.TH DYLD 1 "January 15, 2005" "Apple Computer, Inc."
.SH NAME
dyld \- the dynamic link editor
.SH SYNOPSIS
DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH
.br
DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH
.br
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
.br
DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH
.br
DYLD_ROOT_PATH
.br
DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
.br
DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE
.br
DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX
.br
DYLD_PRINT_OPTS
.br
DYLD_PRINT_ENV
.br
DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES
.br
DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES_POST_LAUNCH
.br
DYLD_BIND_AT_LAUNCH
.br
DYLD_PREBIND_DEBUG
.br
DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS
.br
DYLD_IGNORE_PREBINDING
.br
DYLD_PRINT_APIS
.br
DYLD_PRINT_BINDINGS
.br
DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS
.br
DYLD_PRINT_REBASINGS
.br
DYLD_PRINT_SEGMENTS
.br
DYLD_PRINT_STATISTICS
.SH DESCRIPTION
The dynamic linker uses the following environment variables.
They affect any program that uses the dynamic linker.
.TP
.B DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH
This is a colon separated list of directories that contain frameworks.
The dynamic linker searches these directories before it searches for the
framework by its install name.
It allows you to test new versions of existing
frameworks. (A framework is a library install name that ends in the form
XXX.framework/Versions/YYY/XXX or XXX.framework/XXX, where XXX and YYY are any
name.)
.IP
For each framework that a program uses, the dynamic linker looks for the
framework in each directory in
.SM DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH
in turn. If it looks in all the directories and can't find the framework, it
searches the directories in
.SM DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
in turn. If it still can't find the framework, it then searches
.SM DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH
and
.SM DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH
in turn.
.IP
Use the
.B \-L
option to
.IR otool (1).
to discover the frameworks and shared libraries that the executable
is linked against.
.TP
.B DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH
This is a colon separated list of directories that contain frameworks.
It is used as the default location for frameworks not found in their install
path.
By default, it is set to
/Library/Frameworks:/Network/Library/Frameworks:/System/Library/Frameworks
.TP
.B DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
This is a colon separated list of directories that contain libraries. The
dynamic linker searches these directories before it searches the default
locations for libraries. It allows you to test new versions of existing
libraries.
.IP
For each library that a program uses, the dynamic linker looks for it in each
directory in
.SM DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
in turn. If it still can't find the library, it then searches
.SM DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH
and
.SM DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH
in turn.
.IP
Use the
.B \-L
option to
.IR otool (1).
to discover the frameworks and shared libraries that the executable
is linked against.
.TP
.B DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH
This is a colon separated list of directories that contain libraries.
It is used as the default location for libraries not found in their install
path.
By default, it is set
to $(HOME)/lib:/usr/local/lib:/lib:/usr/lib.
.TP
.B DYLD_ROOT_PATH
This is a colon separated list of directories. The dynamic linker will prepend each of
this directory paths to every image access until a file is found.
.TP
.B DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
This is a colon separated list of dynamic libraries to load before the ones
specified in the program. This lets you test new modules of existing dynamic
shared libraries that are used in flat-namespace images by loading a temporary
dynamic shared library with just the new modules. Note that this has no
effect on images built a two-level namespace images using a dynamic shared
library unless
.SM DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE
is also used.
.TP
.B DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE
Force all images in the program to be linked as flat-namespace images and ignore
any two-level namespace bindings. This may cause programs to fail to execute
with a multiply defined symbol error if two-level namespace images are used to
allow the images to have multiply defined symbols.
.TP
.B DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX
This is set to a string of a suffix to try to be used for all shared libraries
used by the program. For libraries ending in ".dylib" the suffix is applied
just before the ".dylib". For all other libraries the suffix is appended to the
library name. This is useful for using conventional "_profile" and "_debug"
libraries and frameworks.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_OPTS
When this is set, the dynamic linker writes to file descriptor 2 (normally
standard error) the command line options.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_ENV
When this is set, the dynamic linker writes to file descriptor 2 (normally
standard error) the environment variables.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES
When this is set, the dynamic linker writes to file descriptor 2 (normally
standard error) the filenames of the libraries the program is using.
This is useful to make sure that the use of
.SM DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
is getting what you want.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES_POST_LAUNCH
This does the same as
.SM DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES
but the printing starts after the program gets to its entry point.
.TP
.B DYLD_BIND_AT_LAUNCH
When this is set, the dynamic linker binds all undefined symbols
the program needs at launch time. This includes function symbols that can are normally lazily bound at the time of their first call.
.TP
.B DYLD_PREBIND_DEBUG
When this is set, the dynamic linker prints diagnostics about
launching prebound programs and libraries. This lets you determine why a
program is not being launched prebound.
You can view the recorded library time stamps with the
.B \-Lv
option to
.IR otool (1).
.TP
.PP
For secure programs that are UNIX set uid or set gid, the dynamic linker will
not use the dyld environment variables for path searching and library insertion,
unless the program is run as the real user. For secure programs, the dynamic
linker clears out the value of the dyld path and insertion environment
variables. This is so that if a program is
.IR exec (2)'ed
from a secure program too will not have it's libraries searched for, as well.
For statically linked secure programs that
.IR exec (2)
other programs that might use the dynamic linker, they too should clear out the
values of the dyld path and insertion environment variables.
.TP
.B DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS
When set, the dynamic linker directs the system to provide a new set of shared
regions as the repository for library load requests for dynamic libraries
built with
.SM MH_SPLIT_SEGS
(split shared libraries).
Split shared libraries reside in a defined contiguous region of address space
in all dynamic linker runtime processes. This space is backed by named regions
or sub-maps. These sub-maps are owned by the system and items which are to
mapped into them must be mapped via the
.IR load_shared_file (2)
call. The use of
sub-maps promotes a high degree of system resource sharing between the
processes which incorporate and use them. However, some processes require
either additional or different libraries to be loaded into the shared region.
While there is some space available within the shared region for alternate and
new shared libraries, it is inappropriate to use that area for temporary or
private libraries. Setting the
.SM DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS
flag will cause
all children of the current process to have their own set of sub-maps. In this
way the libraries found in the children's submaps will not be caused to be
present in the submaps shared by the rest of the system.
.SM DYLD_NEW_LOCAL_SHARED_REGIONS
should be set by anyone wishing to run
non-standard or temporary split shared libraries by setting an explicit path to
point to them. i.e. by using the DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable
instead of changing the root by executing a
.IR chroot (2)
call.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_STATISTICS
Right before the process's main() is called, dyld prints out information about how
dyld spent its time. Useful for analyzing launch performance.
.TP
.B DYLD_IGNORE_PREBINDING { app | all }
Valid values are "app", "all", and "" (empty). The variable is useful for testing
how various mixes of prebound and unprebound libraries perform. When set to "all",
all prebinding is ignored. That is, dyld fixes up any prebound images as if the prebinding
in it was invalid. When set to "all", just the prebinding information in main
executables is ignored. When set the nothing, the prebinding in split-seg libraries
is used, by all other prebinding is ignored.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS
Causes dyld to print out a line when running each initializers in every image. Initializers
run by dyld included constructors for C++ statically allocated objects, functions marked with
__attribute__((constructor)), and -init functions.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_APIS
Causes dyld to print a line whenever a dyld API is called (e.g. NSAddImage()).
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_SEGMENTS
Causes dyld to print out a line containing the name and address range of each mach-o segment
that dyld maps in.
.TP
.B DYLD_PRINT_BINDINGS
Causes dyld to print a line each time a symbolic name is bound.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
libtool(1), ld(1), otool(1)