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  <!--*********************************************************************-->
  <h1>&lt;atomic&gt; design</h1>
  <!--*********************************************************************-->

The compiler supplies all of the intrinsics as described below. This list of
intrinsics roughly parallels the requirements of the C and C++ atomics
proposals. The C and C++ library imlpementations simply drop through to these
intrinsics. Anything the platform does not support in hardware, the compiler
arranges for a (compiler-rt) library call to be made which will do the job with
a mutex, and in this case ignoring the memory ordering parameter (effectively
implementing <tt>memory_order_seq_cst</tt>).

Ultimate efficiency is preferred over run time error checking. Undefined
behavior is acceptable when the inputs do not conform as defined below.

<blockquote><pre>
<font color="#C80000">// In every intrinsic signature below, type* atomic_obj may be a pointer to a</font>
<font color="#C80000">//    volatile-qualifed type.</font>
<font color="#C80000">// Memory ordering values map to the following meanings:</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   memory_order_relaxed == 0</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   memory_order_consume == 1</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   memory_order_acquire == 2</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   memory_order_release == 3</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   memory_order_acq_rel == 4</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   memory_order_seq_cst == 5</font>

<font color="#C80000">// type must be trivially copyable</font>
<font color="#C80000">// type represents a "type argument"</font>
bool __atomic_is_lock_free(type);

<font color="#C80000">// type must be trivially copyable</font>
<font color="#C80000">// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = 0, 1, 2, 5</font>
type __atomic_load(const type* atomic_obj, int mem_ord);

<font color="#C80000">// type must be trivially copyable</font>
<font color="#C80000">// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = 0, 3, 5</font>
void __atomic_store(type* atomic_obj, type desired, int mem_ord);

// type must be trivially copyable
// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
type __atomic_exchange(type* atomic_obj, type desired, int mem_ord);

<font color="#C80000">// type must be trivially copyable</font>
<font color="#C80000">// Behavior is defined for mem_success = [0 ... 5],</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   mem_failure &lt;= mem_success</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   mem_failure != 3</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   mem_failure != 4</font>
bool __atomic_compare_exchange_strong(type* atomic_obj,
                                      type* expected, type desired,
                                      int mem_success, int mem_failure);

<font color="#C80000">// type must be trivially copyable</font>
<font color="#C80000">// Behavior is defined for mem_success = [0 ... 5],</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   mem_failure &lt;= mem_success</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   mem_failure != 3</font>
<font color="#C80000">//   mem_failure != 4</font>
bool __atomic_compare_exchange_weak(type* atomic_obj,
                                    type* expected, type desired,
                                    int mem_success, int mem_failure);

// type is one of: char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short, int,
// unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
// char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t
// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
type __atomic_fetch_add(type* atomic_obj, type operand, int mem_ord);

// type is one of: char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short, int,
// unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
// char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t
// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
type __atomic_fetch_sub(type* atomic_obj, type operand, int mem_ord);

// type is one of: char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short, int,
// unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
// char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t
// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
type __atomic_fetch_and(type* atomic_obj, type operand, int mem_ord);

// type is one of: char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short, int,
// unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
// char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t
// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
type __atomic_fetch_or(type* atomic_obj, type operand, int mem_ord);

// type is one of: char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short, int,
// unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
// char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t
// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
type __atomic_fetch_xor(type* atomic_obj, type operand, int mem_ord);

// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
void* __atomic_fetch_add(void** atomic_obj, ptrdiff_t operand, int mem_ord);
void* __atomic_fetch_sub(void** atomic_obj, ptrdiff_t operand, int mem_ord);

// Behavior is defined for mem_ord = [0 ... 5]
void __atomic_thread_fence(int mem_ord);
void __atomic_signal_fence(int mem_ord);
</pre></blockquote>

If desired the intrinsics taking a single <tt>mem_ord</tt> parameter can default
this argument to 5.

<p>
If desired the intrinsics taking two ordering parameters can default
<tt>mem_success</tt> to 5, and <tt>mem_failure</tt> to
<tt>translate_memory_order(mem_success)</tt> where
<tt>translate_memory_order(mem_success)</tt> is defined as:
</p>

<blockquote><pre>
int
translate_memory_order(int o)
{
    switch (o)
    {
    case 4:
        return 2;
    case 3:
        return 0;
    }
    return o;
}
</pre></blockquote>

Below are representative C++ implementations of all of the operations. Their
purpose is to document the desired semantics of each operation, assuming
<tt>memory_order_seq_cst</tt>. This is essentially the code that will be called
if the front end calls out to compiler-rt.

<blockquote><pre>
template &lt;class T&gt;
T
__atomic_load(T const volatile* obj)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    return *obj;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
void
__atomic_store(T volatile* obj, T desr)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    *obj = desr;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
T
__atomic_exchange(T volatile* obj, T desr)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    T r = *obj;
    *obj = desr;
    return r;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
bool
__atomic_compare_exchange_strong(T volatile* obj, T* exp, T desr)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    if (std::memcmp(const_cast&lt;T*&gt;(obj), exp, sizeof(T)) == 0) <font color="#C80000">// if (*obj == *exp)</font>
    {
        std::memcpy(const_cast&lt;T*&gt;(obj), &amp;desr, sizeof(T)); <font color="#C80000">// *obj = desr;</font>
        return true;
    }
    std::memcpy(exp, const_cast&lt;T*&gt;(obj), sizeof(T)); <font color="#C80000">// *exp = *obj;</font>
    return false;
}

<font color="#C80000">// May spuriously return false (even if *obj == *exp)</font>
template &lt;class T&gt;
bool
__atomic_compare_exchange_weak(T volatile* obj, T* exp, T desr)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    if (std::memcmp(const_cast&lt;T*&gt;(obj), exp, sizeof(T)) == 0) <font color="#C80000">// if (*obj == *exp)</font>
    {
        std::memcpy(const_cast&lt;T*&gt;(obj), &amp;desr, sizeof(T)); <font color="#C80000">// *obj = desr;</font>
        return true;
    }
    std::memcpy(exp, const_cast&lt;T*&gt;(obj), sizeof(T)); <font color="#C80000">// *exp = *obj;</font>
    return false;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
T
__atomic_fetch_add(T volatile* obj, T operand)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    T r = *obj;
    *obj += operand;
    return r;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
T
__atomic_fetch_sub(T volatile* obj, T operand)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    T r = *obj;
    *obj -= operand;
    return r;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
T
__atomic_fetch_and(T volatile* obj, T operand)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    T r = *obj;
    *obj &amp;= operand;
    return r;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
T
__atomic_fetch_or(T volatile* obj, T operand)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    T r = *obj;
    *obj |= operand;
    return r;
}

template &lt;class T&gt;
T
__atomic_fetch_xor(T volatile* obj, T operand)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    T r = *obj;
    *obj ^= operand;
    return r;
}

void*
__atomic_fetch_add(void* volatile* obj, ptrdiff_t operand)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    void* r = *obj;
    (char*&amp;)(*obj) += operand;
    return r;
}

void*
__atomic_fetch_sub(void* volatile* obj, ptrdiff_t operand)
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
    void* r = *obj;
    (char*&amp;)(*obj) -= operand;
    return r;
}

void __atomic_thread_fence()
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
}

void __atomic_signal_fence()
{
    unique_lock&lt;mutex&gt; _(some_mutex);
}
</pre></blockquote>

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