.\" $OpenBSD: crypt.3,v 1.5 1996/12/10 09:06:09 deraadt Exp $ .\" .\" FreeSec: libcrypt .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1994 David Burren .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 4. Neither the name of the author nor the names of other contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" Manual page, using -mandoc macros .\" .Dd March 9, 1994 .Dt CRYPT 3 .Os "FreeSec 1.0" .Sh NAME .Nm crypt , .Nm encrypt , .Nm setkey .Nd DES encryption .Sh SYNOPSIS .Fd #include <unistd.h> .Ft char * .Fo crypt .Fa "const char *key" .Fa "const char *salt" .Fc .Ft void .Fo encrypt .Fa "char *block" .Fa "int edflag" .Fc .Fd #include <stdlib.h> .Ft void .Fo setkey .Fa "const char *key" .Fc .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Fn crypt function performs password encryption, based on the .Tn NBS Data Encryption Standard (DES). Additional code has been added to deter key search attempts. The first argument to .Fn crypt is a .Dv null Ns -terminated string, typically a user's typed password. The second is in one of two forms: if it begins with an underscore (``_''), an extended format is used in interpreting both the key and the salt value, as outlined below. .Ss Extended crypt: .Pp The .Ar key is divided into groups of 8 characters (the last group is null-padded) and the low-order 7 bits of each each character (56 bits per group) are used to form the DES key as follows: the first group of 56 bits becomes the initial DES key. For each additional group, the XOR of the encryption of the current DES key with itself and the group bits becomes the next DES key. .Pp The .Ar salt is a 9-character array consisting of an underscore, followed by 4 bytes of iteration count and 4 bytes of salt. These are encoded as printable characters, 6 bits per character, least significant character first. The values 0 to 63 are encoded as ``./0-9A-Za-z''. This allows 24 bits for both .Fa count and .Fa salt . .Ss "Traditional" crypt: .Pp The first 8 bytes of the key are null-padded, and the low-order 7 bits of each character is used to form the 56-bit .Tn DES key. .Pp The .Fa salt is a 2-character array of the ASCII-encoded salt. Thus, only 12 bits of salt are used. .Fa count is set to 25. .Ss Algorithm: .Pp The .Fa salt introduces disorder in the .Tn DES algorithm in one of 16777216 or 4096 possible ways (ie. with 24 or 12 bits: if bit .Em i of the .Ar salt is set, then bits .Em i and .Em i+24 are swapped in the .Tn DES E-box output). .Pp The DES key is used to encrypt a 64-bit constant, using .Ar count iterations of .Tn DES . The value returned is a .Dv null Ns -terminated string, 20 or 13 bytes (plus null) in length, consisting of the .Ar salt , followed by the encoded 64-bit encryption. .Pp The functions, .Fn encrypt and .Fn setkey provide access to the .Tn DES algorithm itself. .Fn setkey is passed a 64-byte array of binary values (numeric 0 or 1). A 56-bit key is extracted from this array by dividing the array into groups of 8 and ignoring the last bit in each group. That bit is reserved for a byte parity check by DES, but is ignored by these functions. .Pp The .Fa block argument to .Fn encrypt is also a 64-byte array of binary values. If the value of .Fa edflag is 0, .Fa block is encrypted; otherwise, it is decrypted. The result is returned in the original array .Fa block , after using the key specified by .Fn setkey to process it. .Pp The function .Fn crypt returns a pointer to the encrypted value on success, and NULL on failure. .Pp The .Fn crypt and .Fn setkey functions all manipulate the same key space. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr login 1 , .Xr passwd 1 , .Xr getpass 3 , .Xr compat 5 , .Xr passwd 5 .Sh LEGACY SYNOPSIS .Fd #include <unistd.h> .Pp .Ft int .br .Fo encrypt .Fa "char *block" .Fa "int edflag" .Fc ; .Pp The function .Fn encrypt returns 0 on success and 1 on failure. .Pp .Ft void .br .Fo setkey .Fa "const char *key" .Fc ; .Pp The include file .In unistd.h is necessary and sufficient for the .Fn setkey function. .Sh BUGS The .Fn crypt function returns a pointer to static data, and subsequent calls to .Fn crypt will modify the same object. .Sh HISTORY A rotor-based .Fn crypt function appeared in .At v6 . The current style .Fn crypt first appeared in .At v7 . .Pp This library (FreeSec 1.0) was developed outside the United States of America as an unencumbered replacement for the U.S.-only libcrypt encryption library. Programs linked against the .Fn crypt interface may be exported from the U.S.A. only if they use .Fn crypt solely for authentication purposes and avoid use of the other programmer interfaces listed above. Special care has been taken in the library so that programs which only use the .Fn crypt interface do not pull in the other components. .Sh AUTHOR David Burren <davidb@werj.com.au>