]> 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC") 2000 2001 2002 2003 Internet Software Consortium. The Internet Domain Name System (DNS) consists of the syntax to specify the names of entities in the Internet in a hierarchical manner, the rules used for delegating authority over names, and the system implementation that actually maps names to Internet addresses. DNS data is maintained in a group of distributed hierarchical databases. The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) implements a domain name server for a number of operating systems. This document provides basic information about the installation and care of the Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) BIND version 9 software package for system administrators. This version of the manual corresponds to BIND version 9.8. In this document, Chapter 1 introduces the basic DNS and BIND concepts. Chapter 2 describes resource requirements for running BIND in various environments. Information in Chapter 3 is task-oriented in its presentation and is organized functionally, to aid in the process of installing the BIND 9 software. The task-oriented section is followed by Chapter 4, which contains more advanced concepts that the system administrator may need for implementing certain options. Chapter 5 describes the BIND 9 lightweight resolver. The contents of Chapter 6 are organized as in a reference manual to aid in the ongoing maintenance of the software. Chapter 7 addresses security considerations, and Chapter 8 contains troubleshooting help. The main body of the document is followed by several appendices which contain useful reference information, such as a bibliography and historic information related to BIND and the Domain Name System. In this document, we use the following general typographic conventions: To describe: We use the style: a pathname, filename, URL, hostname, mailing list name, or new term or concept Fixed width literal user input Fixed Width Bold program output Fixed Width The following conventions are used in descriptions of the BIND configuration file: To describe: We use the style: keywords Fixed Width variables Fixed Width Optional input Text is enclosed in square brackets The purpose of this document is to explain the installation and upkeep of the BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) software package, and we begin by reviewing the fundamentals of the Domain Name System (DNS) as they relate to BIND. The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical, distributed database. It stores information for mapping Internet host names to IP addresses and vice versa, mail routing information, and other data used by Internet applications. Clients look up information in the DNS by calling a resolver library, which sends queries to one or more name servers and interprets the responses. The BIND 9 software distribution contains a name server, named, and a resolver library, liblwres. The older libbind resolver library is also available from ISC as a separate download. The data stored in the DNS is identified by domain names that are organized as a tree according to organizational or administrative boundaries. Each node of the tree, called a domain, is given a label. The domain name of the node is the concatenation of all the labels on the path from the node to the root node. This is represented in written form as a string of labels listed from right to left and separated by dots. A label need only be unique within its parent domain. For example, a domain name for a host at the company Example, Inc. could be ourhost.example.com, where com is the top level domain to which ourhost.example.com belongs, example is a subdomain of com, and ourhost is the name of the host. For administrative purposes, the name space is partitioned into areas called zones, each starting at a node and extending down to the leaf nodes or to nodes where other zones start. The data for each zone is stored in a name server, which answers queries about the zone using the DNS protocol. The data associated with each domain name is stored in the form of resource records (RRs). Some of the supported resource record types are described in . For more detailed information about the design of the DNS and the DNS protocol, please refer to the standards documents listed in . To properly operate a name server, it is important to understand the difference between a zone and a domain. As stated previously, a zone is a point of delegation in the DNS tree. A zone consists of those contiguous parts of the domain tree for which a name server has complete information and over which it has authority. It contains all domain names from a certain point downward in the domain tree except those which are delegated to other zones. A delegation point is marked by one or more NS records in the parent zone, which should be matched by equivalent NS records at the root of the delegated zone. For instance, consider the example.com domain which includes names such as host.aaa.example.com and host.bbb.example.com even though the example.com zone includes only delegations for the aaa.example.com and bbb.example.com zones. A zone can map exactly to a single domain, but could also include only part of a domain, the rest of which could be delegated to other name servers. Every name in the DNS tree is a domain, even if it is terminal, that is, has no subdomains. Every subdomain is a domain and every domain except the root is also a subdomain. The terminology is not intuitive and we suggest that you read RFCs 1033, 1034 and 1035 to gain a complete understanding of this difficult and subtle topic. Though BIND is called a "domain name server", it deals primarily in terms of zones. The master and slave declarations in the named.conf file specify zones, not domains. When you ask some other site if it is willing to be a slave server for your domain, you are actually asking for slave service for some collection of zones. Each zone is served by at least one authoritative name server, which contains the complete data for the zone. To make the DNS tolerant of server and network failures, most zones have two or more authoritative servers, on different networks. Responses from authoritative servers have the "authoritative answer" (AA) bit set in the response packets. This makes them easy to identify when debugging DNS configurations using tools like dig (). The authoritative server where the master copy of the zone data is maintained is called the primary master server, or simply the primary. Typically it loads the zone contents from some local file edited by humans or perhaps generated mechanically from some other local file which is edited by humans. This file is called the zone file or master file. In some cases, however, the master file may not be edited by humans at all, but may instead be the result of dynamic update operations. The other authoritative servers, the slave servers (also known as secondary servers) load the zone contents from another server using a replication process known as a zone transfer. Typically the data are transferred directly from the primary master, but it is also possible to transfer it from another slave. In other words, a slave server may itself act as a master to a subordinate slave server. Usually all of the zone's authoritative servers are listed in NS records in the parent zone. These NS records constitute a delegation of the zone from the parent. The authoritative servers are also listed in the zone file itself, at the top level or apex of the zone. You can list servers in the zone's top-level NS records that are not in the parent's NS delegation, but you cannot list servers in the parent's delegation that are not present at the zone's top level. A stealth server is a server that is authoritative for a zone but is not listed in that zone's NS records. Stealth servers can be used for keeping a local copy of a zone to speed up access to the zone's records or to make sure that the zone is available even if all the "official" servers for the zone are inaccessible. A configuration where the primary master server itself is a stealth server is often referred to as a "hidden primary" configuration. One use for this configuration is when the primary master is behind a firewall and therefore unable to communicate directly with the outside world. The resolver libraries provided by most operating systems are stub resolvers, meaning that they are not capable of performing the full DNS resolution process by themselves by talking directly to the authoritative servers. Instead, they rely on a local name server to perform the resolution on their behalf. Such a server is called a recursive name server; it performs recursive lookups for local clients. To improve performance, recursive servers cache the results of the lookups they perform. Since the processes of recursion and caching are intimately connected, the terms recursive server and caching server are often used synonymously. The length of time for which a record may be retained in the cache of a caching name server is controlled by the Time To Live (TTL) field associated with each resource record. Even a caching name server does not necessarily perform the complete recursive lookup itself. Instead, it can forward some or all of the queries that it cannot satisfy from its cache to another caching name server, commonly referred to as a forwarder. There may be one or more forwarders, and they are queried in turn until the list is exhausted or an answer is found. Forwarders are typically used when you do not wish all the servers at a given site to interact directly with the rest of the Internet servers. A typical scenario would involve a number of internal DNS servers and an Internet firewall. Servers unable to pass packets through the firewall would forward to the server that can do it, and that server would query the Internet DNS servers on the internal server's behalf. The BIND name server can simultaneously act as a master for some zones, a slave for other zones, and as a caching (recursive) server for a set of local clients. However, since the functions of authoritative name service and caching/recursive name service are logically separate, it is often advantageous to run them on separate server machines. A server that only provides authoritative name service (an authoritative-only server) can run with recursion disabled, improving reliability and security. A server that is not authoritative for any zones and only provides recursive service to local clients (a caching-only server) does not need to be reachable from the Internet at large and can be placed inside a firewall. DNS hardware requirements have traditionally been quite modest. For many installations, servers that have been pensioned off from active duty have performed admirably as DNS servers. The DNSSEC features of BIND 9 may prove to be quite CPU intensive however, so organizations that make heavy use of these features may wish to consider larger systems for these applications. BIND 9 is fully multithreaded, allowing full utilization of multiprocessor systems for installations that need it. CPU requirements for BIND 9 range from i486-class machines for serving of static zones without caching, to enterprise-class machines if you intend to process many dynamic updates and DNSSEC signed zones, serving many thousands of queries per second. The memory of the server has to be large enough to fit the cache and zones loaded off disk. The max-cache-size option can be used to limit the amount of memory used by the cache, at the expense of reducing cache hit rates and causing more DNS traffic. Additionally, if additional section caching () is enabled, the max-acache-size option can be used to limit the amount of memory used by the mechanism. It is still good practice to have enough memory to load all zone and cache data into memory — unfortunately, the best way to determine this for a given installation is to watch the name server in operation. After a few weeks the server process should reach a relatively stable size where entries are expiring from the cache as fast as they are being inserted. For name server intensive environments, there are two alternative configurations that may be used. The first is where clients and any second-level internal name servers query a main name server, which has enough memory to build a large cache. This approach minimizes the bandwidth used by external name lookups. The second alternative is to set up second-level internal name servers to make queries independently. In this configuration, none of the individual machines needs to have as much memory or CPU power as in the first alternative, but this has the disadvantage of making many more external queries, as none of the name servers share their cached data. ISC BIND 9 compiles and runs on a large number of Unix-like operating systems and on Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and 2008, and Windows XP and Vista. For an up-to-date list of supported systems, see the README file in the top level directory of the BIND 9 source distribution. In this chapter we provide some suggested configurations along with guidelines for their use. We suggest reasonable values for certain option settings. The following sample configuration is appropriate for a caching-only name server for use by clients internal to a corporation. All queries from outside clients are refused using the allow-query option. Alternatively, the same effect could be achieved using suitable firewall rules. // Two corporate subnets we wish to allow queries from. acl corpnets { 192.168.4.0/24; 192.168.7.0/24; }; options { // Working directory directory "/etc/namedb"; allow-query { corpnets; }; }; // Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback // address 127.0.0.1 zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "localhost.rev"; notify no; }; This sample configuration is for an authoritative-only server that is the master server for "example.com" and a slave for the subdomain "eng.example.com". options { // Working directory directory "/etc/namedb"; // Do not allow access to cache allow-query-cache { none; }; // This is the default allow-query { any; }; // Do not provide recursive service recursion no; }; // Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback // address 127.0.0.1 zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "localhost.rev"; notify no; }; // We are the master server for example.com zone "example.com" { type master; file "example.com.db"; // IP addresses of slave servers allowed to // transfer example.com allow-transfer { 192.168.4.14; 192.168.5.53; }; }; // We are a slave server for eng.example.com zone "eng.example.com" { type slave; file "eng.example.com.bk"; // IP address of eng.example.com master server masters { 192.168.4.12; }; }; A primitive form of load balancing can be achieved in the DNS by using multiple records (such as multiple A records) for one name. For example, if you have three WWW servers with network addresses of 10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.2 and 10.0.0.3, a set of records such as the following means that clients will connect to each machine one third of the time: Name TTL CLASS TYPE Resource Record (RR) Data www 600 IN A 10.0.0.1 600 IN A 10.0.0.2 600 IN A 10.0.0.3 When a resolver queries for these records, BIND will rotate them and respond to the query with the records in a different order. In the example above, clients will randomly receive records in the order 1, 2, 3; 2, 3, 1; and 3, 1, 2. Most clients will use the first record returned and discard the rest. For more detail on ordering responses, check the rrset-order sub-statement in the options statement, see . This section describes several indispensable diagnostic, administrative and monitoring tools available to the system administrator for controlling and debugging the name server daemon. The dig, host, and nslookup programs are all command line tools for manually querying name servers. They differ in style and output format. dig The domain information groper (dig) is the most versatile and complete of these lookup tools. It has two modes: simple interactive mode for a single query, and batch mode which executes a query for each in a list of several query lines. All query options are accessible from the command line. dig @server domain query-type query-class +query-option -dig-option %comment The usual simple use of dig will take the form dig @server domain query-type query-class For more information and a list of available commands and options, see the dig man page. host The host utility emphasizes simplicity and ease of use. By default, it converts between host names and Internet addresses, but its functionality can be extended with the use of options. host -aCdlnrsTwv -c class -N ndots -t type -W timeout -R retries -m flag -4 -6 hostname server For more information and a list of available commands and options, see the host man page. nslookup nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just the name and requested information for a host or domain. nslookup -option host-to-find - server Interactive mode is entered when no arguments are given (the default name server will be used) or when the first argument is a hyphen (`-') and the second argument is the host name or Internet address of a name server. Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet address of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument. The optional second argument specifies the host name or address of a name server. Due to its arcane user interface and frequently inconsistent behavior, we do not recommend the use of nslookup. Use dig instead. Administrative tools play an integral part in the management of a server. named-checkconf The named-checkconf program checks the syntax of a named.conf file. named-checkconf -jvz -t directory filename named-checkzone The named-checkzone program checks a master file for syntax and consistency. named-checkzone -djqvD -c class -o output -t directory -w directory -k (ignore|warn|fail) -n (ignore|warn|fail) -W (ignore|warn) zone filename named-compilezone Similar to named-checkzone, but it always dumps the zone content to a specified file (typically in a different format). rndc The remote name daemon control (rndc) program allows the system administrator to control the operation of a name server. Since BIND 9.2, rndc supports all the commands of the BIND 8 ndc utility except ndc start and ndc restart, which were also not supported in ndc's channel mode. If you run rndc without any options it will display a usage message as follows: rndc -c config -s server -p port -y key command command The command is one of the following: reload Reload configuration file and zones. reload zone class view Reload the given zone. refresh zone class view Schedule zone maintenance for the given zone. retransfer zone class view Retransfer the given zone from the master. sign zone class view Fetch all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory (see key-directory in ). If they are within their publication period, merge them into the zone's DNSKEY RRset. If the DNSKEY RRset is changed, then the zone is automatically re-signed with the new key set. This command requires that the auto-dnssec zone option be set to allow or maintain, and also requires the zone to be configured to allow dynamic DNS. See for more details. loadkeys zone class view Fetch all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory (see key-directory in ). If they are within their publication period, merge them into the zone's DNSKEY RRset. Unlike rndc sign, however, the zone is not immediately re-signed by the new keys, but is allowed to incrementally re-sign over time. This command requires that the auto-dnssec zone option be set to maintain, and also requires the zone to be configured to allow dynamic DNS. See for more details. freeze zone class view Suspend updates to a dynamic zone. If no zone is specified, then all zones are suspended. This allows manual edits to be made to a zone normally updated by dynamic update. It also causes changes in the journal file to be synced into the master and the journal file to be removed. All dynamic update attempts will be refused while the zone is frozen. thaw zone class view Enable updates to a frozen dynamic zone. If no zone is specified, then all frozen zones are enabled. This causes the server to reload the zone from disk, and re-enables dynamic updates after the load has completed. After a zone is thawed, dynamic updates will no longer be refused. notify zone class view Resend NOTIFY messages for the zone. reconfig Reload the configuration file and load new zones, but do not reload existing zone files even if they have changed. This is faster than a full reload when there is a large number of zones because it avoids the need to examine the modification times of the zones files. stats Write server statistics to the statistics file. querylog Toggle query logging. Query logging can also be enabled by explicitly directing the queries category to a channel in the logging section of named.conf or by specifying querylog yes; in the options section of named.conf. dumpdb -all|-cache|-zone view ... Dump the server's caches (default) and/or zones to the dump file for the specified views. If no view is specified, all views are dumped. secroots view ... Dump the server's security roots to the secroots file for the specified views. If no view is specified, security roots for all views are dumped. stop -p Stop the server, making sure any recent changes made through dynamic update or IXFR are first saved to the master files of the updated zones. If -p is specified named's process id is returned. This allows an external process to determine when named had completed stopping. halt -p Stop the server immediately. Recent changes made through dynamic update or IXFR are not saved to the master files, but will be rolled forward from the journal files when the server is restarted. If -p is specified named's process id is returned. This allows an external process to determine when named had completed halting. trace Increment the servers debugging level by one. trace level Sets the server's debugging level to an explicit value. notrace Sets the server's debugging level to 0. flush Flushes the server's cache. flushname name Flushes the given name from the server's cache. status Display status of the server. Note that the number of zones includes the internal bind/CH zone and the default ./IN hint zone if there is not an explicit root zone configured. recursing Dump the list of queries named is currently recursing on. validation on|off view ... Enable or disable DNSSEC validation. Note dnssec-enable also needs to be set to yes to be effective. It defaults to enabled. tsig-list List the names of all TSIG keys currently configured for use by named in each view. The list both statically configured keys and dynamic TKEY-negotiated keys. tsig-delete keyname view Delete a given TKEY-negotiated key from the server. (This does not apply to statically configured TSIG keys.) addzone zone class view configuration Add a zone while the server is running. This command requires the allow-new-zones option to be set to yes. The configuration string specified on the command line is the zone configuration text that would ordinarily be placed in named.conf. The configuration is saved in a file called hash.nzf, where hash is a cryptographic hash generated from the name of the view. When named is restarted, the file will be loaded into the view configuration, so that zones that were added can persist after a restart. This sample addzone command would add the zone example.com to the default view: $ rndc addzone example.com '{ type master; file "example.com.db"; };' (Note the brackets and semi-colon around the zone configuration text.) delzone zone class view Delete a zone while the server is running. Only zones that were originally added via rndc addzone can be deleted in this matter. A configuration file is required, since all communication with the server is authenticated with digital signatures that rely on a shared secret, and there is no way to provide that secret other than with a configuration file. The default location for the rndc configuration file is /etc/rndc.conf, but an alternate location can be specified with the -c option. If the configuration file is not found, rndc will also look in /etc/rndc.key (or whatever sysconfdir was defined when the BIND build was configured). The rndc.key file is generated by running rndc-confgen -a as described in . The format of the configuration file is similar to that of named.conf, but limited to only four statements, the options, key, server and include statements. These statements are what associate the secret keys to the servers with which they are meant to be shared. The order of statements is not significant. The options statement has three clauses: default-server, default-key, and default-port. default-server takes a host name or address argument and represents the server that will be contacted if no -s option is provided on the command line. default-key takes the name of a key as its argument, as defined by a key statement. default-port specifies the port to which rndc should connect if no port is given on the command line or in a server statement. The key statement defines a key to be used by rndc when authenticating with named. Its syntax is identical to the key statement in named.conf. The keyword key is followed by a key name, which must be a valid domain name, though it need not actually be hierarchical; thus, a string like "rndc_key" is a valid name. The key statement has two clauses: algorithm and secret. While the configuration parser will accept any string as the argument to algorithm, currently only the string "hmac-md5" has any meaning. The secret is a base-64 encoded string as specified in RFC 3548. The server statement associates a key defined using the key statement with a server. The keyword server is followed by a host name or address. The server statement has two clauses: key and port. The key clause specifies the name of the key to be used when communicating with this server, and the port clause can be used to specify the port rndc should connect to on the server. A sample minimal configuration file is as follows: key rndc_key { algorithm "hmac-md5"; secret "c3Ryb25nIGVub3VnaCBmb3IgYSBtYW4gYnV0IG1hZGUgZm9yIGEgd29tYW4K"; }; options { default-server 127.0.0.1; default-key rndc_key; }; This file, if installed as /etc/rndc.conf, would allow the command: $ rndc reload to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 953 and cause the name server to reload, if a name server on the local machine were running with following controls statements: controls { inet 127.0.0.1 allow { localhost; } keys { rndc_key; }; }; and it had an identical key statement for rndc_key. Running the rndc-confgen program will conveniently create a rndc.conf file for you, and also display the corresponding controls statement that you need to add to named.conf. Alternatively, you can run rndc-confgen -a to set up a rndc.key file and not modify named.conf at all. Certain UNIX signals cause the name server to take specific actions, as described in the following table. These signals can be sent using the kill command. SIGHUP Causes the server to read named.conf and reload the database. SIGTERM Causes the server to clean up and exit. SIGINT Causes the server to clean up and exit. DNS NOTIFY is a mechanism that allows master servers to notify their slave servers of changes to a zone's data. In response to a NOTIFY from a master server, the slave will check to see that its version of the zone is the current version and, if not, initiate a zone transfer. For more information about DNS NOTIFY, see the description of the notify option in and the description of the zone option also-notify in . The NOTIFY protocol is specified in RFC 1996. As a slave zone can also be a master to other slaves, named, by default, sends NOTIFY messages for every zone it loads. Specifying notify master-only; will cause named to only send NOTIFY for master zones that it loads. Dynamic Update is a method for adding, replacing or deleting records in a master server by sending it a special form of DNS messages. The format and meaning of these messages is specified in RFC 2136. Dynamic update is enabled by including an allow-update or an update-policy clause in the zone statement. If the zone's update-policy is set to local, updates to the zone will be permitted for the key local-ddns, which will be generated by named at startup. See for more details. Dynamic updates using Kerberos signed requests can be made using the TKEY/GSS protocol by setting either the tkey-gssapi-keytab option, or alternatively by setting both the tkey-gssapi-credential and tkey-domain options. Once enabled, Kerberos signed requests will be matched against the update policies for the zone, using the Kerberos principal as the signer for the request. Updating of secure zones (zones using DNSSEC) follows RFC 3007: RRSIG, NSEC and NSEC3 records affected by updates are automatically regenerated by the server using an online zone key. Update authorization is based on transaction signatures and an explicit server policy. All changes made to a zone using dynamic update are stored in the zone's journal file. This file is automatically created by the server when the first dynamic update takes place. The name of the journal file is formed by appending the extension .jnl to the name of the corresponding zone file unless specifically overridden. The journal file is in a binary format and should not be edited manually. The server will also occasionally write ("dump") the complete contents of the updated zone to its zone file. This is not done immediately after each dynamic update, because that would be too slow when a large zone is updated frequently. Instead, the dump is delayed by up to 15 minutes, allowing additional updates to take place. During the dump process, transient files will be created with the extensions .jnw and .jbk; under ordinary circumstances, these will be removed when the dump is complete, and can be safely ignored. When a server is restarted after a shutdown or crash, it will replay the journal file to incorporate into the zone any updates that took place after the last zone dump. Changes that result from incoming incremental zone transfers are also journalled in a similar way. The zone files of dynamic zones cannot normally be edited by hand because they are not guaranteed to contain the most recent dynamic changes — those are only in the journal file. The only way to ensure that the zone file of a dynamic zone is up to date is to run rndc stop. If you have to make changes to a dynamic zone manually, the following procedure will work: Disable dynamic updates to the zone using rndc freeze zone. This will also remove the zone's .jnl file and update the master file. Edit the zone file. Run rndc thaw zone to reload the changed zone and re-enable dynamic updates. The incremental zone transfer (IXFR) protocol is a way for slave servers to transfer only changed data, instead of having to transfer the entire zone. The IXFR protocol is specified in RFC 1995. See . When acting as a master, BIND 9 supports IXFR for those zones where the necessary change history information is available. These include master zones maintained by dynamic update and slave zones whose data was obtained by IXFR. For manually maintained master zones, and for slave zones obtained by performing a full zone transfer (AXFR), IXFR is supported only if the option ixfr-from-differences is set to yes. When acting as a slave, BIND 9 will attempt to use IXFR unless it is explicitly disabled via the request-ixfr option or the use of ixfr-from-differences. For more information about disabling IXFR, see the description of the request-ixfr clause of the server statement. Setting up different views, or visibility, of the DNS space to internal and external resolvers is usually referred to as a Split DNS setup. There are several reasons an organization would want to set up its DNS this way. One common reason for setting up a DNS system this way is to hide "internal" DNS information from "external" clients on the Internet. There is some debate as to whether or not this is actually useful. Internal DNS information leaks out in many ways (via email headers, for example) and most savvy "attackers" can find the information they need using other means. However, since listing addresses of internal servers that external clients cannot possibly reach can result in connection delays and other annoyances, an organization may choose to use a Split DNS to present a consistent view of itself to the outside world. Another common reason for setting up a Split DNS system is to allow internal networks that are behind filters or in RFC 1918 space (reserved IP space, as documented in RFC 1918) to resolve DNS on the Internet. Split DNS can also be used to allow mail from outside back in to the internal network. Let's say a company named Example, Inc. (example.com) has several corporate sites that have an internal network with reserved Internet Protocol (IP) space and an external demilitarized zone (DMZ), or "outside" section of a network, that is available to the public. Example, Inc. wants its internal clients to be able to resolve external hostnames and to exchange mail with people on the outside. The company also wants its internal resolvers to have access to certain internal-only zones that are not available at all outside of the internal network. In order to accomplish this, the company will set up two sets of name servers. One set will be on the inside network (in the reserved IP space) and the other set will be on bastion hosts, which are "proxy" hosts that can talk to both sides of its network, in the DMZ. The internal servers will be configured to forward all queries, except queries for site1.internal, site2.internal, site1.example.com, and site2.example.com, to the servers in the DMZ. These internal servers will have complete sets of information for site1.example.com, site2.example.com, site1.internal, and site2.internal. To protect the site1.internal and site2.internal domains, the internal name servers must be configured to disallow all queries to these domains from any external hosts, including the bastion hosts. The external servers, which are on the bastion hosts, will be configured to serve the "public" version of the site1 and site2.example.com zones. This could include things such as the host records for public servers (www.example.com and ftp.example.com), and mail exchange (MX) records (a.mx.example.com and b.mx.example.com). In addition, the public site1 and site2.example.com zones should have special MX records that contain wildcard (`*') records pointing to the bastion hosts. This is needed because external mail servers do not have any other way of looking up how to deliver mail to those internal hosts. With the wildcard records, the mail will be delivered to the bastion host, which can then forward it on to internal hosts. Here's an example of a wildcard MX record: * IN MX 10 external1.example.com. Now that they accept mail on behalf of anything in the internal network, the bastion hosts will need to know how to deliver mail to internal hosts. In order for this to work properly, the resolvers on the bastion hosts will need to be configured to point to the internal name servers for DNS resolution. Queries for internal hostnames will be answered by the internal servers, and queries for external hostnames will be forwarded back out to the DNS servers on the bastion hosts. In order for all this to work properly, internal clients will need to be configured to query only the internal name servers for DNS queries. This could also be enforced via selective filtering on the network. If everything has been set properly, Example, Inc.'s internal clients will now be able to: Look up any hostnames in the site1 and site2.example.com zones. Look up any hostnames in the site1.internal and site2.internal domains. Look up any hostnames on the Internet. Exchange mail with both internal and external people. Hosts on the Internet will be able to: Look up any hostnames in the site1 and site2.example.com zones. Exchange mail with anyone in the site1 and site2.example.com zones. Here is an example configuration for the setup we just described above. Note that this is only configuration information; for information on how to configure your zone files, see . Internal DNS server config: acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24; }; acl externals { bastion-ips-go-here; }; options { ... ... forward only; // forward to external servers forwarders { bastion-ips-go-here; }; // sample allow-transfer (no one) allow-transfer { none; }; // restrict query access allow-query { internals; externals; }; // restrict recursion allow-recursion { internals; }; ... ... }; // sample master zone zone "site1.example.com" { type master; file "m/site1.example.com"; // do normal iterative resolution (do not forward) forwarders { }; allow-query { internals; externals; }; allow-transfer { internals; }; }; // sample slave zone zone "site2.example.com" { type slave; file "s/site2.example.com"; masters { 172.16.72.3; }; forwarders { }; allow-query { internals; externals; }; allow-transfer { internals; }; }; zone "site1.internal" { type master; file "m/site1.internal"; forwarders { }; allow-query { internals; }; allow-transfer { internals; } }; zone "site2.internal" { type slave; file "s/site2.internal"; masters { 172.16.72.3; }; forwarders { }; allow-query { internals }; allow-transfer { internals; } }; External (bastion host) DNS server config: acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24; }; acl externals { bastion-ips-go-here; }; options { ... ... // sample allow-transfer (no one) allow-transfer { none; }; // default query access allow-query { any; }; // restrict cache access allow-query-cache { internals; externals; }; // restrict recursion allow-recursion { internals; externals; }; ... ... }; // sample slave zone zone "site1.example.com" { type master; file "m/site1.foo.com"; allow-transfer { internals; externals; }; }; zone "site2.example.com" { type slave; file "s/site2.foo.com"; masters { another_bastion_host_maybe; }; allow-transfer { internals; externals; } }; In the resolv.conf (or equivalent) on the bastion host(s): search ... nameserver 172.16.72.2 nameserver 172.16.72.3 nameserver 172.16.72.4 This is a short guide to setting up Transaction SIGnatures (TSIG) based transaction security in BIND. It describes changes to the configuration file as well as what changes are required for different features, including the process of creating transaction keys and using transaction signatures with BIND. BIND primarily supports TSIG for server to server communication. This includes zone transfer, notify, and recursive query messages. Resolvers based on newer versions of BIND 8 have limited support for TSIG. TSIG can also be useful for dynamic update. A primary server for a dynamic zone should control access to the dynamic update service, but IP-based access control is insufficient. The cryptographic access control provided by TSIG is far superior. The nsupdate program supports TSIG via the -k and -y command line options or inline by use of the key. A shared secret is generated to be shared between host1 and host2. An arbitrary key name is chosen: "host1-host2.". The key name must be the same on both hosts. The following command will generate a 128-bit (16 byte) HMAC-SHA256 key as described above. Longer keys are better, but shorter keys are easier to read. Note that the maximum key length is the digest length, here 256 bits. dnssec-keygen -a hmac-sha256 -b 128 -n HOST host1-host2. The key is in the file Khost1-host2.