draft-ietf-dnsext-rfc2539bis-dhk-00.txt [plain text]
INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
OBSOLETES: RFC 2539 Donald Eastlake 3rd
Motorola
Expires: January 2002 July 2001
Storage of Diffie-Hellman Keys in the Domain Name System (DNS)
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<draft-ietf-dnsext-rfc2539bis-dhk-00.txt>
Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
Status of This Document
This draft is intended to be become a Draft Standard RFC.
Distribution of this document is unlimited. Comments should be sent
to the DNS extensions working group mailing list
<namedroppers@ops.ietf.org> or to the author.
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026. Internet-Drafts are
working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its
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Donald Eastlake 3rd [Page 1]
INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
Abstract
A standard method for storing Diffie-Hellman keys in the Domain Name
System is described which utilizes DNS KEY resource records.
Acknowledgements
Part of the format for Diffie-Hellman keys and the description
thereof was taken from a work in progress by Ashar Aziz, Tom Markson,
and Hemma Prafullchandra.
In addition, the following persons provided useful comments that were
incorporated into the predecessor of this document: Ran Atkinson,
Thomas Narten.
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INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
Table of Contents
Status of This Document....................................1
Abstract...................................................2
Acknowledgements...........................................2
Table of Contents..........................................3
1. Introduction............................................4
1.1 About This Document....................................4
1.2 About Diffie-Hellman...................................4
2. Diffie-Hellman KEY Resource Records.....................5
3. Performance Considerations..............................6
4. IANA Considerations.....................................6
5. Security Considerations.................................6
References.................................................7
Author's Address...........................................7
Expiration and File Name...................................7
Appendix A: Well known prime/generator pairs...............8
A.1. Well-Known Group 1: A 768 bit prime..................8
A.2. Well-Known Group 2: A 1024 bit prime.................8
A.3. Well-Known Group 3: A 1536 bit prime.................9
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INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
1. Introduction
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the current global hierarchical
replicated distributed database system for Internet addressing, mail
proxy, and similar information. The DNS has been extended to include
digital signatures and cryptographic keys as described in [RFC 2535].
Thus the DNS can now be used for secure key distribution.
1.1 About This Document
This document describes how to store Diffie-Hellman keys in the DNS.
Familiarity with the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm is assumed
[Schneier].
1.2 About Diffie-Hellman
Diffie-Hellman requires two parties to interact to derive keying
information which can then be used for authentication. Since DNS SIG
RRs are primarily used as stored authenticators of zone information
for many different resolvers, no Diffie-Hellman algorithm SIG RR is
defined. For example, assume that two parties have local secrets "i"
and "j". Assume they each respectively calculate X and Y as follows:
X = g**i ( mod p )
Y = g**j ( mod p )
They exchange these quantities and then each calculates a Z as
follows:
Zi = Y**i ( mod p )
Zj = X**j ( mod p )
Zi and Zj will both be equal to g**(ij)(mod p) and will be a shared
secret between the two parties that an adversary who does not know i
or j will not be able to learn from the exchanged messages (unless
the adversary can derive i or j by performing a discrete logarithm
mod p which is hard for strong p and g).
The private key for each party is their secret i (or j). The public
key is the pair p and g, which must be the same for the parties, and
their individual X (or Y).
For further information about Diffie-Hellman and precautions to take
in deciding on a p and g, see [RFC 2631].
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INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
2. Diffie-Hellman KEY Resource Records
Diffie-Hellman keys are stored in the DNS as KEY RRs using algorithm
number 2. The structure of the RDATA portion of this RR is as shown
below. The first 4 octets, including the flags, protocol, and
algorithm fields are common to all KEY RRs as described in [RFC
2535]. The remainder, from prime length through public value is the
"public key" part of the KEY RR. The period of key validity is not in
the KEY RR but is indicated by the SIG RR(s) which signs and
authenticates the KEY RR(s) at that domain name.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| KEY flags | protocol | algorithm=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| prime length (or flag) | prime (p) (or special) /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ prime (p) (variable length) | generator length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| generator (g) (variable length) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| public value length | public value (variable length)/
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ public value (g^i mod p) (variable length) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Prime length is length of the Diffie-Hellman prime (p) in bytes if it
is 16 or greater. Prime contains the binary representation of the
Diffie-Hellman prime with most significant byte first (i.e., in
network order). If "prime length" field is 1 or 2, then the "prime"
field is actually an unsigned index into a table of 65,536
prime/generator pairs and the generator length SHOULD be zero. See
Appedix A for defined table entries and Section 4 for information on
allocating additional table entries. The meaning of a zero or 3
through 15 value for "prime length" is reserved.
Generator length is the length of the generator (g) in bytes.
Generator is the binary representation of generator with most
significant byte first. PublicValueLen is the Length of the Public
Value (g**i (mod p)) in bytes. PublicValue is the binary
representation of the DH public value with most significant byte
first.
The corresponding algorithm=2 SIG resource record is not used so no
format for it is defined.
