape array
sections via a descriptor describing a discontiguous area of memory.
This option adds code to the function prologue to repack the data into
a contiguous block at runtime.
This should result in faster accesses to the array. However it can introduce
significant overhead to the function call, especially when the passed data
is discontiguous.
@end table
@xref{Code Gen Options,,Options for Code Generation Conventions,
gcc,Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}, for information on more options
offered by the GBE
shared by @command{gfortran} @command{gcc} and other GNU compilers.
@c man end
@node Environment Variables
@section Environment Variables Affecting GNU Fortran
@cindex environment variables
@c man begin ENVIRONMENT
GNU Fortran 95 currently does not make use of any environment
variables to control its operation above and beyond those
that affect the operation of @command{gcc}.
@xref{Environment Variables,,Environment Variables Affecting GCC,
gcc,Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)}, for information on environment
variables.
@c man end