+163+00000.private. Nothing directly uses this file, but the base-64 encoded string following "Key:" can be extracted from the file and used as a shared secret: Key: La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA== The string "La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA==" can be used as the shared secret. The shared secret is simply a random sequence of bits, encoded in base-64. Most ASCII strings are valid base-64 strings (assuming the length is a multiple of 4 and only valid characters are used), so the shared secret can be manually generated. Also, a known string can be run through mmencode or a similar program to generate base-64 encoded data. This is beyond the scope of DNS. A secure transport mechanism should be used. This could be secure FTP, ssh, telephone, etc. Imagine host1 and host 2 are both servers. The following is added to each server's named.conf file: key host1-host2. { algorithm hmac-sha256; secret "La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA=="; }; The secret is the one generated above. Since this is a secret, it is recommended that either named.conf be non-world readable, or the key directive be added to a non-world readable file that is included by named.conf. At this point, the key is recognized. This means that if the server receives a message signed by this key, it can verify the signature. If the signature is successfully verified, the response is signed by the same key. Since keys are shared between two hosts only, the server must be told when keys are to be used. The following is added to the named.conf file for host1, if the IP address of host2 is 10.1.2.3: server 10.1.2.3 { keys { host1-host2. ;}; }; Multiple keys may be present, but only the first is used. This directive does not contain any secrets, so it may be in a world-readable file. If host1 sends a message that is a request to that address, the message will be signed with the specified key. host1 will expect any responses to signed messages to be signed with the same key. A similar statement must be present in host2's configuration file (with host1's address) for host2 to sign request messages to host1. BIND allows IP addresses and ranges to be specified in ACL definitions and allow-{ query | transfer | update } directives. This has been extended to allow TSIG keys also. The above key would be denoted key host1-host2. An example of an allow-update directive would be: allow-update { key host1-host2. ;}; This allows dynamic updates to succeed only if the request was signed by a key named "host1-host2.". See for a discussion of the more flexible update-policy statement. The processing of TSIG signed messages can result in several errors. If a signed message is sent to a non-TSIG aware server, a FORMERR (format error) will be returned, since the server will not understand the record. This is a result of misconfiguration, since the server must be explicitly configured to send a TSIG signed message to a specific server. If a TSIG aware server receives a message signed by an unknown key, the response will be unsigned with the TSIG extended error code set to BADKEY. If a TSIG aware server receives a message with a signature that does not validate, the response will be unsigned with the TSIG extended error code set to BADSIG. If a TSIG aware server receives a message with a time outside of the allowed range, the response will be signed with the TSIG extended error code set to BADTIME, and the time values will be adjusted so that the response can be successfully verified. In any of these cases, the message's rcode (response code) is set to NOTAUTH (not authenticated). TKEY is a mechanism for automatically generating a shared secret between two hosts. There are several "modes" of TKEY that specify how the key is generated or assigned. BIND 9 implements only one of these modes, the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Both hosts are required to have a Diffie-Hellman KEY record (although this record is not required to be present in a zone). The TKEY process must use signed messages, signed either by TSIG or SIG(0). The result of TKEY is a shared secret that can be used to sign messages with TSIG. TKEY can also be used to delete shared secrets that it had previously generated. The TKEY process is initiated by a client or server by sending a signed TKEY query (including any appropriate KEYs) to a TKEY-aware server. The server response, if it indicates success, will contain a TKEY record and any appropriate keys. After this exchange, both participants have enough information to determine the shared secret; the exact process depends on the TKEY mode. When using the Diffie-Hellman TKEY mode, Diffie-Hellman keys are exchanged, and the shared secret is derived by both participants. BIND 9 partially supports DNSSEC SIG(0) transaction signatures as specified in RFC 2535 and RFC 2931. SIG(0) uses public/private keys to authenticate messages. Access control is performed in the same manner as TSIG keys; privileges can be granted or denied based on the key name. When a SIG(0) signed message is received, it will only be verified if the key is known and trusted by the server; the server will not attempt to locate and/or validate the key. SIG(0) signing of multiple-message TCP streams is not supported. The only tool shipped with BIND 9 that generates SIG(0) signed messages is nsupdate. Cryptographic authentication of DNS information is possible through the DNS Security (DNSSEC-bis) extensions, defined in RFC 4033, RFC 4034, and RFC 4035. This section describes the creation and use of DNSSEC signed zones. In order to set up a DNSSEC secure zone, there are a series of steps which must be followed. BIND 9 ships with several tools that are used in this process, which are explained in more detail below. In all cases, the -h option prints a full list of parameters. Note that the DNSSEC tools require the keyset files to be in the working directory or the directory specified by the -d option, and that the tools shipped with BIND 9.2.x and earlier are not compatible with the current ones. There must also be communication with the administrators of the parent and/or child zone to transmit keys. A zone's security status must be indicated by the parent zone for a DNSSEC capable resolver to trust its data. This is done through the presence or absence of a DS record at the delegation point. For other servers to trust data in this zone, they must either be statically configured with this zone's zone key or the zone key of another zone above this one in the DNS tree. The dnssec-keygen program is used to generate keys. A secure zone must contain one or more zone keys. The zone keys will sign all other records in the zone, as well as the zone keys of any secure delegated zones. Zone keys must have the same name as the zone, a name type of ZONE, and must be usable for authentication. It is recommended that zone keys use a cryptographic algorithm designated as "mandatory to implement" by the IETF; currently the only one is RSASHA1. The following command will generate a 768-bit RSASHA1 key for the child.example zone: dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA1 -b 768 -n ZONE child.example. Two output files will be produced: Kchild.example.+005+12345.key and Kchild.example.+005+12345.private (where 12345 is an example of a key tag). The key filenames contain the key name (child.example.), algorithm (3 is DSA, 1 is RSAMD5, 5 is RSASHA1, etc.), and the key tag (12345 in this case). The private key (in the .private file) is used to generate signatures, and the public key (in the .key file) is used for signature verification. To generate another key with the same properties (but with a different key tag), repeat the above command. The dnssec-keyfromlabel program is used to get a key pair from a crypto hardware and build the key files. Its usage is similar to dnssec-keygen. The public keys should be inserted into the zone file by including the .key files using $INCLUDE statements. The dnssec-signzone program is used to sign a zone. Any keyset files corresponding to secure subzones should be present. The zone signer will generate NSEC, NSEC3 and RRSIG records for the zone, as well as DS for the child zones if '-g' is specified. If '-g' is not specified, then DS RRsets for the secure child zones need to be added manually. The following command signs the zone, assuming it is in a file called zone.child.example. By default, all zone keys which have an available private key are used to generate signatures. dnssec-signzone -o child.example zone.child.example One output file is produced: zone.child.example.signed. This file should be referenced by named.conf as the input file for the zone. dnssec-signzone will also produce a keyset and dsset files and optionally a dlvset file. These are used to provide the parent zone administrators with the DNSKEYs (or their corresponding DS records) that are the secure entry point to the zone. To enable named to respond appropriately to DNS requests from DNSSEC aware clients, dnssec-enable must be set to yes. (This is the default setting.) To enable named to validate answers from other servers, the dnssec-enable option must be set to yes, and the dnssec-validation options must be set to yes or auto. If dnssec-validation is set to auto, then a default trust anchor for the DNS root zone will be used. If it is set to yes, however, then at least one trust anchor must be configured with a trusted-keys or managed-keys statement in named.conf, or DNSSEC validation will not occur. The default setting is yes. trusted-keys are copies of DNSKEY RRs for zones that are used to form the first link in the cryptographic chain of trust. All keys listed in trusted-keys (and corresponding zones) are deemed to exist and only the listed keys will be used to validated the DNSKEY RRset that they are from. managed-keys are trusted keys which are automatically kept up to date via RFC 5011 trust anchor maintenance. trusted-keys and managed-keys are described in more detail later in this document. Unlike BIND 8, BIND 9 does not verify signatures on load, so zone keys for authoritative zones do not need to be specified in the configuration file. After DNSSEC gets established, a typical DNSSEC configuration will look something like the following. It has one or more public keys for the root. This allows answers from outside the organization to be validated. It will also have several keys for parts of the namespace the organization controls. These are here to ensure that named is immune to compromises in the DNSSEC components of the security of parent zones. managed-keys { /* Root Key */ "." initial-key 257 3 3 "BNY4wrWM1nCfJ+CXd0rVXyYmobt7sEEfK3clRbGaTwS JxrGkxJWoZu6I7PzJu/E9gx4UC1zGAHlXKdE4zYIpRh aBKnvcC2U9mZhkdUpd1Vso/HAdjNe8LmMlnzY3zy2Xy 4klWOADTPzSv9eamj8V18PHGjBLaVtYvk/ln5ZApjYg hf+6fElrmLkdaz MQ2OCnACR817DF4BBa7UR/beDHyp 5iWTXWSi6XmoJLbG9Scqc7l70KDqlvXR3M/lUUVRbke g1IPJSidmK3ZyCllh4XSKbje/45SKucHgnwU5jefMtq 66gKodQj+MiA21AfUVe7u99WzTLzY3qlxDhxYQQ20FQ 97S+LKUTpQcq27R7AT3/V5hRQxScINqwcz4jYqZD2fQ dgxbcDTClU0CRBdiieyLMNzXG3"; }; trusted-keys { /* Key for our organization's forward zone */ example.com. 257 3 5 "AwEAAaxPMcR2x0HbQV4WeZB6oEDX+r0QM6 5KbhTjrW1ZaARmPhEZZe3Y9ifgEuq7vZ/z GZUdEGNWy+JZzus0lUptwgjGwhUS1558Hb 4JKUbbOTcM8pwXlj0EiX3oDFVmjHO444gL kBOUKUf/mC7HvfwYH/Be22GnClrinKJp1O g4ywzO9WglMk7jbfW33gUKvirTHr25GL7S TQUzBb5Usxt8lgnyTUHs1t3JwCY5hKZ6Cq FxmAVZP20igTixin/1LcrgX/KMEGd/biuv F4qJCyduieHukuY3H4XMAcR+xia2nIUPvm /oyWR8BW/hWdzOvnSCThlHf3xiYleDbt/o 1OTQ09A0="; /* Key for our reverse zone. */ 2.0.192.IN-ADDRPA.NET. 257 3 5 "AQOnS4xn/IgOUpBPJ3bogzwc xOdNax071L18QqZnQQQAVVr+i LhGTnNGp3HoWQLUIzKrJVZ3zg gy3WwNT6kZo6c0tszYqbtvchm gQC8CzKojM/W16i6MG/eafGU3 siaOdS0yOI6BgPsw+YZdzlYMa IJGf4M4dyoKIhzdZyQ2bYQrjy Q4LB0lC7aOnsMyYKHHYeRvPxj IQXmdqgOJGq+vsevG06zW+1xg YJh9rCIfnm1GX/KMgxLPG2vXT D/RnLX+D3T3UL7HJYHJhAZD5L 59VvjSPsZJHeDCUyWYrvPZesZ DIRvhDD52SKvbheeTJUm6Ehkz ytNN2SN96QRk8j/iI8ib"; }; options { ... dnssec-enable yes; dnssec-validation yes; }; None of the keys listed in this example are valid. In particular, the root key is not valid. When DNSSEC validation is enabled and properly configured, the resolver will reject any answers from signed, secure zones which fail to validate, and will return SERVFAIL to the client. Responses may fail to validate for any of several reasons, including missing, expired, or invalid signatures, a key which does not match the DS RRset in the parent zone, or an insecure response from a zone which, according to its parent, should have been secure. When the validator receives a response from an unsigned zone that has a signed parent, it must confirm with the parent that the zone was intentionally left unsigned. It does this by verifying, via signed and validated NSEC/NSEC3 records, that the parent zone contains no DS records for the child. If the validator can prove that the zone is insecure, then the response is accepted. However, if it cannot, then it must assume an insecure response to be a forgery; it rejects the response and logs an error. The logged error reads "insecurity proof failed" and "got insecure response; parent indicates it should be secure". (Prior to BIND 9.7, the logged error was "not insecure". This referred to the zone, not the response.) BIND 9 fully supports all currently defined forms of IPv6 name to address and address to name lookups. It will also use IPv6 addresses to make queries when running on an IPv6 capable system. For forward lookups, BIND 9 supports only AAAA records. RFC 3363 deprecated the use of A6 records, and client-side support for A6 records was accordingly removed from BIND 9. However, authoritative BIND 9 name servers still load zone files containing A6 records correctly, answer queries for A6 records, and accept zone transfer for a zone containing A6 records. For IPv6 reverse lookups, BIND 9 supports the traditional "nibble" format used in the ip6.arpa domain, as well as the older, deprecated ip6.int domain. Older versions of BIND 9 supported the "binary label" (also known as "bitstring") format, but support of binary labels has been completely removed per RFC 3363. Many applications in BIND 9 do not understand the binary label format at all any more, and will return an error if given. In particular, an authoritative BIND 9 name server will not load a zone file containing binary labels. For an overview of the format and structure of IPv6 addresses, see . The IPv6 AAAA record is a parallel to the IPv4 A record, and, unlike the deprecated A6 record, specifies the entire IPv6 address in a single record. For example, $ORIGIN example.com. host 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::1 Use of IPv4-in-IPv6 mapped addresses is not recommended. If a host has an IPv4 address, use an A record, not a AAAA, with ::ffff:192.168.42.1 as the address. When looking up an address in nibble format, the address components are simply reversed, just as in IPv4, and ip6.arpa. is appended to the resulting name. For example, the following would provide reverse name lookup for a host with address 2001:db8::1. $ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 14400 IN PTR ( host.example.com. ) Traditionally applications have been linked with a stub resolver library that sends recursive DNS queries to a local caching name server. IPv6 once introduced new complexity into the resolution process, such as following A6 chains and DNAME records, and simultaneous lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Though most of the complexity was then removed, these are hard or impossible to implement in a traditional stub resolver. BIND 9 therefore can also provide resolution services to local clients using a combination of a lightweight resolver library and a resolver daemon process running on the local host. These communicate using a simple UDP-based protocol, the "lightweight resolver protocol" that is distinct from and simpler than the full DNS protocol. To use the lightweight resolver interface, the system must run the resolver daemon lwresd or a local name server configured with a lwres statement. By default, applications using the lightweight resolver library will make UDP requests to the IPv4 loopback address (127.0.0.1) on port 921. The address can be overridden by lwserver lines in /etc/resolv.conf. The daemon currently only looks in the DNS, but in the future it may use other sources such as /etc/hosts, NIS, etc. The lwresd daemon is essentially a caching-only name server that responds to requests using the lightweight resolver protocol rather than the DNS protocol. Because it needs to run on each host, it is designed to require no or minimal configuration. Unless configured otherwise, it uses the name servers listed on nameserver lines in /etc/resolv.conf as forwarders, but is also capable of doing the resolution autonomously if none are specified. The lwresd daemon may also be configured with a named.conf style configuration file, in /etc/lwresd.conf by default. A name server may also be configured to act as a lightweight resolver daemon using the lwres statement in named.conf. BIND 9 configuration is broadly similar to BIND 8; however, there are a few new areas of configuration, such as views. BIND 8 configuration files should work with few alterations in BIND 9, although more complex configurations should be reviewed to check if they can be more efficiently implemented using the new features found in BIND 9. BIND 4 configuration files can be converted to the new format using the shell script contrib/named-bootconf/named-bootconf.sh. Following is a list of elements used throughout the BIND configuration file documentation: acl_name The name of an address_match_list as defined by the acl statement. address_match_list A list of one or more ip_addr, ip_prefix, key_id, or acl_name elements, see . masters_list A named list of one or more ip_addr with optional key_id and/or ip_port. A masters_list may include other masters_lists. domain_name A quoted string which will be used as a DNS name, for example "my.test.domain". namelist A list of one or more domain_name elements. dotted_decimal One to four integers valued 0 through 255 separated by dots (`.'), such as 123, 45.67 or 89.123.45.67. ip4_addr An IPv4 address with exactly four elements in dotted_decimal notation. ip6_addr An IPv6 address, such as 2001:db8::1234. IPv6 scoped addresses that have ambiguity on their scope zones must be disambiguated by an appropriate zone ID with the percent character (`%') as delimiter. It is strongly recommended to use string zone names rather than numeric identifiers, in order to be robust against system configuration changes. However, since there is no standard mapping for such names and identifier values, currently only interface names as link identifiers are supported, assuming one-to-one mapping between interfaces and links. For example, a link-local address fe80::1 on the link attached to the interface ne0 can be specified as fe80::1%ne0. Note that on most systems link-local addresses always have the ambiguity, and need to be disambiguated. ip_addr An ip4_addr or ip6_addr. ip_port An IP port number. The number is limited to 0 through 65535, with values below 1024 typically restricted to use by processes running as root. In some cases, an asterisk (`*') character can be used as a placeholder to select a random high-numbered port. ip_prefix An IP network specified as an ip_addr, followed by a slash (`/') and then the number of bits in the netmask. Trailing zeros in a ip_addr may omitted. For example, 127/8 is the network 127.0.0.0 with netmask 255.0.0.0 and 1.2.3.0/28 is network 1.2.3.0 with netmask 255.255.255.240. When specifying a prefix involving a IPv6 scoped address the scope may be omitted. In that case the prefix will match packets from any scope. key_id A domain_name representing the name of a shared key, to be used for transaction security. key_list A list of one or more key_ids, separated by semicolons and ending with a semicolon. number A non-negative 32-bit integer (i.e., a number between 0 and 4294967295, inclusive). Its acceptable value might further be limited by the context in which it is used. path_name A quoted string which will be used as a pathname, such as zones/master/my.test.domain. port_list A list of an ip_port or a port range. A port range is specified in the form of range followed by two ip_ports, port_low and port_high, which represents port numbers from port_low through port_high, inclusive. port_low must not be larger than port_high. For example, range 1024 65535 represents ports from 1024 through 65535. In either case an asterisk (`*') character is not allowed as a valid ip_port. size_spec A 64-bit unsigned integer, or the keywords unlimited or default. Integers may take values 0 <= value <= 18446744073709551615, though certain parameters may use a more limited range within these extremes. In most cases, setting a value to 0 does not literally mean zero; it means "undefined" or "as big as psosible", depending on the context. See the expalantions of particular parameters that use size_spec for details on how they interpret its use. Numeric values can optionally be followed by a scaling factor: K or k for kilobytes, M or m for megabytes, and G or g for gigabytes, which scale by 1024, 1024*1024, and 1024*1024*1024 respectively. unlimited generally means "as big as possible", though in certain contexts, (including max-cache-size), it may mean the largest possible 32-bit unsigned integer (0xffffffff); this distinction can be important when dealing with larger quantities. unlimited is usually the best way to safely set a very large number. default uses the limit that was in force when the server was started. yes_or_no Either yes or no. The words true and false are also accepted, as are the numbers 1 and 0. dialup_option One of yes, no, notify, notify-passive, refresh or passive. When used in a zone, notify-passive, refresh, and passive are restricted to slave and stub zones. address_match_list = address_match_list_element ; address_match_list_element; ... address_match_list_element = ! (ip_address /length | key key_id | acl_name | { address_match_list } ) Address match lists are primarily used to determine access control for various server operations. They are also used in the listen-on and sortlist statements. The elements which constitute an address match list can be any of the following: an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) an IP prefix (in `/' notation) a key ID, as defined by the key statement the name of an address match list defined with the acl statement a nested address match list enclosed in braces Elements can be negated with a leading exclamation mark (`!'), and the match list names "any", "none", "localhost", and "localnets" are predefined. More information on those names can be found in the description of the acl statement. The addition of the key clause made the name of this syntactic element something of a misnomer, since security keys can be used to validate access without regard to a host or network address. Nonetheless, the term "address match list" is still used throughout the documentation. When a given IP address or prefix is compared to an address match list, the comparison takes place in approximately O(1) time. However, key comparisons require that the list of keys be traversed until a matching key is found, and therefore may be somewhat slower. The interpretation of a match depends on whether the list is being used for access control, defining listen-on ports, or in a sortlist, and whether the element was negated. When used as an access control list, a non-negated match allows access and a negated match denies access. If there is no match, access is denied. The clauses allow-notify, allow-recursion, allow-recursion-on, allow-query, allow-query-on, allow-query-cache, allow-query-cache-on, allow-transfer, allow-update, allow-update-forwarding, and blackhole all use address match lists. Similarly, the listen-on option will cause the server to refuse queries on any of the machine's addresses which do not match the list. Order of insertion is significant. If more than one element in an ACL is found to match a given IP address or prefix, preference will be given to the one that came first in the ACL definition. Because of this first-match behavior, an element that defines a subset of another element in the list should come before the broader element, regardless of whether either is negated. For example, in 1.2.3/24; ! 1.2.3.13; the 1.2.3.13 element is completely useless because the algorithm will match any lookup for 1.2.3.13 to the 1.2.3/24 element. Using ! 1.2.3.13; 1.2.3/24 fixes that problem by having 1.2.3.13 blocked by the negation, but all other 1.2.3.