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INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
3. Performance Considerations
Current DNS implementations are optimized for small transfers,
typically less than 512 bytes including DNS overhead. Larger
transfers will perform correctly and extensions have been
standardized [RFC 2671] to make larger transfers more efficient, it
is still advisable at this time to make reasonable efforts to
minimize the size of KEY RR sets stored within the DNS consistent
with adequate security. Keep in mind that in a secure zone, at least
one authenticating SIG RR will also be returned.
4. IANA Considerations
Assignment of meaning to Prime Lengths of 0 and 3 through 15 requires
an IETF consensus as defined in [RFC 2434].
Well known prime/generator pairs number 0x0000 through 0x07FF can
only be assigned by an IETF standards action. RFC 2539, the Proposed
Standard predecessor of this document, assigned 0x0001 through
0x0002. This document proposes to assign 0x0003. Pairs number 0s0800
through 0xBFFF can be assigned based on RFC documentation. Pairs
number 0xC000 through 0xFFFF are available for private use and are
not centrally coordinated. Use of such private pairs outside of a
closed environment may result in conflicts.
5. Security Considerations
Many of the general security consideration in [RFC 2535] apply. Keys
retrieved from the DNS should not be trusted unless (1) they have
been securely obtained from a secure resolver or independently
verified by the user and (2) this secure resolver and secure
obtainment or independent verification conform to security policies
acceptable to the user. As with all cryptographic algorithms,
evaluating the necessary strength of the key is important and
dependent on local policy.
In addition, the usual Diffie-Hellman key strength considerations
apply. (p-1)/2 should also be prime, g should be primitive mod p, p
should be "large", etc. [RFC 2631, Schneier]
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INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
References
[RFC 1034] - P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - concepts and
facilities", November 1987.
[RFC 1035] - P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - implementation and
specification", November 1987.
[RFC 2434] - Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in
RFCs, T. Narten, H. Alvestrand, October 1998.
[RFC 2535] - Domain Name System Security Extensions, D. Eastlake 3rd,
March 1999.
[RFC 2539] - Storage of Diffie-Hellman Keys in the Domain Name System
(DNS), D. Eastlake, March 1999, obsoleted by this RFC.
[RFC 2631] - Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method, E. Rescorla, June
1999.
[RFC 2671] - Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0), P. Vixie, August
1999.
[Schneier] - Bruce Schneier, "Applied Cryptography: Protocols,
Algorithms, and Source Code in C", 1996, John Wiley and Sons.
Author's Address
Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
Motorola
155 Beaver Street
Milford, MA 01757 USA
Telephone: +1-508-261-5434 (w)
+1-508-634-2066 (h)
FAX: +1-508-261-4447 (w)
EMail: Donald.Eastlake@motorola.com
Expiration and File Name
This draft expires in January 2002.
Its file name is draft-ietf-dnsext-rfc2539bis-dhk-00.txt.
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INTERNET-DRAFT Diffie-Hellman Keys in the DNS
Appendix A: Well known prime/generator pairs
These numbers are copied from the IPSEC effort where the derivation of
these values is more fully explained and additional information is available.
Richard Schroeppel performed all the mathematical and computational
work for this appendix.
A.1. Well-Known Group 1: A 768 bit prime
The prime is 2^768 - 2^704 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^638 pi] + 149686 }. Its
decimal value is
155251809230070893513091813125848175563133404943451431320235
119490296623994910210725866945387659164244291000768028886422
915080371891804634263272761303128298374438082089019628850917
0691316593175367469551763119843371637221007210577919
Prime modulus: Length (32 bit words): 24, Data (hex):
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A63A3620 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
Generator: Length (32 bit words): 1, Data (hex): 2
A.2. Well-Known Group 2: A 1024 bit prime
The prime is 2^1024 - 2^960 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^894 pi] + 129093 }.
Its decimal value is
179769313486231590770839156793787453197860296048756011706444
423684197180216158519368947833795864925541502180565485980503
646440548199239100050792877003355816639229553136239076508735
759914822574862575007425302077447712589550957937778424442426
617334727629299387668709205606050270810842907692932019128194
467627007
Prime modulus: Length (32 bit words): 32, Data (hex):
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE65381
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
Generator: Length (32 bit words): 1, Data (hex): 2
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A.3. Well-Known Group 3: A 1536 bit prime
The prime is 2^1536 - 2^1472 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^1406 pi] + 741804 }.
Its decimal value is
241031242692103258855207602219756607485695054850245994265411
694195810883168261222889009385826134161467322714147790401219
650364895705058263194273070680500922306273474534107340669624
601458936165977404102716924945320037872943417032584377865919
814376319377685986952408894019557734611984354530154704374720
774996976375008430892633929555996888245787241299381012913029
459299994792636526405928464720973038494721168143446471443848
8520940127459844288859336526896320919633919
Prime modulus Length (32 bit words): 48, Data (hex):
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE45B3D
C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8 FD24CF5F
83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA237327 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
Generator: Length (32 bit words): 1, Data (hex): 2
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