* hosts fall through. The BIND 9 comment syntax allows for comments to appear anywhere that whitespace may appear in a BIND configuration file. To appeal to programmers of all kinds, they can be written in the C, C++, or shell/perl style. /* This is a BIND comment as in C */ // This is a BIND comment as in C++ # This is a BIND comment as in common UNIX shells # and perl Comments may appear anywhere that whitespace may appear in a BIND configuration file. C-style comments start with the two characters /* (slash, star) and end with */ (star, slash). Because they are completely delimited with these characters, they can be used to comment only a portion of a line or to span multiple lines. C-style comments cannot be nested. For example, the following is not valid because the entire comment ends with the first */: /* This is the start of a comment. This is still part of the comment. /* This is an incorrect attempt at nesting a comment. */ This is no longer in any comment. */ C++-style comments start with the two characters // (slash, slash) and continue to the end of the physical line. They cannot be continued across multiple physical lines; to have one logical comment span multiple lines, each line must use the // pair. For example: // This is the start of a comment. The next line // is a new comment, even though it is logically // part of the previous comment. Shell-style (or perl-style, if you prefer) comments start with the character # (number sign) and continue to the end of the physical line, as in C++ comments. For example: # This is the start of a comment. The next line # is a new comment, even though it is logically # part of the previous comment. You cannot use the semicolon (`;') character to start a comment such as you would in a zone file. The semicolon indicates the end of a configuration statement. A BIND 9 configuration consists of statements and comments. Statements end with a semicolon. Statements and comments are the only elements that can appear without enclosing braces. Many statements contain a block of sub-statements, which are also terminated with a semicolon. The following statements are supported: acl defines a named IP address matching list, for access control and other uses. controls declares control channels to be used by the rndc utility. include includes a file. key specifies key information for use in authentication and authorization using TSIG. logging specifies what the server logs, and where the log messages are sent. lwres configures named to also act as a light-weight resolver daemon (lwresd). masters defines a named masters list for inclusion in stub and slave zone masters clauses. options controls global server configuration options and sets defaults for other statements. server sets certain configuration options on a per-server basis. statistics-channels declares communication channels to get access to named statistics. trusted-keys defines trusted DNSSEC keys. managed-keys lists DNSSEC keys to be kept up to date using RFC 5011 trust anchor maintenance. view defines a view. zone defines a zone. The logging and options statements may only occur once per configuration. acl acl-name { address_match_list }; The acl statement assigns a symbolic name to an address match list. It gets its name from a primary use of address match lists: Access Control Lists (ACLs). Note that an address match list's name must be defined with acl before it can be used elsewhere; no forward references are allowed. The following ACLs are built-in: any Matches all hosts. none Matches no hosts. localhost Matches the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of all network interfaces on the system. localnets Matches any host on an IPv4 or IPv6 network for which the system has an interface. Some systems do not provide a way to determine the prefix lengths of local IPv6 addresses. In such a case, localnets only matches the local IPv6 addresses, just like localhost. controls { [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ] allow { address_match_list } keys { key_list }; ] [ inet ...; ] [ unix path perm number owner number group number keys { key_list }; ] [ unix ...; ] }; The controls statement declares control channels to be used by system administrators to control the operation of the name server. These control channels are used by the rndc utility to send commands to and retrieve non-DNS results from a name server. An inet control channel is a TCP socket listening at the specified ip_port on the specified ip_addr, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. An ip_addr of * (asterisk) is interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses. To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address, use an ip_addr of ::. If you will only use rndc on the local host, using the loopback address (127.0.0.1 or ::1) is recommended for maximum security. If no port is specified, port 953 is used. The asterisk "*" cannot be used for ip_port. The ability to issue commands over the control channel is restricted by the allow and keys clauses. Connections to the control channel are permitted based on the address_match_list. This is for simple IP address based filtering only; any key_id elements of the address_match_list are ignored. A unix control channel is a UNIX domain socket listening at the specified path in the file system. Access to the socket is specified by the perm, owner and group clauses. Note on some platforms (SunOS and Solaris) the permissions (perm) are applied to the parent directory as the permissions on the socket itself are ignored. The primary authorization mechanism of the command channel is the key_list, which contains a list of key_ids. Each key_id in the key_list is authorized to execute commands over the control channel. See in ) for information about configuring keys in rndc. If no controls statement is present, named will set up a default control channel listening on the loopback address 127.0.0.1 and its IPv6 counterpart ::1. In this case, and also when the controls statement is present but does not have a keys clause, named will attempt to load the command channel key from the file rndc.key in /etc (or whatever sysconfdir was specified as when BIND was built). To create a rndc.key file, run rndc-confgen -a. The rndc.key feature was created to ease the transition of systems from BIND 8, which did not have digital signatures on its command channel messages and thus did not have a keys clause. It makes it possible to use an existing BIND 8 configuration file in BIND 9 unchanged, and still have rndc work the same way ndc worked in BIND 8, simply by executing the command rndc-confgen -a after BIND 9 is installed. Since the rndc.key feature is only intended to allow the backward-compatible usage of BIND 8 configuration files, this feature does not have a high degree of configurability. You cannot easily change the key name or the size of the secret, so you should make a rndc.conf with your own key if you wish to change those things. The rndc.key file also has its permissions set such that only the owner of the file (the user that named is running as) can access it. If you desire greater flexibility in allowing other users to access rndc commands, then you need to create a rndc.conf file and make it group readable by a group that contains the users who should have access. To disable the command channel, use an empty controls statement: controls { };. include filename; The include statement inserts the specified file at the point where the include statement is encountered. The include statement facilitates the administration of configuration files by permitting the reading or writing of some things but not others. For example, the statement could include private keys that are readable only by the name server. key key_id { algorithm string; secret string; }; The key statement defines a shared secret key for use with TSIG (see ) or the command channel (see ). The key statement can occur at the top level of the configuration file or inside a view statement. Keys defined in top-level key statements can be used in all views. Keys intended for use in a controls statement (see ) must be defined at the top level. The key_id, also known as the key name, is a domain name uniquely identifying the key. It can be used in a server statement to cause requests sent to that server to be signed with this key, or in address match lists to verify that incoming requests have been signed with a key matching this name, algorithm, and secret. The algorithm_id is a string that specifies a security/authentication algorithm. Named supports hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384 and hmac-sha512 TSIG authentication. Truncated hashes are supported by appending the minimum number of required bits preceded by a dash, e.g. hmac-sha1-80. The secret_string is the secret to be used by the algorithm, and is treated as a base-64 encoded string. logging { [ channel channel_name { ( file path_name [ versions ( number | unlimited ) ] [ size size_spec ] | syslog syslog_facility | stderr | null ); [ severity (critical | error | warning | notice | info | debug [ level ] | dynamic ); ] [ print-category yes or no; ] [ print-severity yes or no; ] [ print-time yes or no; ] }; ] [ category category_name { channel_name ; [ channel_name ; ... ] }; ] ... }; The logging statement configures a wide variety of logging options for the name server. Its channel phrase associates output methods, format options and severity levels with a name that can then be used with the category phrase to select how various classes of messages are logged. Only one logging statement is used to define as many channels and categories as are wanted. If there is no logging statement, the logging configuration will be: logging { category default { default_syslog; default_debug; }; category unmatched { null; }; }; In BIND 9, the logging configuration is only established when the entire configuration file has been parsed. In BIND 8, it was established as soon as the logging statement was parsed. When the server is starting up, all logging messages regarding syntax errors in the configuration file go to the default channels, or to standard error if the "-g" option was specified. All log output goes to one or more channels; you can make as many of them as you want. Every channel definition must include a destination clause that says whether messages selected for the channel go to a file, to a particular syslog facility, to the standard error stream, or are discarded. It can optionally also limit the message severity level that will be accepted by the channel (the default is info), and whether to include a named-generated time stamp, the category name and/or severity level (the default is not to include any). The null destination clause causes all messages sent to the channel to be discarded; in that case, other options for the channel are meaningless. The file destination clause directs the channel to a disk file. It can include limitations both on how large the file is allowed to become, and how many versions of the file will be saved each time the file is opened. If you use the versions log file option, then named will retain that many backup versions of the file by renaming them when opening. For example, if you choose to keep three old versions of the file lamers.log, then just before it is opened lamers.log.1 is renamed to lamers.log.2, lamers.log.0 is renamed to lamers.log.1, and lamers.log is renamed to lamers.log.0. You can say versions unlimited to not limit the number of versions. If a size option is associated with the log file, then renaming is only done when the file being opened exceeds the indicated size. No backup versions are kept by default; any existing log file is simply appended. The size option for files is used to limit log growth. If the file ever exceeds the size, then named will stop writing to the file unless it has a versions option associated with it. If backup versions are kept, the files are rolled as described above and a new one begun. If there is no versions option, no more data will be written to the log until some out-of-band mechanism removes or truncates the log to less than the maximum size. The default behavior is not to limit the size of the file. Example usage of the size and versions options: channel an_example_channel { file "example.log" versions 3 size 20m; print-time yes; print-category yes; }; The syslog destination clause directs the channel to the system log. Its argument is a syslog facility as described in the syslog man page. Known facilities are kern, user, mail, daemon, auth, syslog, lpr, news, uucp, cron, authpriv, ftp, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6 and local7, however not all facilities are supported on all operating systems. How syslog will handle messages sent to this facility is described in the syslog.conf man page. If you have a system which uses a very old version of syslog that only uses two arguments to the openlog() function, then this clause is silently ignored. The severity clause works like syslog's "priorities", except that they can also be used if you are writing straight to a file rather than using syslog. Messages which are not at least of the severity level given will not be selected for the channel; messages of higher severity levels will be accepted. If you are using syslog, then the syslog.conf priorities will also determine what eventually passes through. For example, defining a channel facility and severity as daemon and debug but only logging daemon.warning via syslog.conf will cause messages of severity info and notice to be dropped. If the situation were reversed, with named writing messages of only warning or higher, then syslogd would print all messages it received from the channel. The stderr destination clause directs the channel to the server's standard error stream. This is intended for use when the server is running as a foreground process, for example when debugging a configuration. The server can supply extensive debugging information when it is in debugging mode. If the server's global debug level is greater than zero, then debugging mode will be active. The global debug level is set either by starting the named server with the -d flag followed by a positive integer, or by running rndc trace. The global debug level can be set to zero, and debugging mode turned off, by running rndc notrace. All debugging messages in the server have a debug level, and higher debug levels give more detailed output. Channels that specify a specific debug severity, for example: channel specific_debug_level { file "foo"; severity debug 3; }; will get debugging output of level 3 or less any time the server is in debugging mode, regardless of the global debugging level. Channels with dynamic severity use the server's global debug level to determine what messages to print. If print-time has been turned on, then the date and time will be logged. print-time may be specified for a syslog channel, but is usually pointless since syslog also logs the date and time. If print-category is requested, then the category of the message will be logged as well. Finally, if print-severity is on, then the severity level of the message will be logged. The print- options may be used in any combination, and will always be printed in the following order: time, category, severity. Here is an example where all three print- options are on: 28-Feb-2000 15:05:32.863 general: notice: running There are four predefined channels that are used for named's default logging as follows. How they are used is described in . channel default_syslog { // send to syslog's daemon facility syslog daemon; // only send priority info and higher severity info; channel default_debug { // write to named.run in the working directory // Note: stderr is used instead of "named.run" if // the server is started with the '-f' option. file "named.run"; // log at the server's current debug level severity dynamic; }; channel default_stderr { // writes to stderr stderr; // only send priority info and higher severity info; }; channel null { // toss anything sent to this channel null; }; The default_debug channel has the special property that it only produces output when the server's debug level is nonzero. It normally writes to a file called named.run in the server's working directory. For security reasons, when the "-u" command line option is used, the named.run file is created only after named has changed to the new UID, and any debug output generated while named is starting up and still running as root is discarded. If you need to capture this output, you must run the server with the "-g" option and redirect standard error to a file. Once a channel is defined, it cannot be redefined. Thus you cannot alter the built-in channels directly, but you can modify the default logging by pointing categories at channels you have defined. There are many categories, so you can send the logs you want to see wherever you want, without seeing logs you don't want. If you don't specify a list of channels for a category, then log messages in that category will be sent to the default category instead. If you don't specify a default category, the following "default default" is used: category default { default_syslog; default_debug; }; As an example, let's say you want to log security events to a file, but you also want keep the default logging behavior. You'd specify the following: channel my_security_channel { file "my_security_file"; severity info; }; category security { my_security_channel; default_syslog; default_debug; }; To discard all messages in a category, specify the null channel: category xfer-out { null; }; category notify { null; }; Following are the available categories and brief descriptions of the types of log information they contain. More categories may be added in future BIND releases. default The default category defines the logging options for those categories where no specific configuration has been defined. general The catch-all. Many things still aren't classified into categories, and they all end up here. database Messages relating to the databases used internally by the name server to store zone and cache data. security Approval and denial of requests. config Configuration file parsing and processing. resolver DNS resolution, such as the recursive lookups performed on behalf of clients by a caching name server. xfer-in Zone transfers the server is receiving. xfer-out Zone transfers the server is sending. notify The NOTIFY protocol. client Processing of client requests. unmatched Messages that named was unable to determine the class of or for which there was no matching view. A one line summary is also logged to the client category. This category is best sent to a file or stderr, by default it is sent to the null channel. network Network operations. update Dynamic updates. update-security Approval and denial of update requests. queries Specify where queries should be logged to. At startup, specifying the category queries will also enable query logging unless querylog option has been specified. The query log entry reports the client's IP address and port number, and the query name, class and type. Next it reports whether the Recursion Desired flag was set (+ if set, - if not set), if the query was signed (S), EDNS was in use (E), if TCP was used (T), if DO (DNSSEC Ok) was set (D), or if CD (Checking Disabled) was set (C). After this the destination address the query was sent to is reported. client 127.0.0.1#62536: query: www.example.com IN AAAA +SE client ::1#62537: query: www.example.net IN AAAA -SE query-errors Information about queries that resulted in some failure. dispatch Dispatching of incoming packets to the server modules where they are to be processed. dnssec DNSSEC and TSIG protocol processing. lame-servers Lame servers. These are misconfigurations in remote servers, discovered by BIND 9 when trying to query those servers during resolution. delegation-only Delegation only. Logs queries that have been forced to NXDOMAIN as the result of a delegation-only zone or a delegation-only in a hint or stub zone declaration. edns-disabled Log queries that have been forced to use plain DNS due to timeouts. This is often due to the remote servers not being RFC 1034 compliant (not always returning FORMERR or similar to EDNS queries and other extensions to the DNS when they are not understood). In other words, this is targeted at servers that fail to respond to DNS queries that they don't understand. Note: the log message can also be due to packet loss. Before reporting servers for non-RFC 1034 compliance they should be re-tested to determine the nature of the non-compliance. This testing should prevent or reduce the number of false-positive reports. Note: eventually named will have to stop treating such timeouts as due to RFC 1034 non compliance and start treating it as plain packet loss. Falsely classifying packet loss as due to RFC 1034 non compliance impacts on DNSSEC validation which requires EDNS for the DNSSEC records to be returned. RPZ Information about errors in response policy zone files, rewritten responses, and at the highest debug levels, mere rewriting attempts. The query-errors category is specifically intended for debugging purposes: To identify why and how specific queries result in responses which indicate an error. Messages of this category are therefore only logged with debug levels. At the debug levels of 1 or higher, each response with the rcode of SERVFAIL is logged as follows: client 127.0.0.1#61502: query failed (SERVFAIL) for www.example.com/IN/AAAA at query.c:3880 This means an error resulting in SERVFAIL was detected at line 3880 of source file query.c. Log messages of this level will particularly help identify the cause of SERVFAIL for an authoritative server. At the debug levels of 2 or higher, detailed context information of recursive resolutions that resulted in SERVFAIL is logged. The log message will look like as follows: fetch completed at resolver.c:2970 for www.example.com/A in 30.000183: timed out/success [domain:example.com, referral:2,restart:7,qrysent:8,timeout:5,lame:0,neterr:0, badresp:1,adberr:0,findfail:0,valfail:0] The first part before the colon shows that a recursive resolution for AAAA records of www.example.com completed in 30.000183 seconds and the final result that led to the SERVFAIL was determined at line 2970 of source file resolver.c. The following part shows the detected final result and the latest result of DNSSEC validation. The latter is always success when no validation attempt is made. In this example, this query resulted in SERVFAIL probably because all name servers are down or unreachable, leading to a timeout in 30 seconds. DNSSEC validation was probably not attempted. The last part enclosed in square brackets shows statistics information collected for this particular resolution attempt. The domain field shows the deepest zone that the resolver reached; it is the zone where the error was finally detected. The meaning of the other fields is summarized in the following table. referral The number of referrals the resolver received throughout the resolution process. In the above example this is 2, which are most likely com and example.com. restart The number of cycles that the resolver tried remote servers at the domain zone. In each cycle the resolver sends one query (possibly resending it, depending on the response) to each known name server of the domain zone. qrysent The number of queries the resolver sent at the domain zone. timeout The number of timeouts since the resolver received the last response. lame The number of lame servers the resolver detected at the domain zone. A server is detected to be lame either by an invalid response or as a result of lookup in BIND9's address database (ADB), where lame servers are cached. neterr The number of erroneous results that the resolver encountered in sending queries at the domain zone. One common case is the remote server is unreachable and the resolver receives an ICMP unreachable error message. badresp The number of unexpected responses (other than lame) to queries sent by the resolver at the domain zone. adberr Failures in finding remote server addresses of the domain zone in the ADB. One common case of this is that the remote server's name does not have any address records. findfail Failures of resolving remote server addresses. This is a total number of failures throughout the resolution process. valfail Failures of DNSSEC validation. Validation failures are counted throughout the resolution process (not limited to the domain zone), but should only happen in domain. At the debug levels of 3 or higher, the same messages as those at the debug 1 level are logged for other errors than SERVFAIL. Note that negative responses such as NXDOMAIN are not regarded as errors here. At the debug levels of 4 or higher, the same messages as those at the debug 2 level are logged for other errors than SERVFAIL. Unlike the above case of level 3, messages are logged for negative responses. This is because any unexpected results can be difficult to debug in the recursion case. This is the grammar of the lwres statement in the named.conf file: lwres { listen-on { ip_addr port ip_port ; ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; view view_name; search { domain_name ; domain_name ; ... }; ndots number; }; The lwres statement configures the name server to also act as a lightweight resolver server. (See .) There may be multiple lwres statements configuring lightweight resolver servers with different properties. The listen-on statement specifies a list of addresses (and ports) that this instance of a lightweight resolver daemon should accept requests on. If no port is specified, port 921 is used. If this statement is omitted, requests will be accepted on 127.0.0.1, port 921. The view statement binds this instance of a lightweight resolver daemon to a view in the DNS namespace, so that the response will be constructed in the same manner as a normal DNS query matching this view. If this statement is omitted, the default view is used, and if there is no default view, an error is triggered. The search statement is equivalent to the search statement in /etc/resolv.conf. It provides a list of domains which are appended to relative names in queries. The ndots statement is equivalent to the ndots statement in /etc/resolv.conf. It indicates the minimum number of dots in a relative domain name that should result in an exact match lookup before search path elements are appended. masters name port ip_port { ( masters_list | ip_addr port ip_port key key ) ; ... }; masters lists allow for a common set of masters to be easily used by multiple stub and slave zones. This is the grammar of the options statement in the named.conf file: options { attach-cache cache_name; version version_string; hostname hostname_string; server-id server_id_string; directory path_name; key-directory path_name; managed-keys-directory path_name; named-xfer path_name; tkey-gssapi-keytab path_name; tkey-gssapi-credential principal; tkey-domain domainname; tkey-dhkey key_name key_tag; cache-file path_name; dump-file path_name; bindkeys-file path_name; secroots-file path_name; session-keyfile path_name; session-keyname key_name; session-keyalg algorithm_id; memstatistics yes_or_no; memstatistics-file path_name; pid-file path_name; recursing-file path_name; statistics-file path_name; zone-statistics yes_or_no; auth-nxdomain yes_or_no; deallocate-on-exit yes_or_no; dialup dialup_option; fake-iquery yes_or_no; fetch-glue yes_or_no; flush-zones-on-shutdown yes_or_no; has-old-clients yes_or_no; host-statistics yes_or_no; host-statistics-max number; minimal-responses yes_or_no; multiple-cnames yes_or_no; notify yes_or_no | explicit | master-only; recursion yes_or_no; request-nsid yes_or_no; rfc2308-type1 yes_or_no; use-id-pool yes_or_no; maintain-ixfr-base yes_or_no; ixfr-from-differences (yes_or_no | master | slave); dnssec-enable yes_or_no; dnssec-validation (yes_or_no | auto); dnssec-lookaside ( auto | no | domain trust-anchor domain ); dnssec-must-be-secure domain yes_or_no; dnssec-accept-expired yes_or_no; forward ( only | first ); forwarders { ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; dual-stack-servers port ip_port { ( domain_name port ip_port | ip_addr port ip_port ) ; ... }; check-names ( master | slave | response ) ( warn | fail | ignore ); check-dup-records ( warn | fail | ignore ); check-mx ( warn | fail | ignore ); check-wildcard yes_or_no; check-integrity yes_or_no; check-mx-cname ( warn | fail | ignore ); check-srv-cname ( warn | fail | ignore ); check-sibling yes_or_no; check-spf ( warn | fail | ignore ); allow-new-zones { yes_or_no }; allow-notify { address_match_list }; allow-query { address_match_list }; allow-query-on { address_match_list }; allow-query-cache { address_match_list }; allow-query-cache-on { address_match_list }; allow-transfer { address_match_list }; allow-recursion { address_match_list }; allow-recursion-on { address_match_list }; allow-update { address_match_list }; allow-update-forwarding { address_match_list }; update-check-ksk yes_or_no; dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes_or_no; dnssec-secure-to-insecure yes_or_no ; try-tcp-refresh yes_or_no; allow-v6-synthesis { address_match_list }; blackhole { address_match_list }; use-v4-udp-ports { port_list }; avoid-v4-udp-ports { port_list }; use-v6-udp-ports { port_list }; avoid-v6-udp-ports { port_list }; listen-on port ip_port { address_match_list }; listen-on-v6 port ip_port { address_match_list }; query-source ( ( ip4_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) | address ( ip4_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) ) ; query-source-v6 ( ( ip6_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) | address ( ip6_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) ) ; use-queryport-pool yes_or_no; queryport-pool-ports number; queryport-pool-updateinterval number; max-transfer-time-in number; max-transfer-time-out number; max-transfer-idle-in number; max-transfer-idle-out number; tcp-clients number; reserved-sockets number; recursive-clients number; serial-query-rate number; serial-queries number; tcp-listen-queue number; transfer-format ( one-answer | many-answers ); transfers-in number; transfers-out number; transfers-per-ns number; transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; use-alt-transfer-source yes_or_no; notify-delay seconds ; notify-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-to-soa yes_or_no ; also-notify { ip_addr port ip_port ; ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; max-ixfr-log-size number; max-journal-size size_spec; coresize size_spec ; datasize size_spec ; files size_spec ; stacksize size_spec ; cleaning-interval number; heartbeat-interval number; interface-interval number; statistics-interval number; topology { address_match_list }; sortlist { address_match_list }; rrset-order { order_spec ; order_spec ; ... }; lame-ttl number; max-ncache-ttl number; max-cache-ttl number; sig-validity-interval number number ; sig-signing-nodes number ; sig-signing-signatures number ; sig-signing-type number ; min-roots number; use-ixfr yes_or_no ; provide-ixfr yes_or_no; request-ixfr yes_or_no; treat-cr-as-space yes_or_no ; min-refresh-time number ; max-refresh-time number ; min-retry-time number ; max-retry-time number ; port ip_port; additional-from-auth yes_or_no ; additional-from-cache yes_or_no ; random-device path_name ; max-cache-size size_spec ; match-mapped-addresses yes_or_no; filter-aaaa-on-v4 ( yes_or_no | break-dnssec ); filter-aaaa { address_match_list }; dns64 IPv6-prefix { clients { address_match_list }; mapped { address_match_list }; exclude { address_match_list }; suffix IPv6-address; recursive-only yes_or_no; break-dnssec yes_or_no; }; ; dns64-server name dns64-contact name preferred-glue ( A | AAAA | NONE ); edns-udp-size number; max-udp-size number; root-delegation-only exclude { namelist } ; querylog yes_or_no ; disable-algorithms domain { algorithm; algorithm; }; acache-enable yes_or_no ; acache-cleaning-interval number; max-acache-size size_spec ; clients-per-query number ; max-clients-per-query number ; masterfile-format (text|raw) ; empty-server name ; empty-contact name ; empty-zones-enable yes_or_no ; disable-empty-zone zone_name ; zero-no-soa-ttl yes_or_no ; zero-no-soa-ttl-cache yes_or_no ; resolver-query-timeout number ; deny-answer-addresses { address_match_list } except-from { namelist } ; deny-answer-aliases { namelist } except-from { namelist } ; response-policy { zone_name policy given | disabled | passthru | nxdomain | nodata | cname domain recursive-only yes_or_no max-policy-ttl number ; } recursive-only yes_or_no max-policy-ttl number break-dnssec yes_or_no min-ns-dots number ; }; The options statement sets up global options to be used by BIND. This statement may appear only once in a configuration file. If there is no options statement, an options block with each option set to its default will be used. attach-cache Allows multiple views to share a single cache database. Each view has its own cache database by default, but if multiple views have the same operational policy for name resolution and caching, those views can share a single cache to save memory and possibly improve resolution efficiency by using this option. The attach-cache option may also be specified in view statements, in which case it overrides the global attach-cache option. The cache_name specifies the cache to be shared. When the named server configures views which are supposed to share a cache, it creates a cache with the specified name for the first view of these sharing views. The rest of the views will simply refer to the already created cache. One common configuration to share a cache would be to allow all views to share a single cache. This can be done by specifying the attach-cache as a global option with an arbitrary name. Another possible operation is to allow a subset of all views to share a cache while the others to retain their own caches. For example, if there are three views A, B, and C, and only A and B should share a cache, specify the attach-cache option as a view A (or B)'s option, referring to the other view name: view "A" { // this view has its own cache ... }; view "B" { // this view refers to A's cache attach-cache "A"; }; view "C" { // this view has its own cache ... }; Views that share a cache must have the same policy on configurable parameters that may affect caching. The current implementation requires the following configurable options be consistent among these views: check-names, cleaning-interval, dnssec-accept-expired, dnssec-validation, max-cache-ttl, max-ncache-ttl, max-cache-size, and zero-no-soa-ttl. Note that there may be other parameters that may cause confusion if they are inconsistent for different views that share a single cache. For example, if these views define different sets of forwarders that can return different answers for the same question, sharing the answer does not make sense or could even be harmful. It is administrator's responsibility to ensure configuration differences in different views do not cause disruption with a shared cache. directory The working directory of the server. Any non-absolute pathnames in the configuration file will be taken as relative to this directory. The default location for most server output files (e.g. named.run) is this directory. If a directory is not specified, the working directory defaults to `.', the directory from which the server was started. The directory specified should be an absolute path. key-directory When performing dynamic update of secure zones, the directory where the public and private DNSSEC key files should be found, if different than the current working directory. (Note that this option has no effect on the paths for files containing non-DNSSEC keys such as bind.keys, rndc.key or session.key.) managed-keys-directory Specifies the directory in which to store the files that track managed DNSSEC keys. By default, this is the working directory. If named is not configured to use views, then managed keys for the server will be tracked in a single file called managed-keys.bind. Otherwise, managed keys will be tracked in separate files, one file per view; each file name will be the SHA256 hash of the view name, followed by the extension .mkeys. named-xfer This option is obsolete. It was used in BIND 8 to specify the pathname to the named-xfer program. In BIND 9, no separate named-xfer program is needed; its functionality is built into the name server. tkey-gssapi-keytab The KRB5 keytab file to use for GSS-TSIG updates. If this option is set and tkey-gssapi-credential is not set, then updates will be allowed with any key matching a principal in the specified keytab. tkey-gssapi-credential The security credential with which the server should authenticate keys requested by the GSS-TSIG protocol. Currently only Kerberos 5 authentication is available and the credential is a Kerberos principal which the server can acquire through the default system key file, normally /etc/krb5.keytab. The location keytab file can be overridden using the tkey-gssapi-keytab option. Normally this principal is of the form "DNS/server.domain". To use GSS-TSIG, tkey-domain must also be set if a specific keytab is not set with tkey-gssapi-keytab. tkey-domain The domain appended to the names of all shared keys generated with TKEY. When a client requests a TKEY exchange, it may or may not specify the desired name for the key. If present, the name of the shared key will be client specified part + tkey-domain. Otherwise, the name of the shared key will be random hex digits + tkey-domain. In most cases, the domainname should be the server's domain name, or an otherwise non-existent subdomain like "_tkey.domainname". If you are using GSS-TSIG, this variable must be defined, unless you specify a specific keytab using tkey-gssapi-keytab. tkey-dhkey The Diffie-Hellman key used by the server to generate shared keys with clients using the Diffie-Hellman mode of TKEY. The server must be able to load the public and private keys from files in the working directory. In most cases, the keyname should be the server's host name. cache-file This is for testing only. Do not use. dump-file The pathname of the file the server dumps the database to when instructed to do so with rndc dumpdb. If not specified, the default is named_dump.db. memstatistics-file The pathname of the file the server writes memory usage statistics to on exit. If not specified, the default is named.memstats. pid-file The pathname of the file the server writes its process ID in. If not specified, the default is /var/run/named/named.pid. The PID file is used by programs that want to send signals to the running name server. Specifying pid-file none disables the use of a PID file — no file will be written and any existing one will be removed. Note that none is a keyword, not a filename, and therefore is not enclosed in double quotes. recursing-file The pathname of the file the server dumps the queries that are currently recursing when instructed to do so with rndc recursing. If not specified, the default is named.recursing. statistics-file The pathname of the file the server appends statistics to when instructed to do so using rndc stats. If not specified, the default is named.stats in the server's current directory. The format of the file is described in . bindkeys-file The pathname of a file to override the built-in trusted keys provided by named. See the discussion of dnssec-lookaside and dnssec-validation for details. If not specified, the default is /etc/bind.keys. secroots-file The pathname of the file the server dumps security roots to when instructed to do so with rndc secroots. If not specified, the default is named.secroots. session-keyfile The pathname of the file into which to write a TSIG session key generated by named for use by nsupdate -l. If not specified, the default is /var/run/named/session.key. (See , and in particular the discussion of the update-policy statement's local option for more information about this feature.) session-keyname The key name to use for the TSIG session key. If not specified, the default is "local-ddns". session-keyalg The algorithm to use for the TSIG session key. Valid values are hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384, hmac-sha512 and hmac-md5. If not specified, the default is hmac-sha256. port The UDP/TCP port number the server uses for receiving and sending DNS protocol traffic. The default is 53. This option is mainly intended for server testing; a server using a port other than 53 will not be able to communicate with the global DNS. random-device The source of entropy to be used by the server. Entropy is primarily needed for DNSSEC operations, such as TKEY transactions and dynamic update of signed zones. This options specifies the device (or file) from which to read entropy. If this is a file, operations requiring entropy will fail when the file has been exhausted. If not specified, the default value is /dev/random (or equivalent) when present, and none otherwise. The random-device option takes effect during the initial configuration load at server startup time and is ignored on subsequent reloads. preferred-glue If specified, the listed type (A or AAAA) will be emitted before other glue in the additional section of a query response. The default is not to prefer any type (NONE). root-delegation-only Turn on enforcement of delegation-only in TLDs (top level domains) and root zones with an optional exclude list. DS queries are expected to be made to and be answered by delegation only zones. Such queries and responses are treated as an exception to delegation-only processing and are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses provided a CNAME is not discovered at the query name. If a delegation only zone server also serves a child zone it is not always possible to determine whether an answer comes from the delegation only zone or the child zone. SOA NS and DNSKEY records are apex only records and a matching response that contains these records or DS is treated as coming from a child zone. RRSIG records are also examined to see if they are signed by a child zone or not. The authority section is also examined to see if there is evidence that the answer is from the child zone. Answers that are determined to be from a child zone are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses. Despite all these checks there is still a possibility of false negatives when a child zone is being served. Similarly false positives can arise from empty nodes (no records at the name) in the delegation only zone when the query type is not ANY. Note some TLDs are not delegation only (e.g. "DE", "LV", "US" and "MUSEUM"). This list is not exhaustive. options { root-delegation-only exclude { "de"; "lv"; "us"; "museum"; }; }; disable-algorithms Disable the specified DNSSEC algorithms at and below the specified name. Multiple disable-algorithms statements are allowed. Only the most specific will be applied. dnssec-lookaside When set, dnssec-lookaside provides the validator with an alternate method to validate DNSKEY records at the top of a zone. When a DNSKEY is at or below a domain specified by the deepest dnssec-lookaside, and the normal DNSSEC validation has left the key untrusted, the trust-anchor will be appended to the key name and a DLV record will be looked up to see if it can validate the key. If the DLV record validates a DNSKEY (similarly to the way a DS record does) the DNSKEY RRset is deemed to be trusted. If dnssec-lookaside is set to auto, then built-in default values for the DLV domain and trust anchor will be used, along with a built-in key for validation. If dnssec-lookaside is set to no, then dnssec-lookaside is not used. The default DLV key is stored in the file bind.keys; named will load that key at startup if dnssec-lookaside is set to auto. A copy of the file is installed along with BIND 9, and is current as of the release date. If the DLV key expires, a new copy of bind.keys can be downloaded from https://www.isc.org/solutions/dlv/. (To prevent problems if bind.keys is not found, the current key is also compiled in to named. Relying on this is not recommended, however, as it requires named to be recompiled with a new key when the DLV key expires.) NOTE: named only loads certain specific keys from bind.keys: those for the DLV zone and for the DNS root zone. The file cannot be used to store keys for other zones. dnssec-must-be-secure Specify hierarchies which must be or may not be secure (signed and validated). If yes, then named will only accept answers if they are secure. If no, then normal DNSSEC validation applies allowing for insecure answers to be accepted. The specified domain must be under a trusted-keys or managed-keys statement, or dnssec-lookaside must be active. dns64 This directive instructs named to return mapped IPv4 addresses to AAAA queries when there are no AAAA records. It is intended to be used in conjunction with a NAT64. Each dns64 defines one DNS64 prefix. Multiple DNS64 prefixes can be defined. Compatible IPv6 prefixes have lengths of 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 and 96 as per RFC 6052. Additionally a reverse IP6.ARPA zone will be created for the prefix to provide a mapping from the IP6.ARPA names to the corresponding IN-ADDR.ARPA names using synthesized CNAMEs. dns64-server and dns64-contact can be used to specify the name of the server and contact for the zones. These are settable at the view / options level. These are not settable on a per-prefix basis. Each dns64 supports an optional clients ACL that determines which clients are affected by this directive. If not defined, it defaults to any;. Each dns64 supports an optional mapped ACL that selects which IPv4 addresses are to be mapped in the corresponding A RRset. If not defined it defaults to any;. Normally, DNS64 won't apply to a domain name that owns one or more AAAA records; these records will simply be returned. The optional exclude ACL allows specification of a list of IPv6 addresses that will be ignored if they appear in a domain name's AAAA records, and DNS64 will be applied to any A records the domain name owns. If not defined, exclude defaults to none. A optional suffix can also be defined to set the bits trailing the mapped IPv4 address bits. By default these bits are set to ::. The bits matching the prefix and mapped IPv4 address must be zero. If recursive-only is set to yes the DNS64 synthesis will only happen for recursive queries. The default is no. If break-dnssec is set to yes the DNS64 synthesis will happen even if the result, if validated, would cause a DNSSEC validation failure. If this option is set to no (the default), the DO is set on the incoming query, and there are RRSIGs on the applicable records, then synthesis will not happen. acl rfc1918 { 10/8; 192.168/16; 172.16/12; }; dns64 64:FF9B::/96 { clients { any; }; mapped { !rfc1918; any; }; exclude { 64:FF9B::/96; ::ffff:0000:0000/96; }; suffix ::; }; allow-new-zones If yes, then zones can be added at runtime via rndc addzone or deleted via rndc delzone. The default is no. auth-nxdomain If yes, then the AA bit is always set on NXDOMAIN responses, even if the server is not actually authoritative. The default is no; this is a change from BIND 8. If you are using very old DNS software, you may need to set it to yes. deallocate-on-exit This option was used in BIND 8 to enable checking for memory leaks on exit. BIND 9 ignores the option and always performs the checks. memstatistics Write memory statistics to the file specified by memstatistics-file at exit. The default is no unless '-m record' is specified on the command line in which case it is yes. dialup If yes, then the server treats all zones as if they are doing zone transfers across a dial-on-demand dialup link, which can be brought up by traffic originating from this server. This has different effects according to zone type and concentrates the zone maintenance so that it all happens in a short interval, once every heartbeat-interval and hopefully during the one call. It also suppresses some of the normal zone maintenance traffic. The default is no. The dialup option may also be specified in the view and zone statements, in which case it overrides the global dialup option. If the zone is a master zone, then the server will send out a NOTIFY request to all the slaves (default). This should trigger the zone serial number check in the slave (providing it supports NOTIFY) allowing the slave to verify the zone while the connection is active. The set of servers to which NOTIFY is sent can be controlled by notify and also-notify. If the zone is a slave or stub zone, then the server will suppress the regular "zone up to date" (refresh) queries and only perform them when the heartbeat-interval expires in addition to sending NOTIFY requests. Finer control can be achieved by using notify which only sends NOTIFY messages, notify-passive which sends NOTIFY messages and suppresses the normal refresh queries, refresh which suppresses normal refresh processing and sends refresh queries when the heartbeat-interval expires, and passive which just disables normal refresh processing. dialup mode normal refresh heart-beat refresh heart-beat notify no (default) yes no no yes no yes yes notify yes no yes refresh no yes no passive no no no notify-passive no no yes Note that normal NOTIFY processing is not affected by dialup. fake-iquery In BIND 8, this option enabled simulating the obsolete DNS query type IQUERY. BIND 9 never does IQUERY simulation. fetch-glue This option is obsolete. In BIND 8, fetch-glue yes caused the server to attempt to fetch glue resource records it didn't have when constructing the additional data section of a response. This is now considered a bad idea and BIND 9 never does it. flush-zones-on-shutdown When the nameserver exits due receiving SIGTERM, flush or do not flush any pending zone writes. The default is flush-zones-on-shutdown no. has-old-clients This option was incorrectly implemented in BIND 8, and is ignored by BIND 9. To achieve the intended effect of has-old-clients yes, specify the two separate options auth-nxdomain yes and rfc2308-type1 no instead. host-statistics In BIND 8, this enables keeping of statistics for every host that the name server interacts with. Not implemented in BIND 9. maintain-ixfr-base This option is obsolete. It was used in BIND 8 to determine whether a transaction log was kept for Incremental Zone Transfer. BIND 9 maintains a transaction log whenever possible. If you need to disable outgoing incremental zone transfers, use provide-ixfr no. minimal-responses If yes, then when generating responses the server will only add records to the authority and additional data sections when they are required (e.g. delegations, negative responses). This may improve the performance of the server. The default is no. multiple-cnames This option was used in BIND 8 to allow a domain name to have multiple CNAME records in violation of the DNS standards. BIND 9.2 onwards always strictly enforces the CNAME rules both in master files and dynamic updates. notify If yes (the default), DNS NOTIFY messages are sent when a zone the server is authoritative for changes, see . The messages are sent to the servers listed in the zone's NS records (except the master server identified in the SOA MNAME field), and to any servers listed in the also-notify option. If master-only, notifies are only sent for master zones. If explicit, notifies are sent only to servers explicitly listed using also-notify. If no, no notifies are sent. The notify option may also be specified in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options notify statement. It would only be necessary to turn off this option if it caused slaves to crash. notify-to-soa If yes do not check the nameservers in the NS RRset against the SOA MNAME. Normally a NOTIFY message is not sent to the SOA MNAME (SOA ORIGIN) as it is supposed to contain the name of the ultimate master. Sometimes, however, a slave is listed as the SOA MNAME in hidden master configurations and in that case you would want the ultimate master to still send NOTIFY messages to all the nameservers listed in the NS RRset. recursion If yes, and a DNS query requests recursion, then the server will attempt to do all the work required to answer the query. If recursion is off and the server does not already know the answer, it will return a referral response. The default is yes. Note that setting recursion no does not prevent clients from getting data from the server's cache; it only prevents new data from being cached as an effect of client queries. Caching may still occur as an effect the server's internal operation, such as NOTIFY address lookups. See also fetch-glue above. request-nsid If yes, then an empty EDNS(0) NSID (Name Server Identifier) option is sent with all queries to authoritative name servers during iterative resolution. If the authoritative server returns an NSID option in its response, then its contents are logged in the resolver category at level info. The default is no. rfc2308-type1 Setting this to yes will cause the server to send NS records along with the SOA record for negative answers. The default is no. Not yet implemented in BIND 9. use-id-pool This option is obsolete. BIND 9 always allocates query IDs from a pool. zone-statistics If yes, the server will collect statistical data on all zones (unless specifically turned off on a per-zone basis by specifying zone-statistics no in the zone statement). The default is no. These statistics may be accessed using rndc stats, which will dump them to the file listed in the statistics-file. See also . use-ixfr This option is obsolete. If you need to disable IXFR to a particular server or servers, see the information on the provide-ixfr option in . See also . provide-ixfr See the description of provide-ixfr in . request-ixfr See the description of request-ixfr in . treat-cr-as-space This option was used in BIND 8 to make the server treat carriage return ("\r") characters the same way as a space or tab character, to facilitate loading of zone files on a UNIX system that were generated on an NT or DOS machine. In BIND 9, both UNIX "\n" and NT/DOS "\r\n" newlines are always accepted, and the option is ignored. additional-from-auth additional-from-cache These options control the behavior of an authoritative server when answering queries which have additional data, or when following CNAME and DNAME chains. When both of these options are set to yes (the default) and a query is being answered from authoritative data (a zone configured into the server), the additional data section of the reply will be filled in using data from other authoritative zones and from the cache. In some situations this is undesirable, such as when there is concern over the correctness of the cache, or in servers where slave zones may be added and modified by untrusted third parties. Also, avoiding the search for this additional data will speed up server operations at the possible expense of additional queries to resolve what would otherwise be provided in the additional section. For example, if a query asks for an MX record for host foo.example.com, and the record found is "MX 10 mail.example.net", normally the address records (A and AAAA) for mail.example.net will be provided as well, if known, even though they are not in the example.com zone. Setting these options to no disables this behavior and makes the server only search for additional data in the zone it answers from. These options are intended for use in authoritative-only servers, or in authoritative-only views. Attempts to set them to no without also specifying recursion no will cause the server to ignore the options and log a warning message. Specifying additional-from-cache no actually disables the use of the cache not only for additional data lookups but also when looking up the answer. This is usually the desired behavior in an authoritative-only server where the correctness of the cached data is an issue. When a name server is non-recursively queried for a name that is not below the apex of any served zone, it normally answers with an "upwards referral" to the root servers or the servers of some other known parent of the query name. Since the data in an upwards referral comes from the cache, the server will not be able to provide upwards referrals when additional-from-cache no has been specified. Instead, it will respond to such queries with REFUSED. This should not cause any problems since upwards referrals are not required for the resolution process. match-mapped-addresses If yes, then an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address will match any address match list entries that match the corresponding IPv4 address. This option was introduced to work around a kernel quirk in some operating systems that causes IPv4 TCP connections, such as zone transfers, to be accepted on an IPv6 socket using mapped addresses. This caused address match lists designed for IPv4 to fail to match. However, named now solves this problem internally. The use of this option is discouraged. filter-aaaa-on-v4 This option is only available when BIND 9 is compiled with the --enable-filter-aaaa option on the "configure" command line. It is intended to help the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 by not giving IPv6 addresses to DNS clients unless they have connections to the IPv6 Internet. This is not recommended unless absolutely necessary. The default is no. The filter-aaaa-on-v4 option may also be specified in view statements to override the global filter-aaaa-on-v4 option. If yes, the DNS client is at an IPv4 address, in filter-aaaa, and if the response does not include DNSSEC signatures, then all AAAA records are deleted from the response. This filtering applies to all responses and not only authoritative responses. If break-dnssec, then AAAA records are deleted even when dnssec is enabled. As suggested by the name, this makes the response not verify, because the DNSSEC protocol is designed detect deletions. This mechanism can erroneously cause other servers to not give AAAA records to their clients. A recursing server with both IPv6 and IPv4 network connections that queries an authoritative server using this mechanism via IPv4 will be denied AAAA records even if its client is using IPv6. This mechanism is applied to authoritative as well as non-authoritative records. A client using IPv4 that is not allowed recursion can erroneously be given AAAA records because the server is not allowed to check for A records. Some AAAA records are given to IPv4 clients in glue records. IPv4 clients that are servers can then erroneously answer requests for AAAA records received via IPv4. ixfr-from-differences When yes and the server loads a new version of a master zone from its zone file or receives a new version of a slave file by a non-incremental zone transfer, it will compare the new version to the previous one and calculate a set of differences. The differences are then logged in the zone's journal file such that the changes can be transmitted to downstream slaves as an incremental zone transfer. By allowing incremental zone transfers to be used for non-dynamic zones, this option saves bandwidth at the expense of increased CPU and memory consumption at the master. In particular, if the new version of a zone is completely different from the previous one, the set of differences will be of a size comparable to the combined size of the old and new zone version, and the server will need to temporarily allocate memory to hold this complete difference set. ixfr-from-differences also accepts master and slave at the view and options levels which causes ixfr-from-differences to be enabled for all master or slave zones respectively. It is off by default. multi-master This should be set when you have multiple masters for a zone and the addresses refer to different machines. If yes, named will not log when the serial number on the master is less than what named currently has. The default is no. dnssec-enable Enable DNSSEC support in named. Unless set to yes, named behaves as if it does not support DNSSEC. The default is yes. dnssec-validation Enable DNSSEC validation in named. Note dnssec-enable also needs to be set to yes to be effective. If set to no, DNSSEC validation is disabled. If set to auto, DNSSEC validation is enabled, and a default trust-anchor for the DNS root zone is used. If set to yes, DNSSEC validation is enabled, but a trust anchor must be manually configured using a trusted-keys or managed-keys statement. The default is yes. dnssec-accept-expired Accept expired signatures when verifying DNSSEC signatures. The default is no. Setting this option to yes leaves named vulnerable to replay attacks. querylog Specify whether query logging should be started when named starts. If querylog is not specified, then the query logging is determined by the presence of the logging category queries. check-names This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax of certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses received from the network. The default varies according to usage area. For master zones the default is fail. For slave zones the default is warn. For answers received from the network (response) the default is ignore. The rules for legal hostnames and mail domains are derived from RFC 952 and RFC 821 as modified by RFC 1123. check-names applies to the owner names of A, AAAA and MX records. It also applies to the domain names in the RDATA of NS, SOA, MX, and SRV records. It also applies to the RDATA of PTR records where the owner name indicated that it is a reverse lookup of a hostname (the owner name ends in IN-ADDR.ARPA, IP6.ARPA, or IP6.INT). check-dup-records Check master zones for records that are treated as different by DNSSEC but are semantically equal in plain DNS. The default is to warn. Other possible values are fail and ignore. check-mx Check whether the MX record appears to refer to a IP address. The default is to warn. Other possible values are fail and ignore. check-wildcard This option is used to check for non-terminal wildcards. The use of non-terminal wildcards is almost always as a result of a failure to understand the wildcard matching algorithm (RFC 1034). This option affects master zones. The default (yes) is to check for non-terminal wildcards and issue a warning. check-integrity Perform post load zone integrity checks on master zones. This checks that MX and SRV records refer to address (A or AAAA) records and that glue address records exist for delegated zones. For MX and SRV records only in-zone hostnames are checked (for out-of-zone hostnames use named-checkzone). For NS records only names below top of zone are checked (for out-of-zone names and glue consistency checks use named-checkzone). The default is yes. Check that the two forms of Sender Policy Framework records (TXT records starting with "v=spf1" and SPF) either both exist or both don't exist. Warnings are emitted it they don't and be suppressed with check-spf. check-mx-cname If check-integrity is set then fail, warn or ignore MX records that refer to CNAMES. The default is to warn. check-srv-cname If check-integrity is set then fail, warn or ignore SRV records that refer to CNAMES. The default is to warn. check-sibling When performing integrity checks, also check that sibling glue exists. The default is yes. check-spf When performing integrity checks, check that the two forms of Sender Policy Framwork records (TXT records starting with "v=spf1" and SPF) both exist or both don't exist and issue a warning if not met. The default is warn. zero-no-soa-ttl When returning authoritative negative responses to SOA queries set the TTL of the SOA record returned in the authority section to zero. The default is yes. zero-no-soa-ttl-cache When caching a negative response to a SOA query set the TTL to zero. The default is no. update-check-ksk When set to the default value of yes, check the KSK bit in each key to determine how the key should be used when generating RRSIGs for a secure zone. Ordinarily, zone-signing keys (that is, keys without the KSK bit set) are used to sign the entire zone, while key-signing keys (keys with the KSK bit set) are only used to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex. However, if this option is set to no, then the KSK bit is ignored; KSKs are treated as if they were ZSKs and are used to sign the entire zone. This is similar to the dnssec-signzone -z command line option. When this option is set to yes, there must be at least two active keys for every algorithm represented in the DNSKEY RRset: at least one KSK and one ZSK per algorithm. If there is any algorithm for which this requirement is not met, this option will be ignored for that algorithm. dnssec-dnskey-kskonly When this option and update-check-ksk are both set to yes, only key-signing keys (that is, keys with the KSK bit set) will be used to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex. Zone-signing keys (keys without the KSK bit set) will be used to sign the remainder of the zone, but not the DNSKEY RRset. This is similar to the dnssec-signzone -x command line option. The default is no. If update-check-ksk is set to no, this option is ignored. try-tcp-refresh Try to refresh the zone using TCP if UDP queries fail. For BIND 8 compatibility, the default is yes. dnssec-secure-to-insecure Allow a dynamic zone to transition from secure to insecure (i.e., signed to unsigned) by deleting all of the DNSKEY records. The default is no. If set to yes, and if the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex is deleted, all RRSIG and NSEC records will be removed from the zone as well. If the zone uses NSEC3, then it is also necessary to delete the NSEC3PARAM RRset from the zone apex; this will cause the removal of all corresponding NSEC3 records. (It is expected that this requirement will be eliminated in a future release.) Note that if a zone has been configured with auto-dnssec maintain and the private keys remain accessible in the key repository, then the zone will be automatically signed again the next time named is started. The forwarding facility can be used to create a large site-wide cache on a few servers, reducing traffic over links to external name servers. It can also be used to allow queries by servers that do not have direct access to the Internet, but wish to look up exterior names anyway. Forwarding occurs only on those queries for which the server is not authoritative and does not have the answer in its cache. forward This option is only meaningful if the forwarders list is not empty. A value of first, the default, causes the server to query the forwarders first — and if that doesn't answer the question, the server will then look for the answer itself. If only is specified, the server will only query the forwarders. forwarders Specifies the IP addresses to be used for forwarding. The default is the empty list (no forwarding). Forwarding can also be configured on a per-domain basis, allowing for the global forwarding options to be overridden in a variety of ways. You can set particular domains to use different forwarders, or have a different forward only/first behavior, or not forward at all, see . Dual-stack servers are used as servers of last resort to work around problems in reachability due the lack of support for either IPv4 or IPv6 on the host machine. dual-stack-servers Specifies host names or addresses of machines with access to both IPv4 and IPv6 transports. If a hostname is used, the server must be able to resolve the name using only the transport it has. If the machine is dual stacked, then the dual-stack-servers have no effect unless access to a transport has been disabled on the command line (e.g. named -4). Access to the server can be restricted based on the IP address of the requesting system. See for details on how to specify IP address lists. allow-notify Specifies which hosts are allowed to notify this server, a slave, of zone changes in addition to the zone masters. allow-notify may also be specified in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options allow-notify statement. It is only meaningful for a slave zone. If not specified, the default is to process notify messages only from a zone's master. allow-query Specifies which hosts are allowed to ask ordinary DNS questions. allow-query may also be specified in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options allow-query statement. If not specified, the default is to allow queries from all hosts. allow-query-cache is now used to specify access to the cache. allow-query-on Specifies which local addresses can accept ordinary DNS questions. This makes it possible, for instance, to allow queries on internal-facing interfaces but disallow them on external-facing ones, without necessarily knowing the internal network's addresses. Note that allow-query-on is only checked for queries that are permitted by allow-query. A query must be allowed by both ACLs, or it will be refused. allow-query-on may also be specified in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options allow-query-on statement. If not specified, the default is to allow queries on all addresses. allow-query-cache is used to specify access to the cache. allow-query-cache Specifies which hosts are allowed to get answers from the cache. If allow-query-cache is not set then allow-recursion is used if set, otherwise allow-query is used if set unless recursion no; is set in which case none; is used, otherwise the default (localnets; localhost;) is used. allow-query-cache-on Specifies which local addresses can give answers from the cache. If not specified, the default is to allow cache queries on any address, localnets and localhost. allow-recursion Specifies which hosts are allowed to make recursive queries through this server. If allow-recursion is not set then allow-query-cache is used if set, otherwise allow-query is used if set, otherwise the default (localnets; localhost;) is used. allow-recursion-on Specifies which local addresses can accept recursive queries. If not specified, the default is to allow recursive queries on all addresses. allow-update Specifies which hosts are allowed to submit Dynamic DNS updates for master zones. The default is to deny updates from all hosts. Note that allowing updates based on the requestor's IP address is insecure; see for details. allow-update-forwarding Specifies which hosts are allowed to submit Dynamic DNS updates to slave zones to be forwarded to the master. The default is { none; }, which means that no update forwarding will be performed. To enable update forwarding, specify allow-update-forwarding { any; };. Specifying values other than { none; } or { any; } is usually counterproductive, since the responsibility for update access control should rest with the master server, not the slaves. Note that enabling the update forwarding feature on a slave server may expose master servers relying on insecure IP address based access control to attacks; see for more details. allow-v6-synthesis This option was introduced for the smooth transition from AAAA to A6 and from "nibble labels" to binary labels. However, since both A6 and binary labels were then deprecated, this option was also deprecated. It is now ignored with some warning messages. allow-transfer Specifies which hosts are allowed to receive zone transfers from the server. allow-transfer may also be specified in the zone statement, in which case it overrides the options allow-transfer statement. If not specified, the default is to allow transfers to all hosts. blackhole Specifies a list of addresses that the server will not accept queries from or use to resolve a query. Queries from these addresses will not be responded to. The default is none. filter-aaaa Specifies a list of addresses to which filter-aaaa-on-v4 is applies. The default is any. resolver-query-timeout The amount of time the resolver will spend attempting to resolve a recursive query before failing. The default and minimum is 10 and the maximum is 30. Setting it to 0 will result in the default being used. The interfaces and ports that the server will answer queries from may be specified using the listen-on option. listen-on takes an optional port and an address_match_list. The server will listen on all interfaces allowed by the address match list. If a port is not specified, port 53 will be used. Multiple listen-on statements are allowed. For example, listen-on { 5.6.7.8; }; listen-on port 1234 { !1.2.3.4; 1.2/16; }; will enable the name server on port 53 for the IP address 5.6.7.8, and on port 1234 of an address on the machine in net 1.2 that is not 1.2.3.4. If no listen-on is specified, the server will listen on port 53 on all IPv4 interfaces. The listen-on-v6 option is used to specify the interfaces and the ports on which the server will listen for incoming queries sent using IPv6. When { any; } is specified as the address_match_list for the listen-on-v6 option, the server does not bind a separate socket to each IPv6 interface address as it does for IPv4 if the operating system has enough API support for IPv6 (specifically if it conforms to RFC 3493 and RFC 3542). Instead, it listens on the IPv6 wildcard address. If the system only has incomplete API support for IPv6, however, the behavior is the same as that for IPv4. A list of particular IPv6 addresses can also be specified, in which case the server listens on a separate socket for each specified address, regardless of whether the desired API is supported by the system. Multiple listen-on-v6 options can be used. For example, listen-on-v6 { any; }; listen-on-v6 port 1234 { !2001:db8::/32; any; }; will enable the name server on port 53 for any IPv6 addresses (with a single wildcard socket), and on port 1234 of IPv6 addresses that is not in the prefix 2001:db8::/32 (with separate sockets for each matched address.) To make the server not listen on any IPv6 address, use listen-on-v6 { none; }; If no listen-on-v6 option is specified, the server will not listen on any IPv6 address unless -6 is specified when named is invoked. If -6 is specified then named will listen on port 53 on all IPv6 interfaces by default. If the server doesn't know the answer to a question, it will query other name servers. query-source specifies the address and port used for such queries. For queries sent over IPv6, there is a separate query-source-v6 option. If address is * (asterisk) or is omitted, a wildcard IP address (INADDR_ANY) will be used. If port is * or is omitted, a random port number from a pre-configured range is picked up and will be used for each query. The port range(s) is that specified in the use-v4-udp-ports (for IPv4) and use-v6-udp-ports (for IPv6) options, excluding the ranges specified in the avoid-v4-udp-ports and avoid-v6-udp-ports options, respectively. The defaults of the query-source and query-source-v6 options are: query-source address * port *; query-source-v6 address * port *; If use-v4-udp-ports or use-v6-udp-ports is unspecified, named will check if the operating system provides a programming interface to retrieve the system's default range for ephemeral ports. If such an interface is available, named will use the corresponding system default range; otherwise, it will use its own defaults: use-v4-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; }; use-v6-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; }; Note: make sure the ranges be sufficiently large for security. A desirable size depends on various parameters, but we generally recommend it contain at least 16384 ports (14 bits of entropy). Note also that the system's default range when used may be too small for this purpose, and that the range may even be changed while named is running; the new range will automatically be applied when named is reloaded. It is encouraged to configure use-v4-udp-ports and use-v6-udp-ports explicitly so that the ranges are sufficiently large and are reasonably independent from the ranges used by other applications. Note: the operational configuration where named runs may prohibit the use of some ports. For example, UNIX systems will not allow named running without a root privilege to use ports less than 1024. If such ports are included in the specified (or detected) set of query ports, the corresponding query attempts will fail, resulting in resolution failures or delay. It is therefore important to configure the set of ports that can be safely used in the expected operational environment. The defaults of the avoid-v4-udp-ports and avoid-v6-udp-ports options are: avoid-v4-udp-ports {}; avoid-v6-udp-ports {}; Note: BIND 9.5.0 introduced the use-queryport-pool option to support a pool of such random ports, but this option is now obsolete because reusing the same ports in the pool may not be sufficiently secure. For the same reason, it is generally strongly discouraged to specify a particular port for the query-source or query-source-v6 options; it implicitly disables the use of randomized port numbers. use-queryport-pool This option is obsolete. queryport-pool-ports This option is obsolete. queryport-pool-updateinterval This option is obsolete. The address specified in the query-source option is used for both UDP and TCP queries, but the port applies only to UDP queries. TCP queries always use a random unprivileged port. Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the source address for TCP sockets. See also transfer-source and notify-source. BIND has mechanisms in place to facilitate zone transfers and set limits on the amount of load that transfers place on the system. The following options apply to zone transfers. also-notify Defines a global list of IP addresses of name servers that are also sent NOTIFY messages whenever a fresh copy of the zone is loaded, in addition to the servers listed in the zone's NS records. This helps to ensure that copies of the zones will quickly converge on stealth servers. Optionally, a port may be specified with each also-notify address to send the notify messages to a port other than the default of 53. If an also-notify list is given in a zone statement, it will override the options also-notify statement. When a zone notify statement is set to no, the IP addresses in the global also-notify list will not be sent NOTIFY messages for that zone. The default is the empty list (no global notification list). max-transfer-time-in Inbound zone transfers running longer than this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120 minutes (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). max-transfer-idle-in Inbound zone transfers making no progress in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60 minutes (1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). max-transfer-time-out Outbound zone transfers running longer than this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120 minutes (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). max-transfer-idle-out Outbound zone transfers making no progress in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60 minutes (1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). serial-query-rate Slave servers will periodically query master servers to find out if zone serial numbers have changed. Each such query uses a minute amount of the slave server's network bandwidth. To limit the amount of bandwidth used, BIND 9 limits the rate at which queries are sent. The value of the serial-query-rate option, an integer, is the maximum number of queries sent per second. The default is 20. In addition to controlling the rate SOA refresh queries are issued at serial-query-rate also controls the rate at which NOTIFY messages are sent from both master and slave zones. serial-queries In BIND 8, the serial-queries option set the maximum number of concurrent serial number queries allowed to be outstanding at any given time. BIND 9 does not limit the number of outstanding serial queries and ignores the serial-queries option. Instead, it limits the rate at which the queries are sent as defined using the serial-query-rate option. transfer-format Zone transfers can be sent using two different formats, one-answer and many-answers. The transfer-format option is used on the master server to determine which format it sends. one-answer uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. many-answers packs as many resource records as possible into a message. many-answers is more efficient, but is only supported by relatively new slave servers, such as BIND 9, BIND 8.x and BIND 4.9.5 onwards. The many-answers format is also supported by recent Microsoft Windows nameservers. The default is many-answers. transfer-format may be overridden on a per-server basis by using the server statement. transfers-in The maximum number of inbound zone transfers that can be running concurrently. The default value is 10. Increasing transfers-in may speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the local system. transfers-out The maximum number of outbound zone transfers that can be running concurrently. Zone transfer requests in excess of the limit will be refused. The default value is 10. transfers-per-ns The maximum number of inbound zone transfers that can be concurrently transferring from a given remote name server. The default value is 2. Increasing transfers-per-ns may speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the remote name server. transfers-per-ns may be overridden on a per-server basis by using the transfers phrase of the server statement. transfer-source transfer-source determines which local address will be bound to IPv4 TCP connections used to fetch zones transferred inbound by the server. It also determines the source IPv4 address, and optionally the UDP port, used for the refresh queries and forwarded dynamic updates. If not set, it defaults to a system controlled value which will usually be the address of the interface "closest to" the remote end. This address must appear in the remote end's allow-transfer option for the zone being transferred, if one is specified. This statement sets the transfer-source for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-view or per-zone basis by including a transfer-source statement within the view or zone block in the configuration file. Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the source address for TCP sockets. transfer-source-v6 The same as transfer-source, except zone transfers are performed using IPv6. alt-transfer-source An alternate transfer source if the one listed in transfer-source fails and use-alt-transfer-source is set. If you do not wish the alternate transfer source to be used, you should set use-alt-transfer-source appropriately and you should not depend upon getting an answer back to the first refresh query. alt-transfer-source-v6 An alternate transfer source if the one listed in transfer-source-v6 fails and use-alt-transfer-source is set. use-alt-transfer-source Use the alternate transfer sources or not. If views are specified this defaults to no otherwise it defaults to yes (for BIND 8 compatibility). notify-source notify-source determines which local source address, and optionally UDP port, will be used to send NOTIFY messages. This address must appear in the slave server's masters zone clause or in an allow-notify clause. This statement sets the notify-source for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-zone or per-view basis by including a notify-source statement within the zone or view block in the configuration file. Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the source address for TCP sockets. notify-source-v6 Like notify-source, but applies to notify messages sent to IPv6 addresses. use-v4-udp-ports, avoid-v4-udp-ports, use-v6-udp-ports, and avoid-v6-udp-ports specify a list of IPv4 and IPv6 UDP ports that will be used or not used as source ports for UDP messages. See about how the available ports are determined. For example, with the following configuration use-v6-udp-ports { range 32768 65535; }; avoid-v6-udp-ports { 40000; range 50000 60000; }; UDP ports of IPv6 messages sent from named will be in one of the following ranges: 32768 to 39999, 40001 to 49999, and 60001 to 65535. avoid-v4-udp-ports and avoid-v6-udp-ports can be used to prevent named from choosing as its random source port a port that is blocked by your firewall or a port that is used by other applications; if a query went out with a source port blocked by a firewall, the answer would not get by the firewall and the name server would have to query again. Note: the desired range can also be represented only with use-v4-udp-ports and use-v6-udp-ports, and the avoid- options are redundant in that sense; they are provided for backward compatibility and to possibly simplify the port specification. The server's usage of many system resources can be limited. Scaled values are allowed when specifying resource limits. For example, 1G can be used instead of 1073741824 to specify a limit of one gigabyte. unlimited requests unlimited use, or the maximum available amount. default uses the limit that was in force when the server was started. See the description of size_spec in . The following options set operating system resource limits for the name server process. Some operating systems don't support some or any of the limits. On such systems, a warning will be issued if the unsupported limit is used. coresize The maximum size of a core dump. The default is default. datasize The maximum amount of data memory the server may use. The default is default. This is a hard limit on server memory usage. If the server attempts to allocate memory in excess of this limit, the allocation will fail, which may in turn leave the server unable to perform DNS service. Therefore, this option is rarely useful as a way of limiting the amount of memory used by the server, but it can be used to raise an operating system data size limit that is too small by default. If you wish to limit the amount of memory used by the server, use the max-cache-size and recursive-clients options instead. files The maximum number of files the server may have open concurrently. The default is unlimited. stacksize The maximum amount of stack memory the server may use. The default is default. The following options set limits on the server's resource consumption that are enforced internally by the server rather than the operating system. max-ixfr-log-size This option is obsolete; it is accepted and ignored for BIND 8 compatibility. The option max-journal-size performs a similar function in BIND 9. max-journal-size Sets a maximum size for each journal file (see ). When the journal file approaches the specified size, some of the oldest transactions in the journal will be automatically removed. The default is unlimited. This may also be set on a per-zone basis. host-statistics-max In BIND 8, specifies the maximum number of host statistics entries to be kept. Not implemented in BIND 9. recursive-clients The maximum number of simultaneous recursive lookups the server will perform on behalf of clients. The default is 1000. Because each recursing client uses a fair bit of memory, on the order of 20 kilobytes, the value of the recursive-clients option may have to be decreased on hosts with limited memory. tcp-clients The maximum number of simultaneous client TCP connections that the server will accept. The default is 100. reserved-sockets The number of file descriptors reserved for TCP, stdio, etc. This needs to be big enough to cover the number of interfaces named listens on, tcp-clients as well as to provide room for outgoing TCP queries and incoming zone transfers. The default is 512. The minimum value is 128 and the maximum value is 128 less than maxsockets (-S). This option may be removed in the future. This option has little effect on Windows. max-cache-size The maximum amount of memory to use for the server's cache, in bytes. When the amount of data in the cache reaches this limit, the server will cause records to expire prematurely based on an LRU based strategy so that the limit is not exceeded. A value of 0 is special, meaning that records are purged from the cache only when their TTLs expire. Another special keyword unlimited means the maximum value of 32-bit unsigned integers (0xffffffff), which may not have the same effect as 0 on machines that support more than 32 bits of memory space. Any positive values less than 2MB will be ignored reset to 2MB. In a server with multiple views, the limit applies separately to the cache of each view. The default is 0. tcp-listen-queue The listen queue depth. The default and minimum is 3. If the kernel supports the accept filter "dataready" this also controls how many TCP connections that will be queued in kernel space waiting for some data before being passed to accept. Values less than 3 will be silently raised. cleaning-interval This interval is effectively obsolete. Previously, the server would remove expired resource records from the cache every cleaning-interval minutes. BIND 9 now manages cache memory in a more sophisticated manner and does not rely on the periodic cleaning any more. Specifying this option therefore has no effect on the server's behavior. heartbeat-interval The server will perform zone maintenance tasks for all zones marked as dialup whenever this interval expires. The default is 60 minutes. Reasonable values are up to 1 day (1440 minutes). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). If set to 0, no zone maintenance for these zones will occur. interface-interval The server will scan the network interface list every interface-interval minutes. The default is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). If set to 0, interface scanning will only occur when the configuration file is loaded. After the scan, the server will begin listening for queries on any newly discovered interfaces (provided they are allowed by the listen-on configuration), and will stop listening on interfaces that have gone away. statistics-interval Name server statistics will be logged every statistics-interval minutes. The default is 60. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes). If set to 0, no statistics will be logged. Not yet implemented in BIND 9. All other things being equal, when the server chooses a name server to query from a list of name servers, it prefers the one that is topologically closest to itself. The topology statement takes an address_match_list and interprets it in a special way. Each top-level list element is assigned a distance. Non-negated elements get a distance based on their position in the list, where the closer the match is to the start of the list, the shorter the distance is between it and the server. A negated match will be assigned the maximum distance from the server. If there is no match, the address will get a distance which is further than any non-negated list element, and closer than any negated element. For example, topology { 10/8; !1.2.3/24; { 1.2/16; 3/8; }; }; will prefer servers on network 10 the most, followed by hosts on network 1.2.0.0 (netmask 255.255.0.0) and network 3, with the exception of hosts on network 1.2.3 (netmask 255.255.255.0), which is preferred least of all. The default topology is topology { localhost; localnets; }; The topology option is not implemented in BIND 9. The response to a DNS query may consist of multiple resource records (RRs) forming a resource records set (RRset). The name server will normally return the RRs within the RRset in an indeterminate order (but see the rrset-order statement in ). The client resolver code should rearrange the RRs as appropriate, that is, using any addresses on the local net in preference to other addresses. However, not all resolvers can do this or are correctly configured. When a client is using a local server, the sorting can be performed in the server, based on the client's address. This only requires configuring the name servers, not all the clients. The sortlist statement (see below) takes an address_match_list and interprets it even more specifically than the topology statement does (). Each top level statement in the sortlist must itself be an explicit address_match_list with one or two elements. The first element (which may be an IP address, an IP prefix, an ACL name or a nested address_match_list) of each top level list is checked against the source address of the query until a match is found. Once the source address of the query has been matched, if the top level statement contains only one element, the actual primitive element that matched the source address is used to select the address in the response to move to the beginning of the response. If the statement is a list of two elements, then the second element is treated the same as the address_match_list in a topology statement. Each top level element is assigned a distance and the address in the response with the minimum distance is moved to the beginning of the response. In the following example, any queries received from any of the addresses of the host itself will get responses preferring addresses on any of the locally connected networks. Next most preferred are addresses on the 192.168.1/24 network, and after that either the 192.168.2/24 or 192.168.3/24 network with no preference shown between these two networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.1/24 network will prefer other addresses on that network to the 192.168.2/24 and 192.168.3/24 networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.4/24 or the 192.168.5/24 network will only prefer other addresses on their directly connected networks. sortlist { // IF the local host // THEN first fit on the following nets { localhost; { localnets; 192.168.1/24; { 192.168.2/24; 192.168.3/24; }; }; }; // IF on class C 192.168.1 THEN use .1, or .2 or .3 { 192.168.1/24; { 192.168.1/24; { 192.168.2/24; 192.168.3/24; }; }; }; // IF on class C 192.168.2 THEN use .2, or .1 or .3 { 192.168.2/24; { 192.168.2/24; { 192.168.1/24; 192.168.3/24; }; }; }; // IF on class C 192.168.3 THEN use .3, or .1 or .2 { 192.168.3/24; { 192.168.3/24; { 192.168.1/24; 192.168.2/24; }; }; }; // IF .4 or .5 THEN prefer that net { { 192.168.4/24; 192.168.5/24; }; }; }; The following example will give reasonable behavior for the local host and hosts on directly connected networks. It is similar to the behavior of the address sort in BIND 4.9.x. Responses sent to queries from the local host will favor any of the directly connected networks. Responses sent to queries from any other hosts on a directly connected network will prefer addresses on that same network. Responses to other queries will not be sorted. sortlist { { localhost; localnets; }; { localnets; }; }; When multiple records are returned in an answer it may be useful to configure the order of the records placed into the response. The rrset-order statement permits configuration of the ordering of the records in a multiple record response. See also the sortlist statement, . An order_spec is defined as follows: class class_name type type_name name "domain_name" order ordering If no class is specified, the default is ANY. If no type is specified, the default is ANY. If no name is specified, the default is "*" (asterisk). The legal values for ordering are: fixed Records are returned in the order they are defined in the zone file. random Records are returned in some random order. cyclic Records are returned in a cyclic round-robin order. If BIND is configured with the "--enable-fixed-rrset" option at compile time, then the initial ordering of the RRset will match the one specified in the zone file. For example: rrset-order { class IN type A name "host.example.com" order random; order cyclic; }; will cause any responses for type A records in class IN that have "host.example.com" as a suffix, to always be returned in random order. All other records are returned in cyclic order. If multiple rrset-order statements appear, they are not combined — the last one applies. In this release of BIND 9, the rrset-order statement does not support "fixed" ordering by default. Fixed ordering can be enabled at compile time by specifying "--enable-fixed-rrset" on the "configure" command line. lame-ttl Sets the number of seconds to cache a lame server indication. 0 disables caching. (This is NOT recommended.) The default is 600 (10 minutes) and the maximum value is 1800 (30 minutes). Lame-ttl also controls the amount of time DNSSEC validation failures are cached. There is a minimum of 30 seconds applied to bad cache entries if the lame-ttl is set to less than 30 seconds. max-ncache-ttl To reduce network traffic and increase performance, the server stores negative answers. max-ncache-ttl is used to set a maximum retention time for these answers in the server in seconds. The default max-ncache-ttl is 10800 seconds (3 hours). max-ncache-ttl cannot exceed 7 days and will be silently truncated to 7 days if set to a greater value. max-cache-ttl Sets the maximum time for which the server will cache ordinary (positive) answers. The default is one week (7 days). A value of zero may cause all queries to return SERVFAIL, because of lost caches of intermediate RRsets (such as NS and glue AAAA/A records) in the resolution process. min-roots The minimum number of root servers that is required for a request for the root servers to be accepted. The default is 2. Not implemented in BIND 9. sig-validity-interval Specifies the number of days into the future when DNSSEC signatures automatically generated as a result of dynamic updates () will expire. There is an optional second field which specifies how long before expiry that the signatures will be regenerated. If not specified, the signatures will be regenerated at 1/4 of base interval. The second field is specified in days if the base interval is greater than 7 days otherwise it is specified in hours. The default base interval is 30 days giving a re-signing interval of 7 1/2 days. The maximum values are 10 years (3660 days). The signature inception time is unconditionally set to one hour before the current time to allow for a limited amount of clock skew. The sig-validity-interval should be, at least, several multiples of the SOA expire interval to allow for reasonable interaction between the various timer and expiry dates. sig-signing-nodes Specify the maximum number of nodes to be examined in each quantum when signing a zone with a new DNSKEY. The default is 100. sig-signing-signatures Specify a threshold number of signatures that will terminate processing a quantum when signing a zone with a new DNSKEY. The default is 10. sig-signing-type Specify a private RDATA type to be used when generating key signing records. The default is 65534. It is expected that this parameter may be removed in a future version once there is a standard type. min-refresh-time max-refresh-time min-retry-time max-retry-time These options control the server's behavior on refreshing a zone (querying for SOA changes) or retrying failed transfers. Usually the SOA values for the zone are used, but these values are set by the master, giving slave server administrators little control over their contents. These options allow the administrator to set a minimum and maximum refresh and retry time either per-zone, per-view, or globally. These options are valid for slave and stub zones, and clamp the SOA refresh and retry times to the specified values. The following defaults apply. min-refresh-time 300 seconds, max-refresh-time 2419200 seconds (4 weeks), min-retry-time 500 seconds, and max-retry-time 1209600 seconds (2 weeks). edns-udp-size Sets the advertised EDNS UDP buffer size in bytes to control the size of packets received. Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this range will be silently adjusted). The default value is 4096. The usual reason for setting edns-udp-size to a non-default value is to get UDP answers to pass through broken firewalls that block fragmented packets and/or block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes. named will fallback to using 512 bytes if it get a series of timeout at the initial value. 512 bytes is not being offered to encourage sites to fix their firewalls. Small EDNS UDP sizes will result in the excessive use of TCP. max-udp-size Sets the maximum EDNS UDP message size named will send in bytes. Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this range will be silently adjusted). The default value is 4096. The usual reason for setting max-udp-size to a non-default value is to get UDP answers to pass through broken firewalls that block fragmented packets and/or block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes. This is independent of the advertised receive buffer (edns-udp-size). Setting this to a low value will encourage additional TCP traffic to the nameserver. masterfile-format Specifies the file format of zone files (see ). The default value is text, which is the standard textual representation. Files in other formats than text are typically expected to be generated by the named-compilezone tool. Note that when a zone file in a different format than text is loaded, named may omit some of the checks which would be performed for a file in the text format. In particular, check-names checks do not apply for the raw format. This means a zone file in the raw format must be generated with the same check level as that specified in the named configuration file. This statement sets the masterfile-format for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-zone or per-view basis by including a masterfile-format statement within the zone or view block in the configuration file. clients-per-query max-clients-per-query These set the initial value (minimum) and maximum number of recursive simultaneous clients for any given query (<qname,qtype,qclass>) that the server will accept before dropping additional clients. named will attempt to self tune this value and changes will be logged. The default values are 10 and 100. This value should reflect how many queries come in for a given name in the time it takes to resolve that name. If the number of queries exceed this value, named will assume that it is dealing with a non-responsive zone and will drop additional queries. If it gets a response after dropping queries, it will raise the estimate. The estimate will then be lowered in 20 minutes if it has remained unchanged. If clients-per-query is set to zero, then there is no limit on the number of clients per query and no queries will be dropped. If max-clients-per-query is set to zero, then there is no upper bound other than imposed by recursive-clients. notify-delay The delay, in seconds, between sending sets of notify messages for a zone. The default is five (5) seconds. The overall rate that NOTIFY messages are sent for all zones is controlled by serial-query-rate. The server provides some helpful diagnostic information through a number of built-in zones under the pseudo-top-level-domain bind in the CHAOS class. These zones are part of a built-in view (see ) of class CHAOS which is separate from the default view of class IN. Most global configuration options (allow-query, etc) will apply to this view, but some are locally overridden: notify, recursion and allow-new-zones are always set to no. If you need to disable these zones, use the options below, or hide the built-in CHAOS view by defining an explicit view of class CHAOS that matches all clients. version The version the server should report via a query of the name version.bind with type TXT, class CHAOS. The default is the real version number of this server. Specifying version none disables processing of the queries. hostname The hostname the server should report via a query of the name hostname.bind with type TXT, class CHAOS. This defaults to the hostname of the machine hosting the name server as found by the gethostname() function. The primary purpose of such queries is to identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually answering your queries. Specifying hostname none; disables processing of the queries. server-id The ID the server should report when receiving a Name Server Identifier (NSID) query, or a query of the name ID.SERVER with type TXT, class CHAOS. The primary purpose of such queries is to identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually answering your queries. Specifying server-id none; disables processing of the queries. Specifying server-id hostname; will cause named to use the hostname as found by the gethostname() function. The default server-id is none. Named has some built-in empty zones (SOA and NS records only). These are for zones that should normally be answered locally and which queries should not be sent to the Internet's root servers. The official servers which cover these namespaces return NXDOMAIN responses to these queries. In particular, these cover the reverse namespaces for addresses from RFC 1918, RFC 4193, RFC 5737 and RFC 6598. They also include the reverse namespace for IPv6 local address (locally assigned), IPv6 link local addresses, the IPv6 loopback address and the IPv6 unknown address. Named will attempt to determine if a built-in zone already exists or is active (covered by a forward-only forwarding declaration) and will not create an empty zone in that case. The current list of empty zones is: 10.IN-ADDR.ARPA 16.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 17.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 18.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 19.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 20.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 21.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 22.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 23.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 24.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 25.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 26.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 27.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 28.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 29.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 30.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 31.172.IN-ADDR.ARPA 168.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA 64.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 65.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 66.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 67.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 68.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 69.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 70.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 71.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 72.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 73.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 74.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 75.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 76.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 77.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 78.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 79.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 80.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 81.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 82.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 83.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 84.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 85.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 86.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 87.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 88.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 89.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 90.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 91.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 92.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 93.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 94.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 95.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 96.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 97.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 98.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 99.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 100.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 101.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 102.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 103.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 104.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 105.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 106.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 107.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 108.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 109.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 110.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 111.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 112.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 113.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 114.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 115.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 116.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 117.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 118.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 119.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 120.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 121.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 122.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 123.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 124.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 125.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 126.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 127.100.IN-ADDR.ARPA 0.IN-ADDR.ARPA 127.IN-ADDR.ARPA 254.169.IN-ADDR.ARPA 2.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA 100.51.198.IN-ADDR.ARPA 113.0.203.IN-ADDR.ARPA 255.255.255.255.IN-ADDR.ARPA 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA 8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.IP6.ARPA D.F.IP6.ARPA 8.E.F.IP6.ARPA 9.E.F.IP6.ARPA A.E.F.IP6.ARPA B.E.F.IP6.ARPA Empty zones are settable at the view level and only apply to views of class IN. Disabled empty zones are only inherited from options if there are no disabled empty zones specified at the view level. To override the options list of disabled zones, you can disable the root zone at the view level, for example: disable-empty-zone "."; If you are using the address ranges covered here, you should already have reverse zones covering the addresses you use. In practice this appears to not be the case with many queries being made to the infrastructure servers for names in these spaces. So many in fact that sacrificial servers were needed to be deployed to channel the query load away from the infrastructure servers. The real parent servers for these zones should disable all empty zone under the parent zone they serve. For the real root servers, this is all built-in empty zones. This will enable them to return referrals to deeper in the tree. empty-server Specify what server name will appear in the returned SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then the zone's name will be used. empty-contact Specify what contact name will appear in the returned SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then "." will be used. empty-zones-enable Enable or disable all empty zones. By default, they are enabled. disable-empty-zone Disable individual empty zones. By default, none are disabled. This option can be specified multiple times. The additional section cache, also called acache, is an internal cache to improve the response performance of BIND 9. When additional section caching is enabled, BIND 9 will cache an internal short-cut to the additional section content for each answer RR. Note that acache is an internal caching mechanism of BIND 9, and is not related to the DNS caching server function. Additional section caching does not change the response content (except the RRsets ordering of the additional section, see below), but can improve the response performance significantly. It is particularly effective when BIND 9 acts as an authoritative server for a zone that has many delegations with many glue RRs. In order to obtain the maximum performance improvement from additional section caching, setting additional-from-cache to no is recommended, since the current implementation of acache does not short-cut of additional section information from the DNS cache data. One obvious disadvantage of acache is that it requires much more memory for the internal cached data. Thus, if the response performance does not matter and memory consumption is much more critical, the acache mechanism can be disabled by setting acache-enable to no. It is also possible to specify the upper limit of memory consumption for acache by using max-acache-size. Additional section caching also has a minor effect on the RRset ordering in the additional section. Without acache, cyclic order is effective for the additional section as well as the answer and authority sections. However, additional section caching fixes the ordering when it first caches an RRset for the additional section, and the same ordering will be kept in succeeding responses, regardless of the setting of rrset-order. The effect of this should be minor, however, since an RRset in the additional section typically only contains a small number of RRs (and in many cases it only contains a single RR), in which case the ordering does not matter much. The following is a summary of options related to acache. acache-enable If yes, additional section caching is enabled. The default value is no. acache-cleaning-interval The server will remove stale cache entries, based on an LRU based algorithm, every acache-cleaning-interval minutes. The default is 60 minutes. If set to 0, no periodic cleaning will occur. max-acache-size The maximum amount of memory in bytes to use for the server's acache. When the amount of data in the acache reaches this limit, the server will clean more aggressively so that the limit is not exceeded. In a server with multiple views, the limit applies separately to the acache of each view. The default is 16M. BIND 9 provides the ability to filter out DNS responses from external DNS servers containing certain types of data in the answer section. Specifically, it can reject address (A or AAAA) records if the corresponding IPv4 or IPv6 addresses match the given address_match_list of the deny-answer-addresses option. It can also reject CNAME or DNAME records if the "alias" name (i.e., the CNAME alias or the substituted query name due to DNAME) matches the given namelist of the deny-answer-aliases option, where "match" means the alias name is a subdomain of one of the name_list elements. If the optional namelist is specified with except-from, records whose query name matches the list will be accepted regardless of the filter setting. Likewise, if the alias name is a subdomain of the corresponding zone, the deny-answer-aliases filter will not apply; for example, even if "example.com" is specified for deny-answer-aliases, www.example.com. CNAME xxx.example.com. returned by an "example.com" server will be accepted. In the address_match_list of the deny-answer-addresses option, only ip_addr and ip_prefix are meaningful; any key_id will be silently ignored. If a response message is rejected due to the filtering, the entire message is discarded without being cached, and a SERVFAIL error will be returned to the client. This filtering is intended to prevent "DNS rebinding attacks," in which an attacker, in response to a query for a domain name the attacker controls, returns an IP address within your own network or an alias name within your own domain. A naive web browser or script could then serve as an unintended proxy, allowing the attacker to get access to an internal node of your local network that couldn't be externally accessed otherwise. See the paper available at http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1315245.1315298 for more details about the attacks. For example, if you own a domain named "example.net" and your internal network uses an IPv4 prefix 192.0.2.0/24, you might specify the following rules: deny-answer-addresses { 192.0.2.0/24; } except-from { "example.net"; }; deny-answer-aliases { "example.net"; }; If an external attacker lets a web browser in your local network look up an IPv4 address of "attacker.example.com", the attacker's DNS server would return a response like this: attacker.example.com. A 192.0.2.1 in the answer section. Since the rdata of this record (the IPv4 address) matches the specified prefix 192.0.2.0/24, this response will be ignored. On the other hand, if the browser looks up a legitimate internal web server "www.example.net" and the following response is returned to the BIND 9 server www.example.net. A 192.0.2.2 it will be accepted since the owner name "www.example.net" matches the except-from element, "example.net". Note that this is not really an attack on the DNS per se. In fact, there is nothing wrong for an "external" name to be mapped to your "internal" IP address or domain name from the DNS point of view. It might actually be provided for a legitimate purpose, such as for debugging. As long as the mapping is provided by the correct owner, it is not possible or does not make sense to detect whether the intent of the mapping is legitimate or not within the DNS. The "rebinding" attack must primarily be protected at the application that uses the DNS. For a large site, however, it may be difficult to protect all possible applications at once. This filtering feature is provided only to help such an operational environment; it is generally discouraged to turn it on unless you are very sure you have no other choice and the attack is a real threat for your applications. Care should be particularly taken if you want to use this option for addresses within 127.0.0.0/8. These addresses are obviously "internal", but many applications conventionally rely on a DNS mapping from some name to such an address. Filtering out DNS records containing this address spuriously can break such applications. BIND 9 includes a limited mechanism to modify DNS responses for requests analogous to email anti-spam DNS blacklists. Responses can be changed to deny the existence of domains(NXDOMAIN), deny the existence of IP addresses for domains (NODATA), or contain other IP addresses or data. Response policy zones are named in the response-policy option for the view or among the global options if there is no response-policy option for the view. RPZs are ordinary DNS zones containing RRsets that can be queried normally if allowed. It is usually best to restrict those queries with something like allow-query { localhost; };. Four policy triggers are encoded in RPZ records, QNAME, IP, NSIP, and NSDNAME. QNAME RPZ records triggered by query names of requests and targets of CNAME records resolved to generate the response. The owner name of a QNAME RPZ record is the query name relativized to the RPZ. The second kind of RPZ trigger is an IP address in an A and AAAA record in the ANSWER section of a response. IP address triggers are encoded in records that have owner names that are subdomains of rpz-ip relativized to the RPZ origin name and encode an IP address or address block. IPv4 trigger addresses are represented as prefixlength.B4.B3.B2.B1.rpz-ip. The prefix length must be between 1 and 32. All four bytes, B4, B3, B2, and B1, must be present. B4 is the decimal value of the least significant byte of the IPv4 address as in IN-ADDR.ARPA. IPv6 addresses are encoded in a format similar to the standard IPv6 text representation, prefixlength.W8.W7.W6.W5.W4.W3.W2.W1.rpz-ip. Each of W8,...,W1 is a one to four digit hexadecimal number representing 16 bits of the IPv6 address as in the standard text representation of IPv6 addresses, but reversed as in IN-ADDR.ARPA. All 8 words must be present except when consecutive zero words are replaced with .zz. analogous to double colons (::) in standard IPv6 text encodings. The prefix length must be between 1 and 128. NSDNAME triggers match names of authoritative servers for the query name, a parent of the query name, a CNAME for query name, or a parent of a CNAME. They are encoded as subdomains of rpz-nsdomain relativized to the RPZ origin name. NSIP triggers match IP addresses in A and AAAA RRsets for domains that can be checked against NSDNAME policy records. NSIP triggers are encoded like IP triggers except as subdomains of rpz-nsip. NSDNAME and NSIP triggers are checked only for names with at least min-ns-dots dots. The default value of min-ns-dots is 1 to exclude top level domains. The query response is checked against all RPZs, so two or more policy records can be triggered by a response. Because DNS responses can be rewritten according to at most one policy record, a single record encoding an action (other than DISABLED actions) must be chosen. Triggers or the records that encode them are chosen in the following order: Choose the triggered record in the zone that appears first in the response-policy option. Prefer QNAME to IP to NSDNAME to NSIP triggers in a single zone. Among NSDNAME triggers, prefer the trigger that matches the smallest name under the DNSSEC ordering. Among IP or NSIP triggers, prefer the trigger with the longest prefix. Among triggers with the same prefex length, prefer the IP or NSIP trigger that matches the smallest IP address. When the processing of a response is restarted to resolve DNAME or CNAME records and a policy record set has not been triggered, all RPZs are again consulted for the DNAME or CNAME names and addresses. RPZ record sets are sets of any types of DNS record except DNAME or DNSSEC that encode actions or responses to queries. The NXDOMAIN response is encoded by a CNAME whose target is the root domain (.) A CNAME whose target is the wildcard top-level domain (*.) specifies the NODATA action, which rewrites the response to NODATA or ANCOUNT=1. The Local Data action is represented by a set ordinary DNS records that are used to answer queries. Queries for record types not the set are answered with NODATA. A special form of local data is a CNAME whose target is a wildcard such as *.example.com. It is used as if were an ordinary CNAME after the astrisk (*) has been replaced with the query name. The purpose for this special form is query logging in the walled garden's authority DNS server. The PASSTHRU policy is specified by a CNAME whose target is rpz-passthru. It causes the response to not be rewritten and is most often used to "poke holes" in policies for CIDR blocks. (A CNAME whose target is the variable part of its owner name is an obsolete specification of the PASSTHRU policy.) The actions specified in an RPZ can be overridden with a policy clause in the response-policy option. An organization using an RPZ provided by another organization might use this mechanism to redirect domains to its own walled garden. GIVEN says "do not override but perform the action specified in the zone." DISABLED causes policy records to do nothing but log what they might have done. The response to the DNS query will be written according to any triggered policy records that are not disabled. Disabled policy zones should appear first, because they will often not be logged if a higher precedence trigger is found first. PASSTHRU causes all policy records to act as if they were CNAME records with targets the variable part of their owner name. They protect the response from being changed. NXDOMAIN causes all RPZ records to specify NXDOMAIN policies. NODATA overrides with the NODATA policy CNAME domain causes all RPZ policy records to act as if they were "cname domain" records. By default, the actions encoded in an RPZ are applied only to queries that ask for recursion (RD=1). That default can be changed for a single RPZ or all RPZs in a view with a recursive-only no clause. This feature is useful for serving the same zone files both inside and outside an RFC 1918 cloud and using RPZ to delete answers that would otherwise contain RFC 1918 values on the externally visible name server or view. Also by default, RPZ actions are applied only to DNS requests that either do not request DNSSEC metadata (DO=0) or when no DNSSEC records are available for request name in the original zone (not the response policy zone). This default can be changed for all RPZs in a view with a break-dnssec yes clause. In that case, RPZ actions are applied regardless of DNSSEC. The name of the clause option reflects the fact that results rewritten by RPZ actions cannot verify. The TTL of a record modified by RPZ policies is set from the TTL of the relevant record in policy zone. It is then limited to a maximum value. The max-policy-ttl clause changes that maximum from its default of 5. For example, you might use this option statement response-policy { zone "badlist"; }; and this zone statement zone "badlist" {type master; file "master/badlist"; allow-query {none;}; }; with this zone file $TTL 1H @ SOA LOCALHOST. named-mgr.example.com (1 1h 15m 30d 2h) NS LOCALHOST. ; QNAME policy records. There are no periods (.) after the owner names. nxdomain.domain.com CNAME . ; NXDOMAIN policy nodata.domain.com CNAME *. ; NODATA policy bad.domain.com A 10.0.0.1 ; redirect to a walled garden AAAA 2001:2::1 ; do not rewrite (PASSTHRU) OK.DOMAIN.COM ok.domain.com CNAME rpz-passthru. bzone.domain.com CNAME garden.example.com. ; redirect x.bzone.domain.com to x.bzone.domain.com.garden.example.com *.bzone.domain.com CNAME *.garden.example.com. ; IP policy records that rewrite all answers for 127/8 except 127.0.0.1 8.0.0.0.127.rpz-ip CNAME . 32.1.0.0.127.rpz-ip CNAME rpz-passthru. ; NSDNAME and NSIP policy records ns.domain.com.rpz-nsdname CNAME . 48.zz.2.2001.rpz-nsip CNAME . RPZ can affect server performance. Each configured response policy zone requires the server to perform one to four additional database lookups before a query can be answered. For example, a DNS server with four policy zones, each with all four kinds of response triggers, QNAME, IP, NSIP, and NSDNAME, requires a total of 17 times as many database lookups as a similar DNS server with no response policy zones. A BIND9 server with adequate memory and one response policy zone with QNAME and IP triggers might achieve a maximum queries-per-second rate about 20% lower. A server with four response policy zones with QNAME and IP triggers might have a maximum QPS rate about 50% lower. Responses rewritten by RPZ are counted in the RPZRewrites statistics. server ip_addr[/prefixlen] { bogus yes_or_no ; provide-ixfr yes_or_no ; request-ixfr yes_or_no ; edns yes_or_no ; edns-udp-size number ; max-udp-size number ; transfers number ; transfer-format ( one-answer | many-answers ) ; ] keys { string ; string ; ... } ; transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; query-source address ( ip_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) ; query-source-v6 address ( ip_addr | * ) port ( ip_port | * ) ; use-queryport-pool yes_or_no; queryport-pool-ports number; queryport-pool-updateinterval number; }; The server statement defines characteristics to be associated with a remote name server. If a prefix length is specified, then a range of servers is covered. Only the most specific server clause applies regardless of the order in named.conf. The server statement can occur at the top level of the configuration file or inside a view statement. If a view statement contains one or more server statements, only those apply to the view and any top-level ones are ignored. If a view contains no server statements, any top-level server statements are used as defaults. If you discover that a remote server is giving out bad data, marking it as bogus will prevent further queries to it. The default value of bogus is no. The provide-ixfr clause determines whether the local server, acting as master, will respond with an incremental zone transfer when the given remote server, a slave, requests it. If set to yes, incremental transfer will be provided whenever possible. If set to no, all transfers to the remote server will be non-incremental. If not set, the value of the provide-ixfr option in the view or global options block is used as a default. The request-ixfr clause determines whether the local server, acting as a slave, will request incremental zone transfers from the given remote server, a master. If not set, the value of the request-ixfr option in the view or global options block is used as a default. IXFR requests to servers that do not support IXFR will automatically fall back to AXFR. Therefore, there is no need to manually list which servers support IXFR and which ones do not; the global default of yes should always work. The purpose of the provide-ixfr and request-ixfr clauses is to make it possible to disable the use of IXFR even when both master and slave claim to support it, for example if one of the servers is buggy and crashes or corrupts data when IXFR is used. The edns clause determines whether the local server will attempt to use EDNS when communicating with the remote server. The default is yes. The edns-udp-size option sets the EDNS UDP size that is advertised by named when querying the remote server. Valid values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will be silently adjusted). This option is useful when you wish to advertises a different value to this server than the value you advertise globally, for example, when there is a firewall at the remote site that is blocking large replies. The max-udp-size option sets the maximum EDNS UDP message size named will send. Valid values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will be silently adjusted). This option is useful when you know that there is a firewall that is blocking large replies from named. The server supports two zone transfer methods. The first, one-answer, uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. many-answers packs as many resource records as possible into a message. many-answers is more efficient, but is only known to be understood by BIND 9, BIND 8.x, and patched versions of BIND 4.9.5. You can specify which method to use for a server with the transfer-format option. If transfer-format is not specified, the transfer-format specified by the options statement will be used. transfers is used to limit the number of concurrent inbound zone transfers from the specified server. If no transfers clause is specified, the limit is set according to the transfers-per-ns option. The keys clause identifies a key_id defined by the key statement, to be used for transaction security (TSIG, ) when talking to the remote server. When a request is sent to the remote server, a request signature will be generated using the key specified here and appended to the message. A request originating from the remote server is not required to be signed by this key. Although the grammar of the keys clause allows for multiple keys, only a single key per server is currently supported. The transfer-source and transfer-source-v6 clauses specify the IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for zone transfer with the remote server, respectively. For an IPv4 remote server, only transfer-source can be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only transfer-source-v6 can be specified. For more details, see the description of transfer-source and transfer-source-v6 in . The notify-source and notify-source-v6 clauses specify the IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for notify messages sent to remote servers, respectively. For an IPv4 remote server, only notify-source can be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only notify-source-v6 can be specified. The query-source and query-source-v6 clauses specify the IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for queries sent to remote servers, respectively. For an IPv4 remote server, only query-source can be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only query-source-v6 can be specified. statistics-channels { [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ] [ allow { address_match_list } ]; ] [ inet ...; ] }; The statistics-channels statement declares communication channels to be used by system administrators to get access to statistics information of the name server. This statement intends to be flexible to support multiple communication protocols in the future, but currently only HTTP access is supported. It requires that BIND 9 be compiled with libxml2; the statistics-channels statement is still accepted even if it is built without the library, but any HTTP access will fail with an error. An inet control channel is a TCP socket listening at the specified ip_port on the specified ip_addr, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. An ip_addr of * (asterisk) is interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses. To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address, use an ip_addr of ::. If no port is specified, port 80 is used for HTTP channels. The asterisk "*" cannot be used for ip_port. The attempt of opening a statistics channel is restricted by the optional allow clause. Connections to the statistics channel are permitted based on the address_match_list. If no allow clause is present, named accepts connection attempts from any address; since the statistics may contain sensitive internal information, it is highly recommended to restrict the source of connection requests appropriately. If no statistics-channels statement is present, named will not open any communication channels. trusted-keys { string number number number string ; string number number number string ; ... }; The trusted-keys statement defines DNSSEC security roots. DNSSEC is described in . A security root is defined when the public key for a non-authoritative zone is known, but cannot be securely obtained through DNS, either because it is the DNS root zone or because its parent zone is unsigned. Once a key has been configured as a trusted key, it is treated as if it had been validated and proven secure. The resolver attempts DNSSEC validation on all DNS data in subdomains of a security root. All keys (and corresponding zones) listed in trusted-keys are deemed to exist regardless of what parent zones say. Similarly for all keys listed in trusted-keys only those keys are used to validate the DNSKEY RRset. The parent's DS RRset will not be used. The trusted-keys statement can contain multiple key entries, each consisting of the key's domain name, flags, protocol, algorithm, and the Base-64 representation of the key data. Spaces, tabs, newlines and carriage returns are ignored in the key data, so the configuration may be split up into multiple lines. trusted-keys may be set at the top level of named.conf or within a view. If it is set in both places, they are additive: keys defined at the top level are inherited by all views, but keys defined in a view are only used within that view. managed-keys { name initial-key flags protocol algorithm key-data ; name initial-key flags protocol algorithm key-data ; ... }; The managed-keys statement, like trusted-keys, defines DNSSEC security roots. The difference is that managed-keys can be kept up to date automatically, without intervention from the resolver operator. Suppose, for example, that a zone's key-signing key was compromised, and the zone owner had to revoke and replace the key. A resolver which had the old key in a trusted-keys statement would be unable to validate this zone any longer; it would reply with a SERVFAIL response code. This would continue until the resolver operator had updated the trusted-keys statement with the new key. If, however, the zone were listed in a managed-keys statement instead, then the zone owner could add a "stand-by" key to the zone in advance. named would store the stand-by key, and when the original key was revoked, named would be able to transition smoothly to the new key. It would also recognize that the old key had been revoked, and cease using that key to validate answers, minimizing the damage that the compromised key could do. A managed-keys statement contains a list of the keys to be managed, along with information about how the keys are to be initialized for the first time. The only initialization method currently supported (as of BIND 9.7.0) is initial-key. This means the managed-keys statement must contain a copy of the initializing key. (Future releases may allow keys to be initialized by other methods, eliminating this requirement.) Consequently, a managed-keys statement appears similar to a trusted-keys, differing in the presence of the second field, containing the keyword initial-key. The difference is, whereas the keys listed in a trusted-keys continue to be trusted until they are removed from named.conf, an initializing key listed in a managed-keys statement is only trusted once: for as long as it takes to load the managed key database and start the RFC 5011 key maintenance process. The first time named runs with a managed key configured in named.conf, it fetches the DNSKEY RRset directly from the zone apex, and validates it using the key specified in the managed-keys statement. If the DNSKEY RRset is validly signed, then it is used as the basis for a new managed keys database. From that point on, whenever named runs, it sees the managed-keys statement, checks to make sure RFC 5011 key maintenance has already been initialized for the specified domain, and if so, it simply moves on. The key specified in the managed-keys is not used to validate answers; it has been superseded by the key or keys stored in the managed keys database. The next time named runs after a name has been removed from the managed-keys statement, the corresponding zone will be removed from the managed keys database, and RFC 5011 key maintenance will no longer be used for that domain. named only maintains a single managed keys database; consequently, unlike trusted-keys, managed-keys may only be set at the top level of named.conf, not within a view. In the current implementation, the managed keys database is stored as a master-format zone file called managed-keys.bind. When the key database is changed, the zone is updated. As with any other dynamic zone, changes will be written into a journal file, managed-keys.bind.jnl. They are committed to the master file as soon as possible afterward; in the case of the managed key database, this will usually occur within 30 seconds. So, whenever named is using automatic key maintenance, those two files can be expected to exist in the working directory. (For this reason among others, the working directory should be always be writable by named.) If the dnssec-validation option is set to auto, named will automatically initialize a managed key for the root zone. Similarly, if the dnssec-lookaside option is set to auto, named will automatically initialize a managed key for the zone dlv.isc.org. In both cases, the key that is used to initialize the key maintenance process is built into named, and can be overridden from bindkeys-file. view view_name class { match-clients { address_match_list }; match-destinations { address_match_list }; match-recursive-only yes_or_no ; view_option; ... zone_statement; ... }; The view statement is a powerful feature of BIND 9 that lets a name server answer a DNS query differently depending on who is asking. It is particularly useful for implementing split DNS setups without having to run multiple servers. Each view statement defines a view of the DNS namespace that will be seen by a subset of clients. A client matches a view if its source IP address matches the address_match_list of the view's match-clients clause and its destination IP address matches the address_match_list of the view's match-destinations clause. If not specified, both match-clients and match-destinations default to matching all addresses. In addition to checking IP addresses match-clients and match-destinations can also take keys which provide an mechanism for the client to select the view. A view can also be specified as match-recursive-only, which means that only recursive requests from matching clients will match that view. The order of the view statements is significant — a client request will be resolved in the context of the first view that it matches. Zones defined within a view statement will only be accessible to clients that match the view. By defining a zone of the same name in multiple views, different zone data can be given to different clients, for example, "internal" and "external" clients in a split DNS setup. Many of the options given in the options statement can also be used within a view statement, and then apply only when resolving queries with that view. When no view-specific value is given, the value in the options statement is used as a default. Also, zone options can have default values specified in the view statement; these view-specific defaults take precedence over those in the options statement. Views are class specific. If no class is given, class IN is assumed. Note that all non-IN views must contain a hint zone, since only the IN class has compiled-in default hints. If there are no view statements in the config file, a default view that matches any client is automatically created in class IN. Any zone statements specified on the top level of the configuration file are considered to be part of this default view, and the options statement will apply to the default view. If any explicit view statements are present, all zone statements must occur inside view statements. Here is an example of a typical split DNS setup implemented using view statements: view "internal" { // This should match our internal networks. match-clients { 10.0.0.0/8; }; // Provide recursive service to internal // clients only. recursion yes; // Provide a complete view of the example.com // zone including addresses of internal hosts. zone "example.com" { type master; file "example-internal.db"; }; }; view "external" { // Match all clients not matched by the // previous view. match-clients { any; }; // Refuse recursive service to external clients. recursion no; // Provide a restricted view of the example.com // zone containing only publicly accessible hosts. zone "example.com" { type master; file "example-external.db"; }; }; zone zone_name class { type master; allow-query { address_match_list }; allow-query-on { address_match_list }; allow-transfer { address_match_list }; allow-update { address_match_list }; update-policy local | { update_policy_rule ... }; also-notify { ip_addr port ip_port ; ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; check-names (warn|fail|ignore) ; check-mx (warn|fail|ignore) ; check-wildcard yes_or_no; check-spf ( warn | fail | ignore ); check-integrity yes_or_no ; dialup dialup_option ; file string ; masterfile-format (text|raw) ; journal string ; max-journal-size size_spec; forward (only|first) ; forwarders { ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; ixfr-base string ; ixfr-from-differences yes_or_no; ixfr-tmp-file string ; maintain-ixfr-base yes_or_no ; max-ixfr-log-size number ; max-transfer-idle-out number ; max-transfer-time-out number ; notify yes_or_no | explicit | master-only ; notify-delay seconds ; notify-to-soa yes_or_no; pubkey number number number string ; notify-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; zone-statistics yes_or_no ; sig-validity-interval number number ; sig-signing-nodes number ; sig-signing-signatures number ; sig-signing-type number ; database string ; min-refresh-time number ; max-refresh-time number ; min-retry-time number ; max-retry-time number ; key-directory path_name; auto-dnssec allow|maintain|off; zero-no-soa-ttl yes_or_no ; }; zone zone_name class { type slave; allow-notify { address_match_list }; allow-query { address_match_list }; allow-query-on { address_match_list }; allow-transfer { address_match_list }; allow-update-forwarding { address_match_list }; update-check-ksk yes_or_no; dnssec-update-mode ( maintain | no-resign ); dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes_or_no; dnssec-secure-to-insecure yes_or_no ; try-tcp-refresh yes_or_no; also-notify { ip_addr port ip_port ; ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; check-names (warn|fail|ignore) ; dialup dialup_option ; file string ; masterfile-format (text|raw) ; journal string ; max-journal-size size_spec; forward (only|first) ; forwarders { ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; ixfr-base string ; ixfr-from-differences yes_or_no; ixfr-tmp-file string ; maintain-ixfr-base yes_or_no ; masters port ip_port { ( masters_list | ip_addr port ip_port key key ) ; ... }; max-ixfr-log-size number ; max-transfer-idle-in number ; max-transfer-idle-out number ; max-transfer-time-in number ; max-transfer-time-out number ; notify yes_or_no | explicit | master-only ; notify-delay seconds ; notify-to-soa yes_or_no; pubkey number number number string ; transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; use-alt-transfer-source yes_or_no; notify-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; notify-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; zone-statistics yes_or_no ; database string ; min-refresh-time number ; max-refresh-time number ; min-retry-time number ; max-retry-time number ; multi-master yes_or_no ; zero-no-soa-ttl yes_or_no ; }; zone zone_name class { type hint; file string ; delegation-only yes_or_no ; check-names (warn|fail|ignore) ; // Not Implemented. }; zone zone_name class { type stub; allow-query { address_match_list }; allow-query-on { address_match_list }; check-names (warn|fail|ignore) ; dialup dialup_option ; delegation-only yes_or_no ; file string ; masterfile-format (text|raw) ; forward (only|first) ; forwarders { ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; masters port ip_port { ( masters_list | ip_addr port ip_port key key ) ; ... }; max-transfer-idle-in number ; max-transfer-time-in number ; pubkey number number number string ; transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source (ip4_addr | *) port ip_port ; alt-transfer-source-v6 (ip6_addr | *) port ip_port ; use-alt-transfer-source yes_or_no; zone-statistics yes_or_no ; database string ; min-refresh-time number ; max-refresh-time number ; min-retry-time number ; max-retry-time number ; multi-master yes_or_no ; }; zone zone_name class { type static-stub; allow-query { address_match_list }; server-addresses { ip_addr ; ... }; server-names { namelist }; zone-statistics yes_or_no ; }; zone zone_name class { type forward; forward (only|first) ; forwarders { ip_addr port ip_port ; ... }; delegation-only yes_or_no ; }; zone zone_name class { type delegation-only; }; master The server has a master copy of the data for the zone and will be able to provide authoritative answers for it. slave A slave zone is a replica of a master zone. The masters list specifies one or more IP addresses of master servers that the slave contacts to update its copy of the zone. Masters list elements can also be names of other masters lists. By default, transfers are made from port 53 on the servers; this can be changed for all servers by specifying a port number before the list of IP addresses, or on a per-server basis after the IP address. Authentication to the master can also be done with per-server TSIG keys. If a file is specified, then the replica will be written to this file whenever the zone is changed, and reloaded from this file on a server restart. Use of a file is recommended, since it often speeds server startup and eliminates a needless waste of bandwidth. Note that for large numbers (in the tens or hundreds of thousands) of zones per server, it is best to use a two-level naming scheme for zone filenames. For example, a slave server for the zone example.com might place the zone contents into a file called ex/example.com where ex/ is just the first two letters of the zone name. (Most operating systems behave very slowly if you put 100000 files into a single directory.) stub A stub zone is similar to a slave zone, except that it replicates only the NS records of a master zone instead of the entire zone. Stub zones are not a standard part of the DNS; they are a feature specific to the BIND implementation. Stub zones can be used to eliminate the need for glue NS record in a parent zone at the expense of maintaining a stub zone entry and a set of name server addresses in named.conf. This usage is not recommended for new configurations, and BIND 9 supports it only in a limited way. In BIND 4/8, zone transfers of a parent zone included the NS records from stub children of that zone. This meant that, in some cases, users could get away with configuring child stubs only in the master server for the parent zone. BIND 9 never mixes together zone data from different zones in this way. Therefore, if a BIND 9 master serving a parent zone has child stub zones configured, all the slave servers for the parent zone also need to have the same child stub zones configured. Stub zones can also be used as a way of forcing the resolution of a given domain to use a particular set of authoritative servers. For example, the caching name servers on a private network using RFC1918 addressing may be configured with stub zones for 10.in-addr.arpa to use a set of internal name servers as the authoritative servers for that domain. static-stub A static-stub zone is similar to a stub zone with the following exceptions: the zone data is statically configured, rather than transferred from a master server; when recursion is necessary for a query that matches a static-stub zone, the locally configured data (nameserver names and glue addresses) is always used even if different authoritative information is cached. Zone data is configured via the server-addresses and server-names zone options. The zone data is maintained in the form of NS and (if necessary) glue A or AAAA RRs internally, which can be seen by dumping zone databases by rndc dumpdb -all. The configured RRs are considered local configuration parameters rather than public data. Non recursive queries (i.e., those with the RD bit off) to a static-stub zone are therefore prohibited and will be responded with REFUSED. Since the data is statically configured, no zone maintenance action takes place for a static-stub zone. For example, there is no periodic refresh attempt, and an incoming notify message will be rejected with an rcode of NOTAUTH. Each static-stub zone is configured with internally generated NS and (if necessary) glue A or AAAA RRs forward A "forward zone" is a way to configure forwarding on a per-domain basis. A zone statement of type forward can contain a forward and/or forwarders statement, which will apply to queries within the domain given by the zone name. If no forwarders statement is present or an empty list for forwarders is given, then no forwarding will be done for the domain, canceling the effects of any forwarders in the options statement. Thus if you want to use this type of zone to change the behavior of the global forward option (that is, "forward first" to, then "forward only", or vice versa, but want to use the same servers as set globally) you need to re-specify the global forwarders. hint The initial set of root name servers is specified using a "hint zone". When the server starts up, it uses the root hints to find a root name server and get the most recent list of root name servers. If no hint zone is specified for class IN, the server uses a compiled-in default set of root servers hints. Classes other than IN have no built-in defaults hints. delegation-only This is used to enforce the delegation-only status of infrastructure zones (e.g. COM, NET, ORG). Any answer that is received without an explicit or implicit delegation in the authority section will be treated as NXDOMAIN. This does not apply to the zone apex. This should not be applied to leaf zones. delegation-only has no effect on answers received from forwarders. See caveats in . The zone's name may optionally be followed by a class. If a class is not specified, class IN (for Internet), is assumed. This is correct for the vast majority of cases. The hesiod class is named for an information service from MIT's Project Athena. It is used to share information about various systems databases, such as users, groups, printers and so on. The keyword HS is a synonym for hesiod. Another MIT development is Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created in the mid-1970s. Zone data for it can be specified with the CHAOS class. allow-notify See the description of allow-notify in . allow-query See the description of allow-query in . allow-query-on See the description of allow-query-on in . allow-transfer See the description of allow-transfer in . allow-update See the description of allow-update in . update-policy Specifies a "Simple Secure Update" policy. See . allow-update-forwarding See the description of allow-update-forwarding in . also-notify Only meaningful if notify is active for this zone. The set of machines that will receive a DNS NOTIFY message for this zone is made up of all the listed name servers (other than the primary master) for the zone plus any IP addresses specified with also-notify. A port may be specified with each also-notify address to send the notify messages to a port other than the default of 53. also-notify is not meaningful for stub zones. The default is the empty list. check-names This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax of certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses received from the network. The default varies according to zone type. For master zones the default is fail. For slave zones the default is warn. It is not implemented for hint zones. check-mx See the description of check-mx in . check-spf See the description of check-spf in . check-wildcard See the description of check-wildcard in . check-integrity See the description of check-integrity in . check-sibling See the description of check-sibling in . zero-no-soa-ttl See the description of zero-no-soa-ttl in . update-check-ksk See the description of update-check-ksk in . dnssec-dnskey-kskonly See the description of dnssec-dnskey-kskonly in . try-tcp-refresh See the description of try-tcp-refresh in . database Specify the type of database to be used for storing the zone data. The string following the database keyword is interpreted as a list of whitespace-delimited words. The first word identifies the database type, and any subsequent words are passed as arguments to the database to be interpreted in a way specific to the database type. The default is "rbt", BIND 9's native in-memory red-black-tree database. This database does not take arguments. Other values are possible if additional database drivers have been linked into the server. Some sample drivers are included with the distribution but none are linked in by default. dialup See the description of dialup in . delegation-only The flag only applies to hint and stub zones. If set to yes, then the zone will also be treated as if it is also a delegation-only type zone. See caveats in . forward Only meaningful if the zone has a forwarders list. The only value causes the lookup to fail after trying the forwarders and getting no answer, while first would allow a normal lookup to be tried. forwarders Used to override the list of global forwarders. If it is not specified in a zone of type forward, no forwarding is done for the zone and the global options are not used. ixfr-base Was used in BIND 8 to specify the name of the transaction log (journal) file for dynamic update and IXFR. BIND 9 ignores the option and constructs the name of the journal file by appending ".jnl" to the name of the zone file. ixfr-tmp-file Was an undocumented option in BIND 8. Ignored in BIND 9. journal Allow the default journal's filename to be overridden. The default is the zone's filename with ".jnl" appended. This is applicable to master and slave zones. max-journal-size See the description of max-journal-size in . max-transfer-time-in See the description of max-transfer-time-in in . max-transfer-idle-in See the description of max-transfer-idle-in in . max-transfer-time-out See the description of max-transfer-time-out in . max-transfer-idle-out See the description of max-transfer-idle-out in . notify See the description of notify in . notify-delay See the description of notify-delay in . notify-to-soa See the description of notify-to-soa in . pubkey In BIND 8, this option was intended for specifying a public zone key for verification of signatures in DNSSEC signed zones when they are loaded from disk. BIND 9 does not verify signatures on load and ignores the option. zone-statistics If yes, the server will keep statistical information for this zone, which can be dumped to the statistics-file defined in the server options. server-addresses Only meaningful for static-stub zones. This is a list of IP addresses to which queries should be sent in recursive resolution for the zone. A non empty list for this option will internally configure the apex NS RR with associated glue A or AAAA RRs. For example, if "example.com" is configured as a static-stub zone with 192.0.2.1 and 2001:db8::1234 in a server-addresses option, the following RRs will be internally configured. example.com. NS example.com. example.com. A 192.0.2.1 example.com. AAAA 2001:db8::1234 These records are internally used to resolve names under the static-stub zone. For instance, if the server receives a query for "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server will initiate recursive resolution and send queries to 192.0.2.1 and/or 2001:db8::1234. server-names Only meaningful for static-stub zones. This is a list of domain names of nameservers that act as authoritative servers of the static-stub zone. These names will be resolved to IP addresses when named needs to send queries to these servers. To make this supplemental resolution successful, these names must not be a subdomain of the origin name of static-stub zone. That is, when "example.net" is the origin of a static-stub zone, "ns.example" and "master.example.com" can be specified in the server-names option, but "ns.example.net" cannot, and will be rejected by the configuration parser. A non empty list for this option will internally configure the apex NS RR with the specified names. For example, if "example.com" is configured as a static-stub zone with "ns1.example.net" and "ns2.example.net" in a server-names option, the following RRs will be internally configured. example.com. NS ns1.example.net. example.com. NS ns2.example.net. These records are internally used to resolve names under the static-stub zone. For instance, if the server receives a query for "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server initiate recursive resolution, resolve "ns1.example.net" and/or "ns2.example.net" to IP addresses, and then send queries to (one or more of) these addresses. sig-validity-interval See the description of sig-validity-interval in . sig-signing-nodes See the description of sig-signing-nodes in . sig-signing-signatures See the description of sig-signing-signatures in . sig-signing-type See the description of sig-signing-type in . transfer-source See the description of transfer-source in . transfer-source-v6 See the description of transfer-source-v6 in . alt-transfer-source See the description of alt-transfer-source in . alt-transfer-source-v6 See the description of alt-transfer-source-v6 in . use-alt-transfer-source See the description of use-alt-transfer-source in . notify-source See the description of notify-source in . notify-source-v6 See the description of notify-source-v6 in . min-refresh-time max-refresh-time min-retry-time max-retry-time See the description in . ixfr-from-differences See the description of ixfr-from-differences in . (Note that the ixfr-from-differences master and slave choices are not available at the zone level.) key-directory See the description of key-directory in . auto-dnssec Zones configured for dynamic DNS may also use this option to allow varying levels of automatic DNSSEC key management. There are three possible settings: auto-dnssec allow; permits keys to be updated and the zone fully re-signed whenever the user issues the command rndc sign zonename. auto-dnssec maintain; includes the above, but also automatically adjusts the zone's DNSSEC keys on schedule, according to the keys' timing metadata (see and ). The command rndc sign zonename causes named to load keys from the key repository and sign the zone with all keys that are active. rndc loadkeys zonename causes named to load keys from the key repository and schedule key maintenance events to occur in the future, but it does not sign the full zone immediately. Note: once keys have been loaded for a zone the first time, the repository will be searched for changes periodically, regardless of whether rndc loadkeys is used. The recheck interval is hard-coded to one hour. auto-dnssec create; includes the above, but also allows named to create new keys in the key repository when needed. (NOTE: This option is not yet implemented; the syntax is being reserved for future use.) The default setting is auto-dnssec off. multi-master See the description of multi-master in . masterfile-format See the description of masterfile-format in . dnssec-secure-to-insecure See the description of dnssec-secure-to-insecure in . BIND 9 supports two alternative methods of granting clients the right to perform dynamic updates to a zone, configured by the allow-update and update-policy option, respectively. The allow-update clause works the same way as in previous versions of BIND. It grants given clients the permission to update any record of any name in the zone. The update-policy clause allows more fine-grained control over what updates are allowed. A set of rules is specified, where each rule either grants or denies permissions for one or more names to be updated by one or more identities. If the dynamic update request message is signed (that is, it includes either a TSIG or SIG(0) record), the identity of the signer can be determined. Rules are specified in the update-policy zone option, and are only meaningful for master zones. When the update-policy statement is present, it is a configuration error for the allow-update statement to be present. The update-policy statement only examines the signer of a message; the source address is not relevant. There is a pre-defined update-policy rule which can be switched on with the command update-policy local;. Switching on this rule in a zone causes named to generate a TSIG session key and place it in a file, and to allow that key to update the zone. (By default, the file is /var/run/named/session.key, the key name is "local-ddns" and the key algorithm is HMAC-SHA256, but these values are configurable with the session-keyfile, session-keyname and session-keyalg options, respectively). A client running on the local system, and with appropriate permissions, may read that file and use the key to sign update requests. The zone's update policy will be set to allow that key to change any record within the zone. Assuming the key name is "local-ddns", this policy is equivalent to: update-policy { grant local-ddns zonesub any; }; The command nsupdate -l sends update requests to localhost, and signs them using the session key. Other rule definitions look like this: ( grant | deny ) identity nametype name types Each rule grants or denies privileges. Once a message has successfully matched a rule, the operation is immediately granted or denied and no further rules are examined. A rule is matched when the signer matches the identity field, the name matches the name field in accordance with the nametype field, and the type matches the types specified in the type field. No signer is required for tcp-self or 6to4-self however the standard reverse mapping / prefix conversion must match the identity field. The identity field specifies a name or a wildcard name. Normally, this is the name of the TSIG or SIG(0) key used to sign the update request. When a TKEY exchange has been used to create a shared secret, the identity of the shared secret is the same as the identity of the key used to authenticate the TKEY exchange. TKEY is also the negotiation method used by GSS-TSIG, which establishes an identity that is the Kerberos principal of the client, such as "user@host.domain". When the identity field specifies a wildcard name, it is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, so the rule will apply to multiple identities. The identity field must contain a fully-qualified domain name. For nametypes krb5-self, ms-self, krb5-subdomain, and ms-subdomain the identity field specifies the Windows or Kerberos realm of the machine belongs to. The nametype field has 13 values: name, subdomain, wildcard, self, selfsub, selfwild, krb5-self, ms-self, krb5-subdomain, ms-subdomain, tcp-self, 6to4-self, zonesub, and external. name Exact-match semantics. This rule matches when the name being updated is identical to the contents of the name field. subdomain This rule matches when the name being updated is a subdomain of, or identical to, the contents of the name field. zonesub This rule is similar to subdomain, except that it matches when the name being updated is a subdomain of the zone in which the update-policy statement appears. This obviates the need to type the zone name twice, and enables the use of a standard update-policy statement in multiple zones without modification. When this rule is used, the name field is omitted. wildcard The name field is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, and this rule matches when the name being updated name is a valid expansion of the wildcard. self This rule matches when the name being updated matches the contents of the identity field. The name field is ignored, but should be the same as the identity field. The self nametype is most useful when allowing using one key per name to update, where the key has the same name as the name to be updated. The identity would be specified as * (an asterisk) in this case. selfsub This rule is similar to self except that subdomains of self can also be updated. selfwild This rule is similar to self except that only subdomains of self can be updated. ms-self This rule takes a Windows machine principal (machine$@REALM) for machine in REALM and and converts it machine.realm allowing the machine to update machine.realm. The REALM to be matched is specified in the identity field. ms-subdomain This rule takes a Windows machine principal (machine$@REALM) for machine in REALM and converts it to machine.realm allowing the machine to update subdomains of machine.realm. The REALM to be matched is specified in the identity field. krb5-self This rule takes a Kerberos machine principal (host/machine@REALM) for machine in REALM and and converts it machine.realm allowing the machine to update machine.realm. The REALM to be matched is specified in the identity field. krb5-subdomain This rule takes a Kerberos machine principal (host/machine@REALM) for machine in REALM and converts it to machine.realm allowing the machine to update subdomains of machine.realm. The REALM to be matched is specified in the identity field. tcp-self Allow updates that have been sent via TCP and for which the standard mapping from the initiating IP address into the IN-ADDR.ARPA and IP6.ARPA namespaces match the name to be updated. It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP sessions. 6to4-self Allow the 6to4 prefix to be update by any TCP connection from the 6to4 network or from the corresponding IPv4 address. This is intended to allow NS or DNAME RRsets to be added to the reverse tree. It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP sessions. external This rule allows named to defer the decision of whether to allow a given update to an external daemon. The method of communicating with the daemon is specified in the identity field, the format of which is "local:path", where path is the location of a UNIX-domain socket. (Currently, "local" is the only supported mechanism.) Requests to the external daemon are sent over the UNIX-domain socket as datagrams with the following format: Protocol version number (4 bytes, network byte order, currently 1) Request length (4 bytes, network byte order) Signer (null-terminated string) Name (null-terminated string) TCP source address (null-terminated string) Rdata type (null-terminated string) Key (null-terminated string) TKEY token length (4 bytes, network byte order) TKEY token (remainder of packet) The daemon replies with a four-byte value in network byte order, containing either 0 or 1; 0 indicates that the specified update is not permitted, and 1 indicates that it is. In all cases, the name field must specify a fully-qualified domain name. If no types are explicitly specified, this rule matches all types except RRSIG, NS, SOA, NSEC and NSEC3. Types may be specified by name, including "ANY" (ANY matches all types except NSEC and NSEC3, which can never be updated). Note that when an attempt is made to delete all records associated with a name, the rules are checked for each existing record type. This section, largely borrowed from RFC 1034, describes the concept of a Resource Record (RR) and explains when each is used. Since the publication of RFC 1034, several new RRs have been identified and implemented in the DNS. These are also included. A domain name identifies a node. Each node has a set of resource information, which may be empty. The set of resource information associated with a particular name is composed of separate RRs. The order of RRs in a set is not significant and need not be preserved by name servers, resolvers, or other parts of the DNS. However, sorting of multiple RRs is permitted for optimization purposes, for example, to specify that a particular nearby server be tried first. See and . The components of a Resource Record are: owner name The domain name where the RR is found. type An encoded 16-bit value that specifies the type of the resource record. TTL The time-to-live of the RR. This field is a 32-bit integer in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it should be discarded. class An encoded 16-bit value that identifies a protocol family or instance of a protocol. RDATA The resource data. The format of the data is type (and sometimes class) specific. The following are types of valid RRs: A A host address. In the IN class, this is a 32-bit IP address. Described in RFC 1035. AAAA IPv6 address. Described in RFC 1886. A6 IPv6 address. This can be a partial address (a suffix) and an indirection to the name where the rest of the address (the prefix) can be found. Experimental. Described in RFC 2874. AFSDB Location of AFS database servers. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. APL Address prefix list. Experimental. Described in RFC 3123. CERT Holds a digital certificate. Described in RFC 2538. CNAME Identifies the canonical name of an alias. Described in RFC 1035. DHCID Is used for identifying which DHCP client is associated with this name. Described in RFC 4701. DNAME Replaces the domain name specified with another name to be looked up, effectively aliasing an entire subtree of the domain name space rather than a single record as in the case of the CNAME RR. Described in RFC 2672. DNSKEY Stores a public key associated with a signed DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034. DS Stores the hash of a public key associated with a signed DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034. GPOS Specifies the global position. Superseded by LOC. HINFO Identifies the CPU and OS used by a host. Described in RFC 1035. IPSECKEY Provides a method for storing IPsec keying material in DNS. Described in RFC 4025. ISDN Representation of ISDN addresses. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. KEY Stores a public key associated with a DNS name. Used in original DNSSEC; replaced by DNSKEY in DNSSECbis, but still used with SIG(0). Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931. KX Identifies a key exchanger for this DNS name. Described in RFC 2230. LOC For storing GPS info. Described in RFC 1876. Experimental. MX Identifies a mail exchange for the domain with a 16-bit preference value (lower is better) followed by the host name of the mail exchange. Described in RFC 974, RFC 1035. NAPTR Name authority pointer. Described in RFC 2915. NSAP A network service access point. Described in RFC 1706. NS The authoritative name server for the domain. Described in RFC 1035. NSEC Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do not exist in a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an existing name. Described in RFC 4034. NSEC3 Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do not exist in a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an existing name. NSEC3 differs from NSEC in that it prevents zone enumeration but is more computationally expensive on both the server and the client than NSEC. Described in RFC 5155. NSEC3PARAM Used in DNSSECbis to tell the authoritative server which NSEC3 chains are available to use. Described in RFC 5155. NXT Used in DNSSEC to securely indicate that RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do not exist in a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an existing name. Used in original DNSSEC; replaced by NSEC in DNSSECbis. Described in RFC 2535. PTR A pointer to another part of the domain name space. Described in RFC 1035. PX Provides mappings between RFC 822 and X.400 addresses. Described in RFC 2163. RP Information on persons responsible for the domain. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. RRSIG Contains DNSSECbis signature data. Described in RFC 4034. RT Route-through binding for hosts that do not have their own direct wide area network addresses. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. SIG Contains DNSSEC signature data. Used in original DNSSEC; replaced by RRSIG in DNSSECbis, but still used for SIG(0). Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931. SOA Identifies the start of a zone of authority. Described in RFC 1035. SPF Contains the Sender Policy Framework information for a given email domain. Described in RFC 4408. SRV Information about well known network services (replaces WKS). Described in RFC 2782. SSHFP Provides a way to securely publish a secure shell key's fingerprint. Described in RFC 4255. TXT Text records. Described in RFC 1035. WKS Information about which well known network services, such as SMTP, that a domain supports. Historical. X25 Representation of X.25 network addresses. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183. The following classes of resource records are currently valid in the DNS: IN The Internet. CH Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created at MIT in the mid-1970s. Rarely used for its historical purpose, but reused for BIND's built-in server information zones, e.g., version.bind. HS Hesiod, an information service developed by MIT's Project Athena. It is used to share information about various systems databases, such as users, groups, printers and so on. The owner name is often implicit, rather than forming an integral part of the RR. For example, many name servers internally form tree or hash structures for the name space, and chain RRs off nodes. The remaining RR parts are the fixed header (type, class, TTL) which is consistent for all RRs, and a variable part (RDATA) that fits the needs of the resource being described. The meaning of the TTL field is a time limit on how long an RR can be kept in a cache. This limit does not apply to authoritative data in zones; it is also timed out, but by the refreshing policies for the zone. The TTL is assigned by the administrator for the zone where the data originates. While short TTLs can be used to minimize caching, and a zero TTL prohibits caching, the realities of Internet performance suggest that these times should be on the order of days for the typical host. If a change can be anticipated, the TTL can be reduced prior to the change to minimize inconsistency during the change, and then increased back to its former value following the change. The data in the RDATA section of RRs is carried as a combination of binary strings and domain names. The domain names are frequently used as "pointers" to other data in the DNS. RRs are represented in binary form in the packets of the DNS protocol, and are usually represented in highly encoded form when stored in a name server or resolver. In the examples provided in RFC 1034, a style similar to that used in master files was employed in order to show the contents of RRs. In this format, most RRs are shown on a single line, although continuation lines are possible using parentheses. The start of the line gives the owner of the RR. If a line begins with a blank, then the owner is assumed to be the same as that of the previous RR. Blank lines are often included for readability. Following the owner, we list the TTL, type, and class of the RR. Class and type use the mnemonics defined above, and TTL is an integer before the type field. In order to avoid ambiguity in parsing, type and class mnemonics are disjoint, TTLs are integers, and the type mnemonic is always last. The IN class and TTL values are often omitted from examples in the interests of clarity. The resource data or RDATA section of the RR are given using knowledge of the typical representation for the data. For example, we might show the RRs carried in a message as: ISI.EDU. MX 10 VENERA.ISI.EDU. MX 10 VAXA.ISI.EDU VENERA.ISI.EDU A 128.9.0.32 A 10.1.0.52 VAXA.ISI.EDU A 10.2.0.27 A 128.9.0.33 The MX RRs have an RDATA section which consists of a 16-bit number followed by a domain name. The address RRs use a standard IP address format to contain a 32-bit internet address. The above example shows six RRs, with two RRs at each of three domain names. Similarly we might see: XX.LCS.MIT.EDU. IN A 10.0.0.44 CH A MIT.EDU. 2420 This example shows two addresses for XX.LCS.MIT.EDU, each of a different class. As described above, domain servers store information as a series of resource records, each of which contains a particular piece of information about a given domain name (which is usually, but not always, a host). The simplest way to think of a RR is as a typed pair of data, a domain name matched with a relevant datum, and stored with some additional type information to help systems determine when the RR is relevant. MX records are used to control delivery of email. The data specified in the record is a priority and a domain name. The priority controls the order in which email delivery is attempted, with the lowest number first. If two priorities are the same, a server is chosen randomly. If no servers at a given priority are responding, the mail transport agent will fall back to the next largest priority. Priority numbers do not have any absolute meaning — they are relevant only respective to other MX records for that domain name. The domain name given is the machine to which the mail will be delivered. It must have an associated address record (A or AAAA) — CNAME is not sufficient. For a given domain, if there is both a CNAME record and an MX record, the MX record is in error, and will be ignored. Instead, the mail will be delivered to the server specified in the MX record pointed to by the CNAME. For example: example.com. IN MX 10 mail.example.com. IN MX 10 mail2.example.com. IN MX 20 mail.backup.org. mail.example.com. IN A 10.0.0.1 mail2.example.com. IN A 10.0.0.2 Mail delivery will be attempted to mail.example.com and mail2.example.com (in any order), and if neither of those succeed, delivery to mail.backup.org will be attempted. The time-to-live of the RR field is a 32-bit integer represented in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it should be discarded. The following three types of TTL are currently used in a zone file. SOA The last field in the SOA is the negative caching TTL. This controls how long other servers will cache no-such-domain (NXDOMAIN) responses from you. The maximum time for negative caching is 3 hours (3h). $TTL The $TTL directive at the top of the zone file (before the SOA) gives a default TTL for every RR without a specific TTL set. RR TTLs Each RR can have a TTL as the second field in the RR, which will control how long other servers can cache the it. All of these TTLs default to units of seconds, though units can be explicitly specified, for example, 1h30m. Reverse name resolution (that is, translation from IP address to name) is achieved by means of the in-addr.arpa domain and PTR records. Entries in the in-addr.arpa domain are made in least-to-most significant order, read left to right. This is the opposite order to the way IP addresses are usually written. Thus, a machine with an IP address of 10.1.2.3 would have a corresponding in-addr.arpa name of 3.2.1.10.in-addr.arpa. This name should have a PTR resource record whose data field is the name of the machine or, optionally, multiple PTR records if the machine has more than one name. For example, in the example.com domain: $ORIGIN 2.1.10.in-addr.arpa 3 IN PTR foo.example.com. The $ORIGIN lines in the examples are for providing context to the examples only — they do not necessarily appear in the actual usage. They are only used here to indicate that the example is relative to the listed origin. The Master File Format was initially defined in RFC 1035 and has subsequently been extended. While the Master File Format itself is class independent all records in a Master File must be of the same class. Master File Directives include $ORIGIN, $INCLUDE, and $TTL. When used in the label (or name) field, the asperand or at-sign (@) symbol represents the current origin. At the start of the zone file, it is the <zone_name> (followed by trailing dot). Syntax: $ORIGIN domain-name comment $ORIGIN sets the domain name that will be appended to any unqualified records. When a zone is first read in there is an implicit $ORIGIN <zone_name>. (followed by trailing dot). The current $ORIGIN is appended to the domain specified in the $ORIGIN argument if it is not absolute. $ORIGIN example.com. WWW CNAME MAIN-SERVER is equivalent to WWW.EXAMPLE.COM. CNAME MAIN-SERVER.EXAMPLE.COM. Syntax: $INCLUDE filename origin comment Read and process the file filename as if it were included into the file at this point. If origin is specified the file is processed with $ORIGIN set to that value, otherwise the current $ORIGIN is used. The origin and the current domain name revert to the values they had prior to the $INCLUDE once the file has been read. RFC 1035 specifies that the current origin should be restored after an $INCLUDE, but it is silent on whether the current domain name should also be restored. BIND 9 restores both of them. This could be construed as a deviation from RFC 1035, a feature, or both. Syntax: $TTL default-ttl comment Set the default Time To Live (TTL) for subsequent records with undefined TTLs. Valid TTLs are of the range 0-2147483647 seconds. $TTL is defined in RFC 2308. Syntax: $GENERATE range lhs ttl class type rhs comment $GENERATE is used to create a series of resource records that only differ from each other by an iterator. $GENERATE can be used to easily generate the sets of records required to support sub /24 reverse delegations described in RFC 2317: Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation. $ORIGIN 0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. $GENERATE 1-2 @ NS SERVER$.EXAMPLE. $GENERATE 1-127 $ CNAME $.0 is equivalent to 0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER1.EXAMPLE. 0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER2.EXAMPLE. 1.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 1.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. 2.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 2.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. ... 127.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 127.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. Generate a set of A and MX records. Note the MX's right hand side is a quoted string. The quotes will be stripped when the right hand side is processed. $ORIGIN EXAMPLE. $GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ A 1.2.3.$ $GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ MX "0 ." is equivalent to HOST-1.EXAMPLE. A 1.2.3.1 HOST-1.EXAMPLE. MX 0 . HOST-2.EXAMPLE. A 1.2.3.2 HOST-2.EXAMPLE. MX 0 . HOST-3.EXAMPLE. A 1.2.3.3 HOST-3.EXAMPLE. MX 0 . ... HOST-127.EXAMPLE. A 1.2.3.127 HOST-127.EXAMPLE. MX 0 . range This can be one of two forms: start-stop or start-stop/step. If the first form is used, then step is set to 1. All of start, stop and step must be positive. lhs This describes the owner name of the resource records to be created. Any single $ (dollar sign) symbols within the lhs string are replaced by the iterator value. To get a $ in the output, you need to escape the $ using a backslash \, e.g. \$. The $ may optionally be followed by modifiers which change the offset from the iterator, field width and base. Modifiers are introduced by a { (left brace) immediately following the $ as ${offset[,width[,base]]}. For example, ${-20,3,d} subtracts 20 from the current value, prints the result as a decimal in a zero-padded field of width 3. Available output forms are decimal (d), octal (o), hexadecimal (x or X for uppercase) and nibble (n or N\ for uppercase). The default modifier is ${0,0,d}. If the lhs is not absolute, the current $ORIGIN is appended to the name. In nibble mode the value will be treated as if it was a reversed hexadecimal string with each hexadecimal digit as a separate label. The width field includes the label separator. For compatibility with earlier versions, $$ is still recognized as indicating a literal $ in the output. ttl Specifies the time-to-live of the generated records. If not specified this will be inherited using the normal TTL inheritance rules. class and ttl can be entered in either order. class Specifies the class of the generated records. This must match the zone class if it is specified. class and ttl can be entered in either order. type Any valid type. rhs rhs, optionally, quoted string. The $GENERATE directive is a BIND extension and not part of the standard zone file format. BIND 8 does not support the optional TTL and CLASS fields. In addition to the standard textual format, BIND 9 supports the ability to read or dump to zone files in other formats. The raw format is currently available as an additional format. It is a binary format representing BIND 9's internal data structure directly, thereby remarkably improving the loading time. For a primary server, a zone file in the raw format is expected to be generated from a textual zone file by the named-compilezone command. For a secondary server or for a dynamic zone, it is automatically generated (if this format is specified by the masterfile-format option) when named dumps the zone contents after zone transfer or when applying prior updates. If a zone file in a binary format needs manual modification, it first must be converted to a textual form by the named-compilezone command. All necessary modification should go to the text file, which should then be converted to the binary form by the named-compilezone command again. Although the raw format uses the network byte order and avoids architecture-dependent data alignment so that it is as much portable as possible, it is primarily expected to be used inside the same single system. In order to export a zone file in the raw format or make a portable backup of the file, it is recommended to convert the file to the standard textual representation. BIND 9 maintains lots of statistics information and provides several interfaces for users to get access to the statistics. The available statistics include all statistics counters that were available in BIND 8 and are meaningful in BIND 9, and other information that is considered useful. The statistics information is categorized into the following sections. Incoming Requests The number of incoming DNS requests for each OPCODE. Incoming Queries The number of incoming queries for each RR type. Outgoing Queries The number of outgoing queries for each RR type sent from the internal resolver. Maintained per view. Name Server Statistics Statistics counters about incoming request processing. Zone Maintenance Statistics Statistics counters regarding zone maintenance operations such as zone transfers. Resolver Statistics Statistics counters about name resolution performed in the internal resolver. Maintained per view. Cache DB RRsets The number of RRsets per RR type and nonexistent names stored in the cache database. If the exclamation mark (!) is printed for a RR type, it means that particular type of RRset is known to be nonexistent (this is also known as "NXRRSET"). Maintained per view. Socket I/O Statistics Statistics counters about network related events. A subset of Name Server Statistics is collected and shown per zone for which the server has the authority when zone-statistics is set to yes. These statistics counters are shown with their zone and view names. In some cases the view names are omitted for the default view. There are currently two user interfaces to get access to the statistics. One is in the plain text format dumped to the file specified by the statistics-file configuration option. The other is remotely accessible via a statistics channel when the statistics-channels statement is specified in the configuration file (see .) The text format statistics dump begins with a line, like: +++ Statistics Dump +++ (973798949) The number in parentheses is a standard Unix-style timestamp, measured as seconds since January 1, 1970. Following that line is a set of statistics information, which is categorized as described above. Each section begins with a line, like: ++ Name Server Statistics ++ Each section consists of lines, each containing the statistics counter value followed by its textual description. See below for available counters. For brevity, counters that have a value of 0 are not shown in the statistics file. The statistics dump ends with the line where the number is identical to the number in the beginning line; for example: --- Statistics Dump --- (973798949) The following tables summarize statistics counters that BIND 9 provides. For each row of the tables, the leftmost column is the abbreviated symbol name of that counter. These symbols are shown in the statistics information accessed via an HTTP statistics channel. The rightmost column gives the description of the counter, which is also shown in the statistics file (but, in this document, possibly with slight modification for better readability). Additional notes may also be provided in this column. When a middle column exists between these two columns, it gives the corresponding counter name of the BIND 8 statistics, if applicable. Symbol BIND8 Symbol Description Requestv4 RQ IPv4 requests received. Note: this also counts non query requests. Requestv6 RQ IPv6 requests received. Note: this also counts non query requests. ReqEdns0 Requests with EDNS(0) received. ReqBadEDNSVer Requests with unsupported EDNS version received. ReqTSIG Requests with TSIG received. ReqSIG0 Requests with SIG(0) received. ReqBadSIG Requests with invalid (TSIG or SIG(0)) signature. ReqTCP RTCP TCP requests received. AuthQryRej RUQ Authoritative (non recursive) queries rejected. RecQryRej RURQ Recursive queries rejected. XfrRej RUXFR Zone transfer requests rejected. UpdateRej RUUpd Dynamic update requests rejected. Response SAns Responses sent. RespTruncated Truncated responses sent. RespEDNS0 Responses with EDNS(0) sent. RespTSIG Responses with TSIG sent. RespSIG0 Responses with SIG(0) sent. QrySuccess Queries resulted in a successful answer. This means the query which returns a NOERROR response with at least one answer RR. This corresponds to the success counter of previous versions of BIND 9. QryAuthAns Queries resulted in authoritative answer. QryNoauthAns SNaAns Queries resulted in non authoritative answer. QryReferral Queries resulted in referral answer. This corresponds to the referral counter of previous versions of BIND 9. QryNxrrset Queries resulted in NOERROR responses with no data. This corresponds to the nxrrset counter of previous versions of BIND 9. QrySERVFAIL SFail Queries resulted in SERVFAIL. QryFORMERR SFErr Queries resulted in FORMERR. QryNXDOMAIN SNXD Queries resulted in NXDOMAIN. This corresponds to the nxdomain counter of previous versions of BIND 9. QryRecursion RFwdQ Queries which caused the server to perform recursion in order to find the final answer. This corresponds to the recursion counter of previous versions of BIND 9. QryDuplicate RDupQ Queries which the server attempted to recurse but discovered an existing query with the same IP address, port, query ID, name, type and class already being processed. This corresponds to the duplicate counter of previous versions of BIND 9. QryDropped Recursive queries for which the server discovered an excessive number of existing recursive queries for the same name, type and class and were subsequently dropped. This is the number of dropped queries due to the reason explained with the clients-per-query and max-clients-per-query options (see the description about .) This corresponds to the dropped counter of previous versions of BIND 9. QryFailure Other query failures. This corresponds to the failure counter of previous versions of BIND 9. Note: this counter is provided mainly for backward compatibility with the previous versions. Normally a more fine-grained counters such as AuthQryRej and RecQryRej that would also fall into this counter are provided, and so this counter would not be of much interest in practice. XfrReqDone Requested zone transfers completed. UpdateReqFwd Update requests forwarded. UpdateRespFwd Update responses forwarded. UpdateFwdFail Dynamic update forward failed. UpdateDone Dynamic updates completed. UpdateFail Dynamic updates failed. UpdateBadPrereq Dynamic updates rejected due to prerequisite failure. RPZRewrites Response policy zone rewrites. Symbol Description NotifyOutv4 IPv4 notifies sent. NotifyOutv6 IPv6 notifies sent. NotifyInv4 IPv4 notifies received. NotifyInv6 IPv6 notifies received. NotifyRej Incoming notifies rejected. SOAOutv4 IPv4 SOA queries sent. SOAOutv6 IPv6 SOA queries sent. AXFRReqv4 IPv4 AXFR requested. AXFRReqv6 IPv6 AXFR requested. IXFRReqv4 IPv4 IXFR requested. IXFRReqv6 IPv6 IXFR requested. XfrSuccess Zone transfer requests succeeded. XfrFail Zone transfer requests failed. Symbol BIND8 Symbol Description Queryv4 SFwdQ IPv4 queries sent. Queryv6 SFwdQ IPv6 queries sent. Responsev4 RR IPv4 responses received. Responsev6 RR IPv6 responses received. NXDOMAIN RNXD NXDOMAIN received. SERVFAIL RFail SERVFAIL received. FORMERR RFErr FORMERR received. OtherError RErr Other errors received. EDNS0Fail EDNS(0) query failures. Mismatch RDupR Mismatch responses received. The DNS ID, response's source address, and/or the response's source port does not match what was expected. (The port must be 53 or as defined by the port option.) This may be an indication of a cache poisoning attempt. Truncated Truncated responses received. Lame RLame Lame delegations received. Retry SDupQ Query retries performed. QueryAbort Queries aborted due to quota control. QuerySockFail Failures in opening query sockets. One common reason for such failures is a failure of opening a new socket due to a limitation on file descriptors. QueryTimeout Query timeouts. GlueFetchv4 SSysQ IPv4 NS address fetches invoked. GlueFetchv6 SSysQ IPv6 NS address fetches invoked. GlueFetchv4Fail IPv4 NS address fetch failed. GlueFetchv6Fail IPv6 NS address fetch failed. ValAttempt DNSSEC validation attempted. ValOk DNSSEC validation succeeded. ValNegOk DNSSEC validation on negative information succeeded. ValFail DNSSEC validation failed. QryRTTnn Frequency table on round trip times (RTTs) of queries. Each nn specifies the corresponding frequency. In the sequence of nn_1, nn_2, ..., nn_m, the value of nn_i is the number of queries whose RTTs are between nn_(i-1) (inclusive) and nn_i (exclusive) milliseconds. For the sake of convenience we define nn_0 to be 0. The last entry should be represented as nn_m+, which means the number of queries whose RTTs are equal to or over nn_m milliseconds. Socket I/O statistics counters are defined per socket types, which are UDP4 (UDP/IPv4), UDP6 (UDP/IPv6), TCP4 (TCP/IPv4), TCP6 (TCP/IPv6), Unix (Unix Domain), and FDwatch (sockets opened outside the socket module). In the following table <TYPE> represents a socket type. Not all counters are available for all socket types; exceptions are noted in the description field. Symbol Description <TYPE>Open Sockets opened successfully. This counter is not applicable to the FDwatch type. <TYPE>OpenFail Failures of opening sockets. This counter is not applicable to the FDwatch type. <TYPE>Close Sockets closed. <TYPE>BindFail Failures of binding sockets. <TYPE>ConnFail Failures of connecting sockets. <TYPE>Conn Connections established successfully. <TYPE>AcceptFail Failures of accepting incoming connection requests. This counter is not applicable to the UDP and FDwatch types. <TYPE>Accept Incoming connections successfully accepted. This counter is not applicable to the UDP and FDwatch types. <TYPE>SendErr Errors in socket send operations. This counter corresponds to SErr counter of BIND 8. <TYPE>RecvErr Errors in socket receive operations. This includes errors of send operations on a connected UDP socket notified by an ICMP error message. Most statistics counters that were available in BIND 8 are also supported in BIND 9 as shown in the above tables. Here are notes about other counters that do not appear in these tables. RFwdR,SFwdR These counters are not supported because BIND 9 does not adopt the notion of forwarding as BIND 8 did. RAXFR This counter is accessible in the Incoming Queries section. RIQ This counter is accessible in the Incoming Requests section. ROpts This counter is not supported because BIND 9 does not care about IP options in the first place. Access Control Lists (ACLs) are address match lists that you can set up and nickname for future use in allow-notify, allow-query, allow-query-on, allow-recursion, allow-recursion-on, blackhole, allow-transfer, etc. Using ACLs allows you to have finer control over who can access your name server, without cluttering up your config files with huge lists of IP addresses. It is a good idea to use ACLs, and to control access to your server. Limiting access to your server by outside parties can help prevent spoofing and denial of service (DoS) attacks against your server. Here is an example of how to properly apply ACLs: // Set up an ACL named "bogusnets" that will block // RFC1918 space and some reserved space, which is // commonly used in spoofing attacks. acl bogusnets { 0.0.0.0/8; 192.0.2.0/24; 224.0.0.0/3; 10.0.0.0/8; 172.16.0.0/12; 192.168.0.0/16; }; // Set up an ACL called our-nets. Replace this with the // real IP numbers. acl our-nets { x.x.x.x/24; x.x.x.x/21; }; options { ... ... allow-query { our-nets; }; allow-recursion { our-nets; }; ... blackhole { bogusnets; }; ... }; zone "example.com" { type master; file "m/example.com"; allow-query { any; }; }; This allows recursive queries of the server from the outside unless recursion has been previously disabled. On UNIX servers, it is possible to run BIND in a chrooted environment (using the chroot() function) by specifying the "-t" option for named. This can help improve system security by placing BIND in a "sandbox", which will limit the damage done if a server is compromised. Another useful feature in the UNIX version of BIND is the ability to run the daemon as an unprivileged user ( -u user ). We suggest running as an unprivileged user when using the chroot feature. Here is an example command line to load BIND in a chroot sandbox, /var/named, and to run named setuid to user 202: /usr/local/sbin/named -u 202 -t /var/named In order for a chroot environment to work properly in a particular directory (for example, /var/named), you will need to set up an environment that includes everything BIND needs to run. From BIND's point of view, /var/named is the root of the filesystem. You will need to adjust the values of options like like directory and pid-file to account for this. Unlike with earlier versions of BIND, you typically will not need to compile named statically nor install shared libraries under the new root. However, depending on your operating system, you may need to set up things like /dev/zero, /dev/random, /dev/log, and /etc/localtime. Prior to running the named daemon, use the touch utility (to change file access and modification times) or the chown utility (to set the user id and/or group id) on files to which you want BIND to write. Note that if the named daemon is running as an unprivileged user, it will not be able to bind to new restricted ports if the server is reloaded. Access to the dynamic update facility should be strictly limited. In earlier versions of BIND, the only way to do this was based on the IP address of the host requesting the update, by listing an IP address or network prefix in the allow-update zone option. This method is insecure since the source address of the update UDP packet is easily forged. Also note that if the IP addresses allowed by the allow-update option include the address of a slave server which performs forwarding of dynamic updates, the master can be trivially attacked by sending the update to the slave, which will forward it to the master with its own source IP address causing the master to approve it without question. For these reasons, we strongly recommend that updates be cryptographically authenticated by means of transaction signatures (TSIG). That is, the allow-update option should list only TSIG key names, not IP addresses or network prefixes. Alternatively, the new update-policy option can be used. Some sites choose to keep all dynamically-updated DNS data in a subdomain and delegate that subdomain to a separate zone. This way, the top-level zone containing critical data such as the IP addresses of public web and mail servers need not allow dynamic update at all. The best solution to solving installation and configuration issues is to take preventative measures by setting up logging files beforehand. The log files provide a source of hints and information that can be used to figure out what went wrong and how to fix the problem. Zone serial numbers are just numbers — they aren't date related. A lot of people set them to a number that represents a date, usually of the form YYYYMMDDRR. Occasionally they will make a mistake and set them to a "date in the future" then try to correct them by setting them to the "current date". This causes problems because serial numbers are used to indicate that a zone has been updated. If the serial number on the slave server is lower than the serial number on the master, the slave server will attempt to update its copy of the zone. Setting the serial number to a lower number on the master server than the slave server means that the slave will not perform updates to its copy of the zone. The solution to this is to add 2147483647 (2^31-1) to the number, reload the zone and make sure all slaves have updated to the new zone serial number, then reset the number to what you want it to be, and reload the zone again. The Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) offers a wide range of support and service agreements for BIND and DHCP servers. Four levels of premium support are available and each level includes support for all ISC programs, significant discounts on products and training, and a recognized priority on bug fixes and non-funded feature requests. In addition, ISC offers a standard support agreement package which includes services ranging from bug fix announcements to remote support. It also includes training in BIND and DHCP. To discuss arrangements for support, contact info@isc.org or visit the ISC web page at http://www.isc.org/services/support/ to read more. Although the "official" beginning of the Domain Name System occurred in 1984 with the publication of RFC 920, the core of the new system was described in 1983 in RFCs 882 and 883. From 1984 to 1987, the ARPAnet (the precursor to today's Internet) became a testbed of experimentation for developing the new naming/addressing scheme in a rapidly expanding, operational network environment. New RFCs were written and published in 1987 that modified the original documents to incorporate improvements based on the working model. RFC 1034, "Domain Names-Concepts and Facilities", and RFC 1035, "Domain Names-Implementation and Specification" were published and became the standards upon which all DNS implementations are built. The first working domain name server, called "Jeeves", was written in 1983-84 by Paul Mockapetris for operation on DEC Tops-20 machines located at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (USC-ISI) and SRI International's Network Information Center (SRI-NIC). A DNS server for Unix machines, the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) package, was written soon after by a group of graduate students at the University of California at Berkeley under a grant from the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA). Versions of BIND through 4.8.3 were maintained by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at UC Berkeley. Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou made up the initial BIND project team. After that, additional work on the software package was done by Ralph Campbell. Kevin Dunlap, a Digital Equipment Corporation employee on loan to the CSRG, worked on BIND for 2 years, from 1985 to 1987. Many other people also contributed to BIND development during that time: Doug Kingston, Craig Partridge, Smoot Carl-Mitchell, Mike Muuss, Jim Bloom and Mike Schwartz. BIND maintenance was subsequently handled by Mike Karels and Øivind Kure. BIND versions 4.9 and 4.9.1 were released by Digital Equipment Corporation (now Compaq Computer Corporation). Paul Vixie, then a DEC employee, became BIND's primary caretaker. He was assisted by Phil Almquist, Robert Elz, Alan Barrett, Paul Albitz, Bryan Beecher, Andrew Partan, Andy Cherenson, Tom Limoncelli, Berthold Paffrath, Fuat Baran, Anant Kumar, Art Harkin, Win Treese, Don Lewis, Christophe Wolfhugel, and others. In 1994, BIND version 4.9.2 was sponsored by Vixie Enterprises. Paul Vixie became BIND's principal architect/programmer. BIND versions from 4.9.3 onward have been developed and maintained by the Internet Systems Consortium and its predecessor, the Internet Software Consortium, with support being provided by ISC's sponsors. As co-architects/programmers, Bob Halley and Paul Vixie released the first production-ready version of BIND version 8 in May 1997. BIND version 9 was released in September 2000 and is a major rewrite of nearly all aspects of the underlying BIND architecture. BIND versions 4 and 8 are officially deprecated. No additional development is done on BIND version 4 or BIND version 8. BIND development work is made possible today by the sponsorship of several corporations, and by the tireless work efforts of numerous individuals. IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces and sets of interfaces which were introduced in the DNS to facilitate scalable Internet routing. There are three types of addresses: Unicast, an identifier for a single interface; Anycast, an identifier for a set of interfaces; and Multicast, an identifier for a set of interfaces. Here we describe the global Unicast address scheme. For more information, see RFC 3587, "Global Unicast Address Format." IPv6 unicast addresses consist of a global routing prefix, a subnet identifier, and an interface identifier. The global routing prefix is provided by the upstream provider or ISP, and (roughly) corresponds to the IPv4 network section of the address range. The subnet identifier is for local subnetting, much the same as subnetting an IPv4 /16 network into /24 subnets. The interface identifier is the address of an individual interface on a given network; in IPv6, addresses belong to interfaces rather than to machines. The subnetting capability of IPv6 is much more flexible than that of IPv4: subnetting can be carried out on bit boundaries, in much the same way as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR), and the DNS PTR representation ("nibble" format) makes setting up reverse zones easier. The Interface Identifier must be unique on the local link, and is usually generated automatically by the IPv6 implementation, although it is usually possible to override the default setting if necessary. A typical IPv6 address might look like: 2001:db8:201:9:a00:20ff:fe81:2b32 IPv6 address specifications often contain long strings of zeros, so the architects have included a shorthand for specifying them. The double colon (`::') indicates the longest possible string of zeros that can fit, and can be used only once in an address. Specification documents for the Internet protocol suite, including the DNS, are published as part of the Request for Comments (RFCs) series of technical notes. The standards themselves are defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). RFCs can be obtained online via FTP at: ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/RFCxxxx.txt (where xxxx is the number of the RFC). RFCs are also available via the Web at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/. RFC974 Partridge C. January 1986 RFC1034 Mockapetris P.V. November 1987 RFC1035 Mockapetris P. V. November 1987 RFC2181 Elz R., R. Bush July 1997 RFC2308 Andrews M. March 1998 RFC1995 Ohta M. August 1996 RFC1996 Vixie P. August 1996 RFC2136 Vixie P. S. Thomson Y. Rekhter J. Bound April 1997 RFC2671 P. Vixie August 1997 RFC2672 M. Crawford August 1999 RFC2845 Vixie P. O. Gudmundsson D. Eastlake 3rd B. Wellington May 2000 RFC2930 D. Eastlake 3rd September 2000 RFC2931 D. Eastlake 3rd September 2000 RFC3007 B. Wellington November 2000 RFC3645 S. Kwan P. Garg J. Gilroy L. Esibov J. Westhead R. Hall October 2003 RFC3225 D. Conrad December 2001 RFC3833 D. Atkins R. Austein August 2004 RFC4033 R. Arends R. Austein M. Larson D. Massey S. Rose March 2005 RFC4034 R. Arends R. Austein M. Larson D. Massey S. Rose March 2005 RFC4035 R. Arends R. Austein M. Larson D. Massey S. Rose March 2005 RFC1535 Gavron E. October 1993 RFC1536 Kumar A. J. Postel C. Neuman P. Danzig S. Miller October 1993 RFC1982 Elz R. R. Bush August 1996 RFC4074 Morishita Y. T. Jinmei May 2005 RFC1183 Everhart C.F. L. A. Mamakos R. Ullmann P. Mockapetris October 1990 RFC1706 Manning B. R. Colella October 1994 RFC2168 Daniel R. M. Mealling June 1997 RFC1876 Davis C. P. Vixie T. Goodwin I. Dickinson January 1996 RFC2052 Gulbrandsen A. P. Vixie October 1996 RFC2163 Allocchio A. January 1998 RFC2230 Atkinson R. October 1997 RFC2536 Eastlake D. 3rd March 1999 RFC2537 Eastlake D. 3rd March 1999 RFC2538 Eastlake D. 3rd Gudmundsson O. March 1999 RFC2539 Eastlake D. 3rd March 1999 RFC2540 Eastlake D. 3rd March 1999 RFC2782 Gulbrandsen A. Vixie P. Esibov L. February 2000 RFC2915 Mealling M. Daniel R. September 2000 RFC3110 Eastlake D. 3rd May 2001 RFC3123 Koch P. June 2001 RFC3596 Thomson S. C. Huitema V. Ksinant M. Souissi October 2003 RFC3597 Gustafsson A. September 2003 RFC1101 Mockapetris P. V. April 1989 RFC1123 Braden R. October 1989 RFC1591 Postel J. March 1994 RFC2317 Eidnes H. G. de Groot P. Vixie March 1998 RFC2826 Internet Architecture Board May 2000 RFC2929 Eastlake D. 3rd Brunner-Williams E. Manning B. September 2000 RFC1033 Lottor M. November 1987 RFC1537 Beertema P. October 1993 RFC1912 Barr D. February 1996 RFC2010 Manning B. P. Vixie October 1996 RFC2219 Hamilton M. R. Wright October 1997 RFC2825 IAB Daigle R. May 2000 RFC3490 Faltstrom P. Hoffman P. Costello A. March 2003 RFC3491 Hoffman P. Blanchet M. March 2003 RFC3492 Costello A. March 2003 Note: the following list of RFCs, although DNS-related, are not concerned with implementing software. RFC1464 Rosenbaum R. May 1993 RFC1713 Romao A. November 1994 RFC1794 Brisco T. April 1995 RFC2240 Vaughan O. November 1997 RFC2345 Klensin J. T. Wolf G. Oglesby May 1998 RFC2352 Vaughan O. May 1998 RFC3071 Klensin J. February 2001 RFC3258 Hardie T. April 2002 RFC3901 Durand A. J. Ihren September 2004 RFC1712 Farrell C. M. Schulze S. Pleitner D. Baldoni November 1994 RFC2673 Crawford M. August 1999 RFC2874 Crawford M. Huitema C. July 2000 Most of these have been consolidated into RFC4033, RFC4034 and RFC4035 which collectively describe DNSSECbis. RFC2065 Eastlake 3rd D. C. Kaufman January 1997 RFC2137 Eastlake 3rd D. April 1997 RFC2535 Eastlake 3rd D. March 1999 RFC3008 Wellington B. November 2000 RFC3090 Lewis E. March 2001 RFC3445 Massey D. Rose S. December 2002 RFC3655 Wellington B. Gudmundsson O. November 2003 RFC3658 Gudmundsson O. December 2003 RFC3755 Weiler S. May 2004 RFC3757 Kolkman O. Schlyter J. Lewis E. April 2004 RFC3845 Schlyter J. August 2004 Internet Drafts (IDs) are rough-draft working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force. They are, in essence, RFCs in the preliminary stages of development. Implementors are cautioned not to regard IDs as archival, and they should not be quoted or cited in any formal documents unless accompanied by the disclaimer that they are "works in progress." IDs have a lifespan of six months after which they are deleted unless updated by their authors. Albitz Paul Cricket Liu 1998 Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates