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<!-- File: $Id: Bv9ARM-book.xml,v 1.155.2.27.2.74 2006/11/14 22:38:53 sra Exp $ -->
<book>
<title>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</title>
<bookinfo>
<copyright>
<year>2004</year>
<year>2005</year>
<year>2006</year>
<holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>
</copyright>
<copyright>
<year>2000</year>
<year>2001</year>
<year>2002</year>
<year>2003</year>
<holder>Internet Software Consortium.</holder>
</copyright>
</bookinfo>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch01">
<title>Introduction </title>
<para>The Internet Domain Name System (<acronym>DNS</acronym>) consists of the syntax
to specify the names of entities in the Internet in a hierarchical
manner, the rules used for delegating authority over names, and the
system implementation that actually maps names to Internet
addresses. <acronym>DNS</acronym> data is maintained in a group of distributed
hierarchical databases.</para>
<sect1>
<title>Scope of Document</title>
<para>The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (<acronym>BIND</acronym>) implements a
domain name server for a number of operating systems. This
document provides basic information about the installation and
care of the Internet Software Consortium (<acronym>ISC</acronym>)
<acronym>BIND</acronym> version 9 software package for system
administrators.</para>
<para>This version of the manual corresponds to BIND version 9.3.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Organization of This Document</title>
<para>In this document, <emphasis>Section 1</emphasis> introduces
the basic <acronym>DNS</acronym> and <acronym>BIND</acronym> concepts. <emphasis>Section 2</emphasis>
describes resource requirements for running <acronym>BIND</acronym> in various
environments. Information in <emphasis>Section 3</emphasis> is
<emphasis>task-oriented</emphasis> in its presentation and is
organized functionally, to aid in the process of installing the
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 software. The task-oriented section is followed by
<emphasis>Section 4</emphasis>, which contains more advanced
concepts that the system administrator may need for implementing
certain options. <emphasis>Section 5</emphasis>
describes the <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 lightweight
resolver. The contents of <emphasis>Section 6</emphasis> are
organized as in a reference manual to aid in the ongoing
maintenance of the software. <emphasis>Section 7
</emphasis>addresses security considerations, and
<emphasis>Section 8</emphasis> contains troubleshooting help. The
main body of the document is followed by several
<emphasis>Appendices</emphasis> which contain useful reference
information, such as a <emphasis>Bibliography</emphasis> and
historic information related to <acronym>BIND</acronym> and the Domain Name
System.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Conventions Used in This Document</title>
<para>In this document, we use the following general typographic
conventions:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols = "2">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colwidth = "3.000in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colwidth = "2.625in"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname = "1">
<para><emphasis>To
describe:</emphasis></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2">
<para><emphasis>We use the style:</emphasis></para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname = "1">
<para>a pathname, filename, URL, hostname,
mailing list name, or new term or concept</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><filename>Fixed width</filename></para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname = "1"><para>literal user
input</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><userinput>Fixed Width Bold</userinput></para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname = "1"><para>program output</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><computeroutput>Fixed Width</computeroutput></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The following conventions are used in descriptions of the
<acronym>BIND</acronym> configuration file:<informaltable colsep = "0" frame = "all" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.000in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.625in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para><emphasis>To
describe:</emphasis></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><emphasis>We use the style:</emphasis></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>keywords</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><literal>Fixed Width</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>variables</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" rowsep = "1"><para><varname>Fixed Width</varname></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1"><para>Optional input</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><optional>Text is enclosed in square brackets</optional></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></para></sect1>
<sect1><title>The Domain Name System (<acronym>DNS</acronym>)</title>
<para>The purpose of this document is to explain the installation
and upkeep of the <acronym>BIND</acronym> software package, and we
begin by reviewing the fundamentals of the Domain Name System
(<acronym>DNS</acronym>) as they relate to <acronym>BIND</acronym>.
</para>
<sect2>
<title>DNS Fundamentals</title>
<para>The Domain Name System (DNS) is the hierarchical, distributed
database. It stores information for mapping Internet host names to IP
addresses and vice versa, mail routing information, and other data
used by Internet applications.</para>
<para>Clients look up information in the DNS by calling a
<emphasis>resolver</emphasis> library, which sends queries to one or
more <emphasis>name servers</emphasis> and interprets the responses.
The <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 software distribution contains a
name server, <command>named</command>, and two resolver
libraries, <command>liblwres</command> and <command>libbind</command>.
</para>
</sect2><sect2>
<title>Domains and Domain Names</title>
<para>The data stored in the DNS is identified by <emphasis>domain
names</emphasis> that are organized as a tree according to
organizational or administrative boundaries. Each node of the tree,
called a <emphasis>domain</emphasis>, is given a label. The domain name of the
node is the concatenation of all the labels on the path from the
node to the <emphasis>root</emphasis> node. This is represented
in written form as a string of labels listed from right to left and
separated by dots. A label need only be unique within its parent
domain.</para>
<para>For example, a domain name for a host at the
company <emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis> could be
<literal>mail.example.com</literal>,
where <literal>com</literal> is the
top level domain to which
<literal>ourhost.example.com</literal> belongs,
<literal>example</literal> is
a subdomain of <literal>com</literal>, and
<literal>ourhost</literal> is the
name of the host.</para>
<para>For administrative purposes, the name space is partitioned into
areas called <emphasis>zones</emphasis>, each starting at a node and
extending down to the leaf nodes or to nodes where other zones start.
The data for each zone is stored in a <emphasis>name
server</emphasis>, which answers queries about the zone using the
<emphasis>DNS protocol</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>The data associated with each domain name is stored in the
form of <emphasis>resource records</emphasis> (<acronym>RR</acronym>s).
Some of the supported resource record types are described in
<xref linkend="types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them"/>.</para>
<para>For more detailed information about the design of the DNS and
the DNS protocol, please refer to the standards documents listed in
<xref linkend="rfcs"/>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Zones</title>
<para>To properly operate a name server, it is important to understand
the difference between a <emphasis>zone</emphasis>
and a <emphasis>domain</emphasis>.</para>
<para>As we stated previously, a zone is a point of delegation in
the <acronym>DNS</acronym> tree. A zone consists of
those contiguous parts of the domain
tree for which a name server has complete information and over which
it has authority. It contains all domain names from a certain point
downward in the domain tree except those which are delegated to
other zones. A delegation point is marked by one or more
<emphasis>NS records</emphasis> in the
parent zone, which should be matched by equivalent NS records at
the root of the delegated zone.</para>
<para>For instance, consider the <literal>example.com</literal>
domain which includes names
such as <literal>host.aaa.example.com</literal> and
<literal>host.bbb.example.com</literal> even though
the <literal>example.com</literal> zone includes
only delegations for the <literal>aaa.example.com</literal> and
<literal>bbb.example.com</literal> zones. A zone can map
exactly to a single domain, but could also include only part of a
domain, the rest of which could be delegated to other
name servers. Every name in the <acronym>DNS</acronym> tree is a
<emphasis>domain</emphasis>, even if it is
<emphasis>terminal</emphasis>, that is, has no
<emphasis>subdomains</emphasis>. Every subdomain is a domain and
every domain except the root is also a subdomain. The terminology is
not intuitive and we suggest that you read RFCs 1033, 1034 and 1035 to
gain a complete understanding of this difficult and subtle
topic.</para>
<para>Though <acronym>BIND</acronym> is called a "domain name server",
it deals primarily in terms of zones. The master and slave
declarations in the <filename>named.conf</filename> file specify
zones, not domains. When you ask some other site if it is willing to
be a slave server for your <emphasis>domain</emphasis>, you are
actually asking for slave service for some collection of zones.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Authoritative Name Servers</title>
<para>Each zone is served by at least
one <emphasis>authoritative name server</emphasis>,
which contains the complete data for the zone.
To make the DNS tolerant of server and network failures,
most zones have two or more authoritative servers.
</para>
<para>Responses from authoritative servers have the "authoritative
answer" (AA) bit set in the response packets. This makes them
easy to identify when debugging DNS configurations using tools like
<command>dig</command> (<xref linkend="diagnostic_tools"/>).</para>
<sect3><title>The Primary Master</title>
<para>
The authoritative server where the master copy of the zone data is maintained is
called the <emphasis>primary master</emphasis> server, or simply the
<emphasis>primary</emphasis>. It loads the zone contents from some
local file edited by humans or perhaps generated mechanically from
some other local file which is edited by humans. This file is called
the <emphasis>zone file</emphasis> or <emphasis>master file</emphasis>.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Slave Servers</title>
<para>The other authoritative servers, the <emphasis>slave</emphasis>
servers (also known as <emphasis>secondary</emphasis> servers) load
the zone contents from another server using a replication process
known as a <emphasis>zone transfer</emphasis>. Typically the data are
transferred directly from the primary master, but it is also possible
to transfer it from another slave. In other words, a slave server
may itself act as a master to a subordinate slave server.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Stealth Servers</title>
<para>Usually all of the zone's authoritative servers are listed in
NS records in the parent zone. These NS records constitute
a <emphasis>delegation</emphasis> of the zone from the parent.
The authoritative servers are also listed in the zone file itself,
at the <emphasis>top level</emphasis> or <emphasis>apex</emphasis>
of the zone. You can list servers in the zone's top-level NS
records that are not in the parent's NS delegation, but you cannot
list servers in the parent's delegation that are not present at
the zone's top level.</para>
<para>A <emphasis>stealth server</emphasis> is a server that is
authoritative for a zone but is not listed in that zone's NS
records. Stealth servers can be used for keeping a local copy of a
zone to speed up access to the zone's records or to make sure that the
zone is available even if all the "official" servers for the zone are
inaccessible.</para>
<para>A configuration where the primary master server itself is a
stealth server is often referred to as a "hidden primary"
configuration. One use for this configuration is when the primary master
is behind a firewall and therefore unable to communicate directly
with the outside world.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Caching Name Servers</title>
<para>The resolver libraries provided by most operating systems are
<emphasis>stub resolvers</emphasis>, meaning that they are not capable of
performing the full DNS resolution process by themselves by talking
directly to the authoritative servers. Instead, they rely on a local
name server to perform the resolution on their behalf. Such a server
is called a <emphasis>recursive</emphasis> name server; it performs
<emphasis>recursive lookups</emphasis> for local clients.</para>
<para>To improve performance, recursive servers cache the results of
the lookups they perform. Since the processes of recursion and
caching are intimately connected, the terms
<emphasis>recursive server</emphasis> and
<emphasis>caching server</emphasis> are often used synonymously.</para>
<para>The length of time for which a record may be retained in
the cache of a caching name server is controlled by the
Time To Live (TTL) field associated with each resource record.
</para>
<sect3><title>Forwarding</title>
<para>Even a caching name server does not necessarily perform
the complete recursive lookup itself. Instead, it can
<emphasis>forward</emphasis> some or all of the queries
that it cannot satisfy from its cache to another caching name server,
commonly referred to as a <emphasis>forwarder</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>There may be one or more forwarders,
and they are queried in turn until the list is exhausted or an answer
is found. Forwarders are typically used when you do not
wish all the servers at a given site to interact directly with the rest of
the Internet servers. A typical scenario would involve a number
of internal <acronym>DNS</acronym> servers and an Internet firewall. Servers unable
to pass packets through the firewall would forward to the server
that can do it, and that server would query the Internet <acronym>DNS</acronym> servers
on the internal server's behalf. An added benefit of using the forwarding
feature is that the central machine develops a much more complete
cache of information that all the clients can take advantage
of.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Name Servers in Multiple Roles</title>
<para>The <acronym>BIND</acronym> name server can simultaneously act as
a master for some zones, a slave for other zones, and as a caching
(recursive) server for a set of local clients.</para>
<para>However, since the functions of authoritative name service
and caching/recursive name service are logically separate, it is
often advantageous to run them on separate server machines.
A server that only provides authoritative name service
(an <emphasis>authoritative-only</emphasis> server) can run with
recursion disabled, improving reliability and security.
A server that is not authoritative for any zones and only provides
recursive service to local
clients (a <emphasis>caching-only</emphasis> server)
does not need to be reachable from the Internet at large and can
be placed inside a firewall.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch02"><title><acronym>BIND</acronym> Resource Requirements</title>
<sect1>
<title>Hardware requirements</title>
<para><acronym>DNS</acronym> hardware requirements have traditionally been quite modest.
For many installations, servers that have been pensioned off from
active duty have performed admirably as <acronym>DNS</acronym> servers.</para>
<para>The DNSSEC and IPv6 features of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 may prove to be quite
CPU intensive however, so organizations that make heavy use of these
features may wish to consider larger systems for these applications.
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 is fully multithreaded, allowing full utilization of
multiprocessor systems for installations that need it.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>CPU Requirements</title>
<para>CPU requirements for <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 range from i486-class machines
for serving of static zones without caching, to enterprise-class
machines if you intend to process many dynamic updates and DNSSEC
signed zones, serving many thousands of queries per second.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Memory Requirements</title>
<para>The memory of the server has to be large enough to fit the
cache and zones loaded off disk. The <command>max-cache-size</command>
option can be used to limit the amount of memory used by the cache,
at the expense of reducing cache hit rates and causing more <acronym>DNS</acronym>
traffic. It is still good practice to have enough memory to load
all zone and cache data into memory — unfortunately, the best way
to determine this for a given installation is to watch the name server
in operation. After a few weeks the server process should reach
a relatively stable size where entries are expiring from the cache as
fast as they are being inserted.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Name Server Intensive Environment Issues</title>
<para>For name server intensive environments, there are two alternative
configurations that may be used. The first is where clients and
any second-level internal name servers query a main name server, which
has enough memory to build a large cache. This approach minimizes
the bandwidth used by external name lookups. The second alternative
is to set up second-level internal name servers to make queries independently.
In this configuration, none of the individual machines needs to
have as much memory or CPU power as in the first alternative, but
this has the disadvantage of making many more external queries,
as none of the name servers share their cached data.</para></sect1>
<sect1><title>Supported Operating Systems</title>
<para>ISC <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 compiles and runs on a large number
of Unix-like operating system and on Windows NT / 2000. For an up-to-date
list of supported systems, see the README file in the top level directory
of the BIND 9 source distribution.</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch03">
<title>Name Server Configuration</title>
<para>In this section we provide some suggested configurations along
with guidelines for their use. We also address the topic of reasonable
option setting.</para>
<sect1 id="sample_configuration">
<title>Sample Configurations</title>
<sect2>
<title>A Caching-only Name Server</title>
<para>The following sample configuration is appropriate for a caching-only
name server for use by clients internal to a corporation. All queries
from outside clients are refused using the <command>allow-query</command>
option. Alternatively, the same effect could be achieved using suitable
firewall rules.</para>
<programlisting>
// Two corporate subnets we wish to allow queries from.
acl corpnets { 192.168.4.0/24; 192.168.7.0/24; };
options {
directory "/etc/namedb"; // Working directory
allow-query { corpnets; };
};
// Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "localhost.rev";
notify no;
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>An Authoritative-only Name Server</title>
<para>This sample configuration is for an authoritative-only server
that is the master server for "<filename>example.com</filename>"
and a slave for the subdomain "<filename>eng.example.com</filename>".</para>
<programlisting>
options {
directory "/etc/namedb"; // Working directory
allow-query { any; }; // This is the default
recursion no; // Do not provide recursive service
};
// Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "localhost.rev";
notify no;
};
// We are the master server for example.com
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "example.com.db";
// IP addresses of slave servers allowed to transfer example.com
allow-transfer {
192.168.4.14;
192.168.5.53;
};
};
// We are a slave server for eng.example.com
zone "eng.example.com" {
type slave;
file "eng.example.com.bk";
// IP address of eng.example.com master server
masters { 192.168.4.12; };
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Load Balancing</title>
<para>A primitive form of load balancing can be achieved in
the <acronym>DNS</acronym> by using multiple A records for one name.</para>
<para>For example, if you have three WWW servers with network addresses
of 10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.2 and 10.0.0.3, a set of records such as the
following means that clients will connect to each machine one third
of the time:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "5" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.875in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.500in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.750in"/>
<colspec colname = "4" colnum = "4" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.750in"/>
<colspec colname = "5" colnum = "5" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.028in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>Name</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>TTL</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>CLASS</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>TYPE</para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para>Resource Record (RR) Data</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>www</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>600</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>10.0.0.1</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>600</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>10.0.0.2</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>600</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>10.0.0.3</literal></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>When a resolver queries for these records, <acronym>BIND</acronym> will rotate
them and respond to the query with the records in a different
order. In the example above, clients will randomly receive
records in the order 1, 2, 3; 2, 3, 1; and 3, 1, 2. Most clients
will use the first record returned and discard the rest.</para>
<para>For more detail on ordering responses, check the
<command>rrset-order</command> substatement in the
<command>options</command> statement, see
<xref endterm="rrset_ordering_title" linkend="rrset_ordering"/>.
This substatement is not supported in
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9, and only the ordering scheme described above is
available.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Name Server Operations</title>
<sect2>
<title>Tools for Use With the Name Server Daemon</title>
<para>There are several indispensable diagnostic, administrative
and monitoring tools available to the system administrator for controlling
and debugging the name server daemon. We describe several in this
section </para>
<sect3 id="diagnostic_tools">
<title>Diagnostic Tools</title>
<para>The <command>dig</command>, <command>host</command>, and
<command>nslookup</command> programs are all command line tools
for manually querying name servers. They differ in style and
output format.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term id="dig"><command>dig</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The domain information groper (<command>dig</command>)
is the most versatile and complete of these lookup tools.
It has two modes: simple interactive
mode for a single query, and batch mode which executes a query for
each in a list of several query lines. All query options are accessible
from the command line.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>dig</command>
<arg>@<replaceable>server</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>domain</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>query-type</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>query-class</replaceable></arg>
<arg>+<replaceable>query-option</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-<replaceable>dig-option</replaceable></arg>
<arg>%<replaceable>comment</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>The usual simple use of dig will take the form</para>
<simpara><command>dig @server domain query-type query-class</command></simpara>
<para>For more information and a list of available commands and
options, see the <command>dig</command> man page.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>host</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <command>host</command> utility emphasizes simplicity
and ease of use. By default, it converts
between host names and Internet addresses, but its functionality
can be extended with the use of options.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>host</command>
<arg>-aCdlrTwv</arg>
<arg>-c <replaceable>class</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-N <replaceable>ndots</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-t <replaceable>type</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-W <replaceable>timeout</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-R <replaceable>retries</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>hostname</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>server</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>For more information and a list of available commands and
options, see the <command>host</command> man page.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>nslookup</command></term>
<listitem>
<para><command>nslookup</command> has two modes: interactive
and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers
for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list
of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just
the name and requested information for a host or domain.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>nslookup</command>
<arg rep="repeat">-option</arg>
<group>
<arg><replaceable>host-to-find</replaceable></arg>
<arg>- <arg>server</arg></arg>
</group>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>Interactive mode is entered when no arguments are given (the
default name server will be used) or when the first argument is a
hyphen (`-') and the second argument is the host name or Internet address
of a name server.</para>
<para>Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet address
of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument. The
optional second argument specifies the host name or address of a name server.</para>
<para>Due to its arcane user interface and frequently inconsistent
behavior, we do not recommend the use of <command>nslookup</command>.
Use <command>dig</command> instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="admin_tools">
<title>Administrative Tools</title>
<para>Administrative tools play an integral part in the management
of a server.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry id="named-checkconf" xreflabel="Named Configuration Checking application">
<term><command>named-checkconf</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <command>named-checkconf</command> program
checks the syntax of a <filename>named.conf</filename> file.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>named-checkconf</command>
<arg>-jvz</arg>
<arg>-t <replaceable>directory</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>filename</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="named-checkzone" xreflabel="Zone Checking application">
<term><command>named-checkzone</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The <command>named-checkzone</command> program checks a master file for
syntax and consistency.</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>named-checkzone</command>
<arg>-djqvD</arg>
<arg>-c <replaceable>class</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-o <replaceable>output</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-t <replaceable>directory</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-w <replaceable>directory</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-k <replaceable>(ignore|warn|fail)</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-n <replaceable>(ignore|warn|fail)</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>zone</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>filename</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="rndc" xreflabel="Remote Name Daemon Control application">
<term><command>rndc</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>The remote name daemon control
(<command>rndc</command>) program allows the system
administrator to control the operation of a name server.
If you run <command>rndc</command> without any options
it will display a usage message as follows:</para>
<cmdsynopsis label="Usage">
<command>rndc</command>
<arg>-c <replaceable>config</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-s <replaceable>server</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-p <replaceable>port</replaceable></arg>
<arg>-y <replaceable>key</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>command</replaceable></arg>
<arg rep="repeat"><replaceable>command</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>The <command>command</command> is one of the following:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>reload</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Reload configuration file and zones.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>reload <replaceable>zone</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>class</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Reload the given zone.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>refresh <replaceable>zone</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>class</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Schedule zone maintenance for the given zone.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>retransfer <replaceable>zone</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>class</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Retransfer the given zone from the master.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <term><userinput>freeze <optional><replaceable>zone</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>class</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Suspend updates to a dynamic zone. If no zone is specified,
then all zones are suspended. This allows manual
edits to be made to a zone normally updated by dynamic update. It
also causes changes in the journal file to be synced into the master
and the journal file to be removed. All dynamic update attempts will
be refused while the zone is frozen.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>thaw <optional><replaceable>zone</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>class</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Enable updates to a frozen dynamic zone. If no zone is
specified, then all frozen zones are enabled. This causes
the server to reload the zone from disk, and re-enables dynamic updates
after the load has completed. After a zone is thawed, dynamic updates
will no longer be refused.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>reconfig</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Reload the configuration file and load new zones,
but do not reload existing zone files even if they have changed.
This is faster than a full <command>reload</command> when there
is a large number of zones because it avoids the need to examine the
modification times of the zones files.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>stats</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Write server statistics to the statistics file.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>querylog</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Toggle query logging. Query logging can also be enabled
by explicitly directing the <command>queries</command>
<command>category</command> to a <command>channel</command> in the
<command>logging</command> section of
<filename>named.conf</filename>.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>dumpdb <optional>-all|-cache|-zone</optional> <optional><replaceable>view ...</replaceable></optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Dump the server's caches (default) and / or zones to the
dump file for the specified views. If no view is specified, all
views are dumped.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>stop <optional>-p</optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Stop the server, making sure any recent changes
made through dynamic update or IXFR are first saved to the master files
of the updated zones. If -p is specified named's process id is returned.
This allows an external process to determine when named had completed stopping.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>halt <optional>-p</optional></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Stop the server immediately. Recent changes
made through dynamic update or IXFR are not saved to the master files,
but will be rolled forward from the journal files when the server
is restarted. If -p is specified named's process id is returned.
This allows an external process to determine when named had completed
stopping.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>trace</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Increment the servers debugging level by one. </para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>trace <replaceable>level</replaceable></userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Sets the server's debugging level to an explicit
value.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>notrace</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Sets the server's debugging level to 0.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>flush</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Flushes the server's cache.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>flushname</userinput> <replaceable>name</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Flushes the given name from the server's cache.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>status</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Display status of the server.
Note that the number of zones includes the internal <command>bind/CH</command> zone
and the default <command>./IN</command> hint zone if there is not an
explicit root zone configured.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><userinput>recursing</userinput></term>
<listitem><para>Dump the list of queries named is currently recursing
on.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.2, <command>rndc</command>
supports all the commands of the BIND 8 <command>ndc</command>
utility except <command>ndc start</command> and
<command>ndc restart</command>, which were also
not supported in <command>ndc</command>'s channel mode.</para>
<para>A configuration file is required, since all
communication with the server is authenticated with
digital signatures that rely on a shared secret, and
there is no way to provide that secret other than with a
configuration file. The default location for the
<command>rndc</command> configuration file is
<filename>/etc/rndc.conf</filename>, but an alternate
location can be specified with the <option>-c</option>
option. If the configuration file is not found,
<command>rndc</command> will also look in
<filename>/etc/rndc.key</filename> (or whatever
<varname>sysconfdir</varname> was defined when
the <acronym>BIND</acronym> build was configured).
The <filename>rndc.key</filename> file is generated by
running <command>rndc-confgen -a</command> as described in
<xref linkend="controls_statement_definition_and_usage"/>.</para>
<para>The format of the configuration file is similar to
that of <filename>named.conf</filename>, but limited to
only four statements, the <command>options</command>,
<command>key</command>, <command>server</command> and
<command>include</command>
statements. These statements are what associate the
secret keys to the servers with which they are meant to
be shared. The order of statements is not
significant.</para>
<para>The <command>options</command> statement has three clauses:
<command>default-server</command>, <command>default-key</command>,
and <command>default-port</command>.
<command>default-server</command> takes a
host name or address argument and represents the server that will
be contacted if no <option>-s</option>
option is provided on the command line.
<command>default-key</command> takes
the name of a key as its argument, as defined by a <command>key</command> statement.
<command>default-port</command> specifies the port to which
<command>rndc</command> should connect if no
port is given on the command line or in a
<command>server</command> statement.</para>
<para>The <command>key</command> statement defines a key to be used
by <command>rndc</command> when authenticating with
<command>named</command>. Its syntax is identical to the
<command>key</command> statement in named.conf.
The keyword <userinput>key</userinput> is
followed by a key name, which must be a valid
domain name, though it need not actually be hierarchical; thus,
a string like "<userinput>rndc_key</userinput>" is a valid name.
The <command>key</command> statement has two clauses:
<command>algorithm</command> and <command>secret</command>.
While the configuration parser will accept any string as the argument
to algorithm, currently only the string "<userinput>hmac-md5</userinput>"
has any meaning. The secret is a base-64 encoded string.</para>
<para>The <command>server</command> statement associates a key
defined using the <command>key</command> statement with a server.
The keyword <userinput>server</userinput> is followed by a
host name or address. The <command>server</command> statement
has two clauses: <command>key</command> and <command>port</command>.
The <command>key</command> clause specifies the name of the key
to be used when communicating with this server, and the
<command>port</command> clause can be used to
specify the port <command>rndc</command> should connect
to on the server.</para>
<para>A sample minimal configuration file is as follows:</para>
<programlisting>
key rndc_key {
algorithm "hmac-md5";
secret "c3Ryb25nIGVub3VnaCBmb3IgYSBtYW4gYnV0IG1hZGUgZm9yIGEgd29tYW4K";
};
options {
default-server 127.0.0.1;
default-key rndc_key;
};
</programlisting>
<para>This file, if installed as <filename>/etc/rndc.conf</filename>,
would allow the command:</para>
<para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>rndc reload</userinput></para>
<para>to connect to 127.0.0.1 port 953 and cause the name server
to reload, if a name server on the local machine were running with
following controls statements:</para>
<programlisting>
controls {
inet 127.0.0.1 allow { localhost; } keys { rndc_key; };
};
</programlisting>
<para>and it had an identical key statement for
<literal>rndc_key</literal>.</para>
<para>Running the <command>rndc-confgen</command> program will
conveniently create a <filename>rndc.conf</filename>
file for you, and also display the
corresponding <command>controls</command> statement that you need to
add to <filename>named.conf</filename>. Alternatively,
you can run <command>rndc-confgen -a</command> to set up
a <filename>rndc.key</filename> file and not modify
<filename>named.conf</filename> at all.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Signals</title>
<para>Certain UNIX signals cause the name server to take specific
actions, as described in the following table. These signals can
be sent using the <command>kill</command> command.</para>
<informaltable frame = "all" ><tgroup cols = "2">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.125in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "4.000in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>SIGHUP</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Causes the server to read <filename>named.conf</filename> and
reload the database. </para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>SIGTERM</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Causes the server to clean up and exit.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1">
<para><command>SIGINT</command></para>
</entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Causes the server to clean up and exit.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch04">
<title>Advanced DNS Features</title>
<sect1 id="notify">
<title>Notify</title>
<para><acronym>DNS</acronym> NOTIFY is a mechanism that allows master
servers to notify their slave servers of changes to a zone's data. In
response to a <command>NOTIFY</command> from a master server, the
slave will check to see that its version of the zone is the
current version and, if not, initiate a zone transfer.</para>
<para><acronym>DNS</acronym>
For more information about
<command>NOTIFY</command>, see the description of the
<command>notify</command> option in <xref linkend="boolean_options"/> and
the description of the zone option <command>also-notify</command> in
<xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>. The <command>NOTIFY</command>
protocol is specified in RFC 1996.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dynamic_update">
<title>Dynamic Update</title>
<para>Dynamic Update is a method for adding, replacing or deleting
records in a master server by sending it a special form of DNS
messages. The format and meaning of these messages is specified
in RFC 2136.</para>
<para>Dynamic update is enabled on a zone-by-zone basis, by
including an <command>allow-update</command> or
<command>update-policy</command> clause in the
<command>zone</command> statement.</para>
<para>Updating of secure zones (zones using DNSSEC) follows
RFC 3007: RRSIG and NSEC records affected by updates are automatically
regenerated by the server using an online zone key.
Update authorization is based
on transaction signatures and an explicit server policy.</para>
<sect2 id="journal">
<title>The journal file</title>
<para>All changes made to a zone using dynamic update are stored in the
zone's journal file. This file is automatically created by the
server when the first dynamic update takes place. The name of
the journal file is formed by appending the
extension <filename>.jnl</filename> to the
name of the corresponding zone file. The journal file is in a
binary format and should not be edited manually.</para>
<para>The server will also occasionally write ("dump")
the complete contents of the updated zone to its zone file.
This is not done immediately after
each dynamic update, because that would be too slow when a large
zone is updated frequently. Instead, the dump is delayed by
up to 15 minutes, allowing additional updates to take place.</para>
<para>When a server is restarted after a shutdown or crash, it will replay
the journal file to incorporate into the zone any updates that took
place after the last zone dump.</para>
<para>Changes that result from incoming incremental zone transfers are also
journalled in a similar way.</para>
<para>The zone files of dynamic zones cannot normally be edited by
hand because they are not guaranteed to contain the most recent
dynamic changes — those are only in the journal file.
The only way to ensure that the zone file of a dynamic zone
is up to date is to run <command>rndc stop</command>.</para>
<para>If you have to make changes to a dynamic zone
manually, the following procedure will work: Disable dynamic updates
to the zone using
<command>rndc freeze <replaceable>zone</replaceable></command>.
This will also remove the zone's <filename>.jnl</filename> file
and update the master file. Edit the zone file. Run
<command>rndc thaw <replaceable>zone</replaceable></command>
to reload the changed zone and re-enable dynamic updates.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="incremental_zone_transfers">
<title>Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)</title>
<para>The incremental zone transfer (IXFR) protocol is a way for
slave servers to transfer only changed data, instead of having to
transfer the entire zone. The IXFR protocol is specified in RFC
1995. See <xref linkend="proposed_standards"/>.</para>
<para>When acting as a master, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9
supports IXFR for those zones
where the necessary change history information is available. These
include master zones maintained by dynamic update and slave zones
whose data was obtained by IXFR. For manually maintained master
zones, and for slave zones obtained by performing a full zone
transfer (AXFR), IXFR is supported only if the option
<command>ixfr-from-differences</command> is set
to <userinput>yes</userinput>.
</para>
<para>When acting as a slave, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 will
attempt to use IXFR unless
it is explicitly disabled. For more information about disabling
IXFR, see the description of the <command>request-ixfr</command> clause
of the <command>server</command> statement.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Split DNS</title>
<para>Setting up different views, or visibility, of the DNS space to
internal and external resolvers is usually referred to as a <emphasis>Split
DNS</emphasis> setup. There are several reasons an organization
would want to set up its DNS this way.</para>
<para>One common reason for setting up a DNS system this way is
to hide "internal" DNS information from "external" clients on the
Internet. There is some debate as to whether or not this is actually useful.
Internal DNS information leaks out in many ways (via email headers,
for example) and most savvy "attackers" can find the information
they need using other means.</para>
<para>Another common reason for setting up a Split DNS system is
to allow internal networks that are behind filters or in RFC 1918
space (reserved IP space, as documented in RFC 1918) to resolve DNS
on the Internet. Split DNS can also be used to allow mail from outside
back in to the internal network.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a split DNS setup:</para>
<para>Let's say a company named <emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis>
(<literal>example.com</literal>)
has several corporate sites that have an internal network with reserved
Internet Protocol (IP) space and an external demilitarized zone (DMZ),
or "outside" section of a network, that is available to the public.</para>
<para><emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis> wants its internal clients
to be able to resolve external hostnames and to exchange mail with
people on the outside. The company also wants its internal resolvers
to have access to certain internal-only zones that are not available
at all outside of the internal network.</para>
<para>In order to accomplish this, the company will set up two sets
of name servers. One set will be on the inside network (in the reserved
IP space) and the other set will be on bastion hosts, which are "proxy"
hosts that can talk to both sides of its network, in the DMZ.</para>
<para>The internal servers will be configured to forward all queries,
except queries for <filename>site1.internal</filename>, <filename>site2.internal</filename>, <filename>site1.example.com</filename>,
and <filename>site2.example.com</filename>, to the servers in the
DMZ. These internal servers will have complete sets of information
for <filename>site1.example.com</filename>, <filename>site2.example.com</filename>,<emphasis> </emphasis><filename>site1.internal</filename>,
and <filename>site2.internal</filename>.</para>
<para>To protect the <filename>site1.internal</filename> and <filename>site2.internal</filename> domains,
the internal name servers must be configured to disallow all queries
to these domains from any external hosts, including the bastion
hosts.</para>
<para>The external servers, which are on the bastion hosts, will
be configured to serve the "public" version of the <filename>site1</filename> and <filename>site2.example.com</filename> zones.
This could include things such as the host records for public servers
(<filename>www.example.com</filename> and <filename>ftp.example.com</filename>),
and mail exchange (MX) records (<filename>a.mx.example.com</filename> and <filename>b.mx.example.com</filename>).</para>
<para>In addition, the public <filename>site1</filename> and <filename>site2.example.com</filename> zones
should have special MX records that contain wildcard (`*') records
pointing to the bastion hosts. This is needed because external mail
servers do not have any other way of looking up how to deliver mail
to those internal hosts. With the wildcard records, the mail will
be delivered to the bastion host, which can then forward it on to
internal hosts.</para>
<para>Here's an example of a wildcard MX record:</para>
<programlisting>* IN MX 10 external1.example.com.</programlisting>
<para>Now that they accept mail on behalf of anything in the internal
network, the bastion hosts will need to know how to deliver mail
to internal hosts. In order for this to work properly, the resolvers on
the bastion hosts will need to be configured to point to the internal
name servers for DNS resolution.</para>
<para>Queries for internal hostnames will be answered by the internal
servers, and queries for external hostnames will be forwarded back
out to the DNS servers on the bastion hosts.</para>
<para>In order for all this to work properly, internal clients will
need to be configured to query <emphasis>only</emphasis> the internal
name servers for DNS queries. This could also be enforced via selective
filtering on the network.</para>
<para>If everything has been set properly, <emphasis>Example, Inc.</emphasis>'s
internal clients will now be able to:</para>
<itemizedlist><listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames in the <literal>site1</literal> and
<literal>site2.example.com</literal> zones.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames in the <literal>site1.internal</literal> and
<literal>site2.internal</literal> domains.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames on the Internet.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Exchange mail with both internal AND external people.</simpara></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>Hosts on the Internet will be able to:</para>
<itemizedlist><listitem>
<simpara>Look up any hostnames in the <literal>site1</literal> and
<literal>site2.example.com</literal> zones.</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>Exchange mail with anyone in the <literal>site1</literal> and
<literal>site2.example.com</literal> zones.</simpara></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>Here is an example configuration for the setup we just
described above. Note that this is only configuration information;
for information on how to configure your zone files, see <xref
linkend="sample_configuration"/>.</para>
<para>Internal DNS server config:</para>
<programlisting>
acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24; };
acl externals { <varname>bastion-ips-go-here</varname>; };
options {
...
...
forward only;
forwarders { // forward to external servers
<varname>bastion-ips-go-here</varname>;
};
allow-transfer { none; }; // sample allow-transfer (no one)
allow-query { internals; externals; }; // restrict query access
allow-recursion { internals; }; // restrict recursion
...
...
};
zone "site1.example.com" { // sample master zone
type master;
file "m/site1.example.com";
forwarders { }; // do normal iterative
// resolution (do not forward)
allow-query { internals; externals; };
allow-transfer { internals; };
};
zone "site2.example.com" { // sample slave zone
type slave;
file "s/site2.example.com";
masters { 172.16.72.3; };
forwarders { };
allow-query { internals; externals; };
allow-transfer { internals; };
};
zone "site1.internal" {
type master;
file "m/site1.internal";
forwarders { };
allow-query { internals; };
allow-transfer { internals; }
};
zone "site2.internal" {
type slave;
file "s/site2.internal";
masters { 172.16.72.3; };
forwarders { };
allow-query { internals };
allow-transfer { internals; }
};
</programlisting>
<para>External (bastion host) DNS server config:</para>
<programlisting>
acl internals { 172.16.72.0/24; 192.168.1.0/24; };
acl externals { bastion-ips-go-here; };
options {
...
...
allow-transfer { none; }; // sample allow-transfer (no one)
allow-query { internals; externals; }; // restrict query access
allow-recursion { internals; externals; }; // restrict recursion
...
...
};
zone "site1.example.com" { // sample slave zone
type master;
file "m/site1.foo.com";
allow-query { any; };
allow-transfer { internals; externals; };
};
zone "site2.example.com" {
type slave;
file "s/site2.foo.com";
masters { another_bastion_host_maybe; };
allow-query { any; };
allow-transfer { internals; externals; }
};
</programlisting>
<para>In the <filename>resolv.conf</filename> (or equivalent) on
the bastion host(s):</para>
<programlisting>
search ...
nameserver 172.16.72.2
nameserver 172.16.72.3
nameserver 172.16.72.4
</programlisting>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="tsig"><title>TSIG</title>
<para>This is a short guide to setting up Transaction SIGnatures
(TSIG) based transaction security in <acronym>BIND</acronym>. It describes changes
to the configuration file as well as what changes are required for
different features, including the process of creating transaction
keys and using transaction signatures with <acronym>BIND</acronym>.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> primarily supports TSIG for server to server communication.
This includes zone transfer, notify, and recursive query messages.
Resolvers based on newer versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 have limited support
for TSIG.</para>
<para>TSIG might be most useful for dynamic update. A primary
server for a dynamic zone should use access control to control
updates, but IP-based access control is insufficient.
The cryptographic access control provided by TSIG
is far superior. The <command>nsupdate</command>
program supports TSIG via the <option>-k</option> and
<option>-y</option> command line options.</para>
<sect2><title>Generate Shared Keys for Each Pair of Hosts</title>
<para>A shared secret is generated to be shared between <emphasis>host1</emphasis> and <emphasis>host2</emphasis>.
An arbitrary key name is chosen: "host1-host2.". The key name must
be the same on both hosts.</para>
<sect3><title>Automatic Generation</title>
<para>The following command will generate a 128-bit (16 byte) HMAC-MD5
key as described above. Longer keys are better, but shorter keys
are easier to read. Note that the maximum key length is 512 bits;
keys longer than that will be digested with MD5 to produce a
128-bit key.</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-keygen -a hmac-md5 -b 128 -n HOST host1-host2.</userinput></para>
<para>The key is in the file <filename>Khost1-host2.+157+00000.private</filename>.
Nothing directly uses this file, but the base-64 encoded string
following "<literal>Key:</literal>"
can be extracted from the file and used as a shared secret:</para>
<programlisting>Key: La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA==</programlisting>
<para>The string "<literal>La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA==</literal>" can
be used as the shared secret.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Manual Generation</title>
<para>The shared secret is simply a random sequence of bits, encoded
in base-64. Most ASCII strings are valid base-64 strings (assuming
the length is a multiple of 4 and only valid characters are used),
so the shared secret can be manually generated.</para>
<para>Also, a known string can be run through <command>mmencode</command> or
a similar program to generate base-64 encoded data.</para></sect3></sect2>
<sect2><title>Copying the Shared Secret to Both Machines</title>
<para>This is beyond the scope of DNS. A secure transport mechanism
should be used. This could be secure FTP, ssh, telephone, etc.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Informing the Servers of the Key's Existence</title>
<para>Imagine <emphasis>host1</emphasis> and <emphasis>host 2</emphasis> are
both servers. The following is added to each server's <filename>named.conf</filename> file:</para>
<programlisting>
key host1-host2. {
algorithm hmac-md5;
secret "La/E5CjG9O+os1jq0a2jdA==";
};
</programlisting>
<para>The algorithm, hmac-md5, is the only one supported by <acronym>BIND</acronym>.
The secret is the one generated above. Since this is a secret, it
is recommended that either <filename>named.conf</filename> be non-world
readable, or the key directive be added to a non-world readable
file that is included by <filename>named.conf</filename>.</para>
<para>At this point, the key is recognized. This means that if the
server receives a message signed by this key, it can verify the
signature. If the signature is successfully verified, the
response is signed by the same key.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Instructing the Server to Use the Key</title>
<para>Since keys are shared between two hosts only, the server must
be told when keys are to be used. The following is added to the <filename>named.conf</filename> file
for <emphasis>host1</emphasis>, if the IP address of <emphasis>host2</emphasis> is
10.1.2.3:</para>
<programlisting>
server 10.1.2.3 {
keys { host1-host2. ;};
};
</programlisting>
<para>Multiple keys may be present, but only the first is used.
This directive does not contain any secrets, so it may be in a world-readable
file.</para>
<para>If <emphasis>host1</emphasis> sends a message that is a request
to that address, the message will be signed with the specified key. <emphasis>host1</emphasis> will
expect any responses to signed messages to be signed with the same
key.</para>
<para>A similar statement must be present in <emphasis>host2</emphasis>'s
configuration file (with <emphasis>host1</emphasis>'s address) for <emphasis>host2</emphasis> to
sign request messages to <emphasis>host1</emphasis>.</para></sect2>
<sect2><title>TSIG Key Based Access Control</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> allows IP addresses and ranges to be specified in ACL
definitions and
<command>allow-{ query | transfer | update }</command> directives.
This has been extended to allow TSIG keys also. The above key would
be denoted <command>key host1-host2.</command></para>
<para>An example of an allow-update directive would be:</para>
<programlisting>
allow-update { key host1-host2. ;};
</programlisting>
<para>This allows dynamic updates to succeed only if the request
was signed by a key named
"<command>host1-host2.</command>".</para> <para>You may want to read about the more
powerful <command>update-policy</command> statement in <xref
linkend="dynamic_update_policies"/>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Errors</title>
<para>The processing of TSIG signed messages can result in
several errors. If a signed message is sent to a non-TSIG
aware server, a FORMERR (format error) will be returned, since
the server will not understand the record. This is a result
of misconfiguration, since the server must be explicitly
configured to send a TSIG signed message to a specific
server.</para>
<para>If a TSIG aware server receives a message signed by an
unknown key, the response will be unsigned with the TSIG
extended error code set to BADKEY. If a TSIG aware server
receives a message with a signature that does not validate, the
response will be unsigned with the TSIG extended error code set
to BADSIG. If a TSIG aware server receives a message with a time
outside of the allowed range, the response will be signed with
the TSIG extended error code set to BADTIME, and the time values
will be adjusted so that the response can be successfully
verified. In any of these cases, the message's rcode is set to
NOTAUTH (not authenticated).</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>TKEY</title>
<para><command>TKEY</command> is a mechanism for automatically
generating a shared secret between two hosts. There are several
"modes" of <command>TKEY</command> that specify how the key is
generated or assigned. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9
implements only one of these modes,
the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Both hosts are required to have
a Diffie-Hellman KEY record (although this record is not required
to be present in a zone). The <command>TKEY</command> process
must use signed messages, signed either by TSIG or SIG(0). The
result of <command>TKEY</command> is a shared secret that can be
used to sign messages with TSIG. <command>TKEY</command> can also
be used to delete shared secrets that it had previously
generated.</para>
<para>The <command>TKEY</command> process is initiated by a client
or server by sending a signed <command>TKEY</command> query
(including any appropriate KEYs) to a TKEY-aware server. The
server response, if it indicates success, will contain a
<command>TKEY</command> record and any appropriate keys. After
this exchange, both participants have enough information to
determine the shared secret; the exact process depends on the
<command>TKEY</command> mode. When using the Diffie-Hellman
<command>TKEY</command> mode, Diffie-Hellman keys are exchanged,
and the shared secret is derived by both participants.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>SIG(0)</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 partially supports DNSSEC SIG(0)
transaction signatures as specified in RFC 2535 and RFC2931. SIG(0)
uses public/private keys to authenticate messages. Access control
is performed in the same manner as TSIG keys; privileges can be
granted or denied based on the key name.</para>
<para>When a SIG(0) signed message is received, it will only be
verified if the key is known and trusted by the server; the server
will not attempt to locate and / or validate the key.</para>
<para>SIG(0) signing of multiple-message TCP streams is not
supported.</para>
<para>The only tool shipped with <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 that
generates SIG(0) signed messages is <command>nsupdate</command>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="DNSSEC">
<title>DNSSEC</title>
<para>Cryptographic authentication of DNS information is possible
through the DNS Security (<emphasis>DNSSEC-bis</emphasis>)
extensions, defined in RFC 4033, RFC4034 and RFC4035. This
section describes the creation and use of DNSSEC signed
zones.</para>
<para>In order to set up a DNSSEC secure zone, there are a series
of steps which must be followed. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 ships
with several tools
that are used in this process, which are explained in more detail
below. In all cases, the <option>-h</option> option prints a
full list of parameters. Note that the DNSSEC tools require the
keyset files to be in the working directory or the
directory specified by the <option>-h</option> option, and
that the tools shipped with BIND 9.2.x and earlier are not compatible
with the current ones.</para>
<para>There must also be communication with the administrators of
the parent and/or child zone to transmit keys. A zone's security
status must be indicated by the parent zone for a DNSSEC capable
resolver to trust its data. This is done through the presence
or absence of a <literal>DS</literal> record at the delegation
point.</para>
<para>For other servers to trust data in this zone, they must
either be statically configured with this zone's zone key or the
zone key of another zone above this one in the DNS tree.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Generating Keys</title>
<para>The <command>dnssec-keygen</command> program is used to
generate keys.</para>
<para>A secure zone must contain one or more zone keys. The
zone keys will sign all other records in the zone, as well as
the zone keys of any secure delegated zones. Zone keys must
have the same name as the zone, a name type of
<command>ZONE</command>, and must be usable for authentication.
It is recommended that zone keys use a cryptographic algorithm
designated as "mandatory to implement" by the IETF; currently
the only one is RSASHA1.</para>
<para>The following command will generate a 768-bit RSASHA1 key for
the <filename>child.example</filename> zone:</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA1 -b 768 -n ZONE child.example.</userinput></para>
<para>Two output files will be produced:
<filename>Kchild.example.+005+12345.key</filename> and
<filename>Kchild.example.+005+12345.private</filename> (where
12345 is an example of a key tag). The key file names contain
the key name (<filename>child.example.</filename>), algorithm (3
is DSA, 1 is RSAMD5, 5 is RSASHA1, etc.), and the key tag (12345 in this case).
The private key (in the <filename>.private</filename> file) is
used to generate signatures, and the public key (in the
<filename>.key</filename> file) is used for signature
verification.</para>
<para>To generate another key with the same properties (but with
a different key tag), repeat the above command.</para>
<para>The public keys should be inserted into the zone file by
including the <filename>.key</filename> files using
<command>$INCLUDE</command> statements.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Signing the Zone</title>
<para>The <command>dnssec-signzone</command> program is used to
sign a zone.</para>
<para>Any <filename>keyset</filename> files corresponding
to secure subzones should be present. The zone signer will
generate <literal>NSEC</literal> and <literal>RRSIG</literal>
records for the zone, as well as <literal>DS</literal> for
the child zones if <literal>'-d'</literal> is specified.
If <literal>'-d'</literal> is not specified, then DS RRsets for
the secure child zones need to be added manually.</para>
<para>The following command signs the zone, assuming it is in a
file called <filename>zone.child.example</filename>. By
default, all zone keys which have an available private key are
used to generate signatures.</para>
<para><userinput>dnssec-signzone -o child.example zone.child.example</userinput></para>
<para>One output file is produced:
<filename>zone.child.example.signed</filename>. This file
should be referenced by <filename>named.conf</filename> as the
input file for the zone.</para>
<para><command>dnssec-signzone</command> will also produce a
keyset and dsset files and optionally a dlvset file. These
are used to provide the parent zone administators with the
<literal>DNSKEYs</literal> (or their corresponding <literal>DS</literal>
records) that are the secure entry point to the zone.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Configuring Servers</title>
<para>
To enable <command>named</command> to respond appropriately
to DNS requests from DNSSEC aware clients,
<command>dnssec-enable</command> must be set to yes.
</para>
<para>
To enable <command>named</command> to validate answers from
other servers <command>dnssec-enable</command> and
some <command>trusted-keys</command> must be configured
into <filename>named.conf</filename>.
</para>
<para>
<command>trusted-keys</command> are copies of DNSKEY RRs
for zones that are used to form the first link in the
cryptographic chain of trust. All keys listed in
<command>trusted-keys</command> (and corresponding zones)
are deemed to exist and only the listed keys will be used
to validated the DNSKEY RRset that they are from.
</para>
<para>
<command>trusted-keys</command> are described in more detail
later in this document.
</para>
<para>
Unlike <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8, <acronym>BIND</acronym>
9 does not verify signatures on load, so zone keys for
authoritative zones do not need to be specified in the
configuration file.
</para>
<para>
After DNSSEC gets established, a typical DNSSEC configuration
will look something like the following. It has a one or
more public keys for the root. This allows answers from
outside the organization to be validated. It will also
have several keys for parts of the namespace the organization
controls. These are here to ensure that named is immune
to compromises in the DNSSEC components of the security
of parent zones.
</para>
<programlisting>
trusted-keys {
/* Root Key */
"." 257 3 3 "BNY4wrWM1nCfJ+CXd0rVXyYmobt7sEEfK3clRbGaTwSJxrGkxJWoZu6I7PzJu/
E9gx4UC1zGAHlXKdE4zYIpRhaBKnvcC2U9mZhkdUpd1Vso/HAdjNe8LmMlnzY3
zy2Xy4klWOADTPzSv9eamj8V18PHGjBLaVtYvk/ln5ZApjYghf+6fElrmLkdaz
MQ2OCnACR817DF4BBa7UR/beDHyp5iWTXWSi6XmoJLbG9Scqc7l70KDqlvXR3M
/lUUVRbkeg1IPJSidmK3ZyCllh4XSKbje/45SKucHgnwU5jefMtq66gKodQj+M
iA21AfUVe7u99WzTLzY3qlxDhxYQQ20FQ97S+LKUTpQcq27R7AT3/V5hRQxScI
Nqwcz4jYqZD2fQdgxbcDTClU0CRBdiieyLMNzXG3";
/* Key for our organization's forward zone */
example.com. 257 3 5 "AwEAAaxPMcR2x0HbQV4WeZB6oEDX+r0QM65KbhTjrW1ZaARmPhEZZe
3Y9ifgEuq7vZ/zGZUdEGNWy+JZzus0lUptwgjGwhUS1558Hb4JKUbb
OTcM8pwXlj0EiX3oDFVmjHO444gLkBO UKUf/mC7HvfwYH/Be22GnC
lrinKJp1Og4ywzO9WglMk7jbfW33gUKvirTHr25GL7STQUzBb5Usxt
8lgnyTUHs1t3JwCY5hKZ6CqFxmAVZP20igTixin/1LcrgX/KMEGd/b
iuvF4qJCyduieHukuY3H4XMAcR+xia2 nIUPvm/oyWR8BW/hWdzOvn
SCThlHf3xiYleDbt/o1OTQ09A0=";
/* Key for our reverse zone. */
2.0.192.IN-ADDRPA.NET. 257 3 5 "AQOnS4xn/IgOUpBPJ3bogzwcxOdNax071L18QqZnQQQA
VVr+iLhGTnNGp3HoWQLUIzKrJVZ3zggy3WwNT6kZo6c0
tszYqbtvchmgQC8CzKojM/W16i6MG/ea fGU3siaOdS0
yOI6BgPsw+YZdzlYMaIJGf4M4dyoKIhzdZyQ2bYQrjyQ
4LB0lC7aOnsMyYKHHYeRv PxjIQXmdqgOJGq+vsevG06
zW+1xgYJh9rCIfnm1GX/KMgxLPG2vXTD/RnLX+D3T3UL
7HJYHJhAZD5L59VvjSPsZJHeDCUyWYrvPZesZDIRvhDD
52SKvbheeTJUm6EhkzytNN2SN96QRk8j/iI8ib";
};
options {
...
dnssec-enable yes;
};
</programlisting>
<note>
None of the keys listed in this example are valid. In particular,
the root key is not valid.
</note>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>IPv6 Support in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 fully supports all currently defined forms of IPv6
name to address and address to name lookups. It will also use
IPv6 addresses to make queries when running on an IPv6 capable
system.</para>
<para>For forward lookups, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 supports only AAAA
records. The use of A6 records is deprecated by RFC 3363, and the
support for forward lookups in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 is
removed accordingly.
However, authoritative <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 name servers still
load zone files containing A6 records correctly, answer queries
for A6 records, and accept zone transfer for a zone containing A6
records.</para>
<para>For IPv6 reverse lookups, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 supports
the traditional "nibble" format used in the
<emphasis>ip6.arpa</emphasis> domain, as well as the older, deprecated
<emphasis>ip6.int</emphasis> domain.
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 formerly
supported the "binary label" (also known as "bitstring") format.
The support of binary labels, however, is now completely removed
according to the changes in RFC 3363.
Any applications in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 do not understand
the format any more, and will return an error if given.
In particular, an authoritative <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 name
server rejects to load a zone file containing binary labels.</para>
<para>For an overview of the format and structure of IPv6 addresses,
see <xref linkend="ipv6addresses"/>.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Address Lookups Using AAAA Records</title>
<para>The AAAA record is a parallel to the IPv4 A record. It
specifies the entire address in a single record. For
example,</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN example.com.
host 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::1
</programlisting>
<para>It is recommended that IPv4-in-IPv6 mapped addresses not
be used. If a host has an IPv4 address, use an A record, not
a AAAA, with <literal>::ffff:192.168.42.1</literal> as the
address.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Address to Name Lookups Using Nibble Format</title>
<para>When looking up an address in nibble format, the address
components are simply reversed, just as in IPv4, and
<literal>ip6.arpa.</literal> is appended to the resulting name.
For example, the following would provide reverse name lookup for
a host with address
<literal>2001:db8::1</literal>.</para>
<programlisting>
$ORIGIN 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 14400 IN PTR host.example.com.
</programlisting>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch05"><title>The <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 Lightweight Resolver</title>
<sect1><title>The Lightweight Resolver Library</title>
<para>Traditionally applications have been linked with a stub resolver
library that sends recursive DNS queries to a local caching name
server.</para>
<para>IPv6 once introduced new complexity into the resolution process,
such as following A6 chains and DNAME records, and simultaneous
lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Though most of the complexity was
then removed, these are hard or impossible
to implement in a traditional stub resolver.</para>
<para>Instead, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 provides resolution services to local clients
using a combination of a lightweight resolver library and a resolver
daemon process running on the local host. These communicate using
a simple UDP-based protocol, the "lightweight resolver protocol"
that is distinct from and simpler than the full DNS protocol.</para></sect1>
<sect1 id="lwresd"><title>Running a Resolver Daemon</title>
<para>To use the lightweight resolver interface, the system must
run the resolver daemon <command>lwresd</command> or a local
name server configured with a <command>lwres</command> statement.</para>
<para>By default, applications using the lightweight resolver library will make
UDP requests to the IPv4 loopback address (127.0.0.1) on port 921. The
address can be overridden by <command>lwserver</command> lines in
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>.</para>
<para>The daemon currently only looks in the DNS, but in the future
it may use other sources such as <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>,
NIS, etc.</para>
<para>The <command>lwresd</command> daemon is essentially a
caching-only name server that responds to requests using the lightweight
resolver protocol rather than the DNS protocol. Because it needs
to run on each host, it is designed to require no or minimal configuration.
Unless configured otherwise, it uses the name servers listed on
<command>nameserver</command> lines in <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>
as forwarders, but is also capable of doing the resolution autonomously if
none are specified.</para>
<para>The <command>lwresd</command> daemon may also be configured with a
<filename>named.conf</filename> style configuration file, in
<filename>/etc/lwresd.conf</filename> by default. A name server may also
be configured to act as a lightweight resolver daemon using the
<command>lwres</command> statement in <filename>named.conf</filename>.</para>
</sect1></chapter>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch06"><title><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 configuration is broadly similar
to <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8; however, there are a few new areas
of configuration, such as views. <acronym>BIND</acronym>
8 configuration files should work with few alterations in <acronym>BIND</acronym>
9, although more complex configurations should be reviewed to check
if they can be more efficiently implemented using the new features
found in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 4 configuration files can be converted to the new format
using the shell script
<filename>contrib/named-bootconf/named-bootconf.sh</filename>.</para>
<sect1 id="configuration_file_elements"><title>Configuration File Elements</title>
<para>Following is a list of elements used throughout the <acronym>BIND</acronym> configuration
file documentation:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.855in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.770in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>acl_name</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The name of an <varname>address_match_list</varname> as
defined by the <command>acl</command> statement.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>address_match_list</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A list of one or more <varname>ip_addr</varname>,
<varname>ip_prefix</varname>, <varname>key_id</varname>,
or <varname>acl_name</varname> elements, see
<xref linkend="address_match_lists"/>.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>domain_name</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A quoted string which will be used as
a DNS name, for example "<literal>my.test.domain</literal>".</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>dotted_decimal</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>One to four integers valued 0 through
255 separated by dots (`.'), such as <command>123</command>,
<command>45.67</command> or <command>89.123.45.67</command>.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>ip4_addr</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>An IPv4 address with exactly four elements
in <varname>dotted_decimal</varname> notation.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>ip6_addr</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>An IPv6 address, such as <command>2001:db8::1234</command>.
IPv6 scoped addresses that have ambiguity on their scope zones must be
disambiguated by an appropriate zone ID with the percent character
(`%') as delimiter.
It is strongly recommended to use string zone names rather than
numeric identifiers, in order to be robust against system
configuration changes.
However, since there is no standard mapping for such names and
identifier values, currently only interface names as link identifiers
are supported, assuming one-to-one mapping between interfaces and links.
For example, a link-local address <command>fe80::1</command> on the
link attached to the interface <command>ne0</command>
can be specified as <command>fe80::1%ne0</command>.
Note that on most systems link-local addresses always have the
ambiguity, and need to be disambiguated.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>ip_addr</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>An <varname>ip4_addr</varname> or <varname>ip6_addr</varname>.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>ip_port</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>An IP port <varname>number</varname>.
<varname>number</varname> is limited to 0 through 65535, with values
below 1024 typically restricted to use by processes running as root.
In some cases, an asterisk (`*') character can be used as a placeholder to
select a random high-numbered port.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>ip_prefix</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>An IP network specified as an <varname>ip_addr</varname>,
followed by a slash (`/') and then the number of bits in the netmask.
Trailing zeros in a <varname>ip_addr</varname> may omitted.
For example, <command>127/8</command> is the network <command>127.0.0.0</command> with
netmask <command>255.0.0.0</command> and <command>1.2.3.0/28</command> is
network <command>1.2.3.0</command> with netmask <command>255.255.255.240</command>.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>key_id</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A <varname>domain_name</varname> representing
the name of a shared key, to be used for transaction security.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>key_list</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A list of one or more <varname>key_id</varname>s,
separated by semicolons and ending with a semicolon.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>number</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A non-negative 32-bit integer
(i.e., a number between 0 and 4294967295, inclusive).
Its acceptable value might further
be limited by the context in which it is used.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>path_name</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A quoted string which will be used as
a pathname, such as <filename>zones/master/my.test.domain</filename>.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>size_spec</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A number, the word <userinput>unlimited</userinput>,
or the word <userinput>default</userinput>.</para><para>
An <varname>unlimited</varname> <varname>size_spec</varname> requests unlimited
use, or the maximum available amount. A <varname>default size_spec</varname> uses
the limit that was in force when the server was started.</para><para>A <varname>number</varname> can
optionally be followed by a scaling factor: <userinput>K</userinput> or <userinput>k</userinput> for
kilobytes, <userinput>M</userinput> or <userinput>m</userinput> for
megabytes, and <userinput>G</userinput> or <userinput>g</userinput> for gigabytes,
which scale by 1024, 1024*1024, and 1024*1024*1024 respectively.</para>
<para>The value must be representable as a 64-bit unsigned integer
(0 to 18446744073709551615, inclusive).
Using <varname>unlimited</varname> is the best way
to safely set a really large number.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>yes_or_no</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Either <userinput>yes</userinput> or <userinput>no</userinput>.
The words <userinput>true</userinput> and <userinput>false</userinput> are
also accepted, as are the numbers <userinput>1</userinput> and <userinput>0</userinput>.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>dialup_option</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>One of <userinput>yes</userinput>,
<userinput>no</userinput>, <userinput>notify</userinput>,
<userinput>notify-passive</userinput>, <userinput>refresh</userinput> or
<userinput>passive</userinput>.
When used in a zone, <userinput>notify-passive</userinput>,
<userinput>refresh</userinput>, and <userinput>passive</userinput>
are restricted to slave and stub zones.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<sect2 id="address_match_lists"><title>Address Match Lists</title>
<sect3><title>Syntax</title>
<programlisting><varname>address_match_list</varname> = address_match_list_element ;
<optional> address_match_list_element; ... </optional>
<varname>address_match_list_element</varname> = <optional> ! </optional> (ip_address <optional>/length</optional> |
key key_id | acl_name | { address_match_list } )
</programlisting>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Definition and Usage</title>
<para>Address match lists are primarily used to determine access
control for various server operations. They are also used in
the <command>listen-on</command> and <command>sortlist</command>
statements. The elements
which constitute an address match list can be any of the following:</para>
<itemizedlist><listitem>
<simpara>an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6)</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>an IP prefix (in `/' notation)</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>a key ID, as defined by the <command>key</command> statement</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>the name of an address match list defined with
the <command>acl</command> statement</simpara></listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>a nested address match list enclosed in braces</simpara></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>Elements can be negated with a leading exclamation mark (`!'),
and the match list names "any", "none", "localhost", and "localnets"
are predefined. More information on those names can be found in
the description of the acl statement.</para>
<para>The addition of the key clause made the name of this syntactic
element something of a misnomer, since security keys can be used
to validate access without regard to a host or network address. Nonetheless,
the term "address match list" is still used throughout the documentation.</para>
<para>When a given IP address or prefix is compared to an address
match list, the list is traversed in order until an element matches.
The interpretation of a match depends on whether the list is being used
for access control, defining listen-on ports, or in a sortlist,
and whether the element was negated.</para>
<para>When used as an access control list, a non-negated match allows
access and a negated match denies access. If there is no match,
access is denied. The clauses <command>allow-notify</command>,
<command>allow-query</command>, <command>allow-transfer</command>,
<command>allow-update</command>, <command>allow-update-forwarding</command>,
and <command>blackhole</command> all
use address match lists this. Similarly, the listen-on option will cause
the server to not accept queries on any of the machine's addresses
which do not match the list.</para>
<para>Because of the first-match aspect of the algorithm, an element
that defines a subset of another element in the list should come
before the broader element, regardless of whether either is negated. For
example, in
<command>1.2.3/24; ! 1.2.3.13;</command> the 1.2.3.13 element is
completely useless because the algorithm will match any lookup for
1.2.3.13 to the 1.2.3/24 element.
Using <command>! 1.2.3.13; 1.2.3/24</command> fixes
that problem by having 1.2.3.13 blocked by the negation but all
other 1.2.3.* hosts fall through.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Comment Syntax</title>
<para>The <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 comment syntax allows for comments to appear
anywhere that white space may appear in a <acronym>BIND</acronym> configuration
file. To appeal to programmers of all kinds, they can be written
in the C, C++, or shell/perl style.</para>
<sect3>
<title>Syntax</title>
<para><programlisting>/* This is a <acronym>BIND</acronym> comment as in C */</programlisting>
<programlisting>// This is a <acronym>BIND</acronym> comment as in C++</programlisting>
<programlisting># This is a <acronym>BIND</acronym> comment as in common UNIX shells and perl</programlisting>
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Definition and Usage</title>
<para>Comments may appear anywhere that white space may appear in
a <acronym>BIND</acronym> configuration file.</para>
<para>C-style comments start with the two characters /* (slash,
star) and end with */ (star, slash). Because they are completely
delimited with these characters, they can be used to comment only
a portion of a line or to span multiple lines.</para>
<para>C-style comments cannot be nested. For example, the following
is not valid because the entire comment ends with the first */:</para>
<para><programlisting>/* This is the start of a comment.
This is still part of the comment.
/* This is an incorrect attempt at nesting a comment. */
This is no longer in any comment. */
</programlisting></para>
<para>C++-style comments start with the two characters // (slash,
slash) and continue to the end of the physical line. They cannot
be continued across multiple physical lines; to have one logical
comment span multiple lines, each line must use the // pair.</para>
<para>For example:</para>
<para><programlisting>// This is the start of a comment. The next line
// is a new comment, even though it is logically
// part of the previous comment.
</programlisting></para>
<para>Shell-style (or perl-style, if you prefer) comments start
with the character <literal>#</literal> (number sign) and continue to the end of the
physical line, as in C++ comments.</para>
<para>For example:</para>
<para><programlisting># This is the start of a comment. The next line
# is a new comment, even though it is logically
# part of the previous comment.
</programlisting>
</para>
<warning>
<para>You cannot use the semicolon (`;') character
to start a comment such as you would in a zone file. The
semicolon indicates the end of a configuration
statement.</para>
</warning>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="Configuration_File_Grammar">
<title>Configuration File Grammar</title>
<para>A <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 configuration consists of statements and comments.
Statements end with a semicolon. Statements and comments are the
only elements that can appear without enclosing braces. Many
statements contain a block of sub-statements, which are also
terminated with a semicolon.</para>
<para>The following statements are supported:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle =
"2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.336in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.778in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>acl</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>defines a named IP address
matching list, for access control and other uses.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>controls</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>declares control channels to be used
by the <command>rndc</command> utility.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>include</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>includes a file.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>key</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>specifies key information for use in
authentication and authorization using TSIG.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>logging</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>specifies what the server logs, and where
the log messages are sent.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>lwres</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>configures <command>named</command> to
also act as a light-weight resolver daemon (<command>lwresd</command>).</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>masters</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>defines a named masters list for
inclusion in stub and slave zone masters clauses.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>options</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>controls global server configuration
options and sets defaults for other statements.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>server</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>sets certain configuration options on
a per-server basis.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>trusted-keys</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>defines trusted DNSSEC keys.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>view</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>defines a view.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>zone</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>defines a zone.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>The <command>logging</command> and
<command>options</command> statements may only occur once per
configuration.</para>
<sect2>
<title><command>acl</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting><command>acl</command> acl-name {
address_match_list
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="acl">
<title><command>acl</command> Statement Definition and
Usage</title>
<para>The <command>acl</command> statement assigns a symbolic
name to an address match list. It gets its name from a primary
use of address match lists: Access Control Lists (ACLs).</para>
<para>Note that an address match list's name must be defined
with <command>acl</command> before it can be used elsewhere; no
forward references are allowed.</para>
<para>The following ACLs are built-in:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "3Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.130in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "4.000in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>any</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Matches all hosts.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>none</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Matches no hosts.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>localhost</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Matches the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of all network
interfaces on the system.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>localnets</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Matches any host on an IPv4 or IPv6 network
for which the system has an interface.
Some systems do not provide a way to determine the prefix lengths of
local IPv6 addresses.
In such a case, <command>localnets</command> only matches the local
IPv6 addresses, just like <command>localhost</command>.
</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>controls</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting><command>controls</command> {
inet ( ip_addr | * ) <optional> port ip_port </optional> allow { <replaceable> address_match_list </replaceable> }
keys { <replaceable> key_list </replaceable> };
<optional> inet ...; </optional>
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="controls_statement_definition_and_usage">
<title><command>controls</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>controls</command> statement declares control
channels to be used by system administrators to control the
operation of the name server. These control channels are
used by the <command>rndc</command> utility to send commands to
and retrieve non-DNS results from a name server.</para>
<para>An <command>inet</command> control channel is a TCP
socket listening at the specified
<command>ip_port</command> on the specified
<command>ip_addr</command>, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6
address. An <command>ip_addr</command>
of <literal>*</literal> (asterisk) is interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard
address; connections will be accepted on any of the system's
IPv4 addresses. To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address,
use an <command>ip_addr</command> of <literal>::</literal>.
If you will only use <command>rndc</command> on the local host,
using the loopback address (<literal>127.0.0.1</literal>
or <literal>::1</literal>) is recommended for maximum
security.
</para>
<para>
If no port is specified, port 953
is used. The asterisk "<literal>*</literal>" cannot be used for
<command>ip_port</command>.</para>
<para>The ability to issue commands over the control channel is
restricted by the <command>allow</command> and
<command>keys</command> clauses. Connections to the control
channel are permitted based on the
<command>address_match_list</command>. This is for simple
IP address based filtering only; any <command>key_id</command>
elements of the <command>address_match_list</command> are
ignored.
</para>
<para>The primary authorization mechanism of the command
channel is the <command>key_list</command>, which contains
a list of <command>key_id</command>s.
Each <command>key_id</command> in
the <command>key_list</command> is authorized to execute
commands over the control channel.
See <xref linkend="rndc"/> in
<xref linkend="admin_tools"/>) for information about
configuring keys in <command>rndc</command>.</para>
<para>
If no <command>controls</command> statement is present,
<command>named</command> will set up a default
control channel listening on the loopback address 127.0.0.1
and its IPv6 counterpart ::1.
In this case, and also when the <command>controls</command> statement
is present but does not have a <command>keys</command> clause,
<command>named</command> will attempt to load the command channel key
from the file <filename>rndc.key</filename> in
<filename>/etc</filename> (or whatever <varname>sysconfdir</varname>
was specified as when <acronym>BIND</acronym> was built).
To create a <filename>rndc.key</filename> file, run
<userinput>rndc-confgen -a</userinput>.
</para>
<para>The <filename>rndc.key</filename> feature was created to
ease the transition of systems from <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8,
which did not have digital signatures on its command channel messages
and thus did not have a <command>keys</command> clause.
It makes it possible to use an existing <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8
configuration file in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 unchanged,
and still have <command>rndc</command> work the same way
<command>ndc</command> worked in BIND 8, simply by executing the
command <userinput>rndc-confgen -a</userinput> after BIND 9 is
installed.
</para>
<para>
Since the <filename>rndc.key</filename> feature
is only intended to allow the backward-compatible usage of
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 configuration files, this feature does not
have a high degree of configurability. You cannot easily change
the key name or the size of the secret, so you should make a
<filename>rndc.conf</filename> with your own key if you wish to change
those things. The <filename>rndc.key</filename> file also has its
permissions set such that only the owner of the file (the user that
<command>named</command> is running as) can access it. If you
desire greater flexibility in allowing other users to access
<command>rndc</command> commands, then you need to create a
<filename>rndc.conf</filename> file and make it group readable by a group
that contains the users who should have access.</para>
<para>The UNIX control channel type of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 is not supported
in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.0, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.1,
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.2 and <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.3.
If it is present in the controls statement from a
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 configuration file, it is ignored
and a warning is logged.</para>
<para>
To disable the command channel, use an empty <command>controls</command>
statement: <command>controls { };</command>.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>include</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting>include <replaceable>filename</replaceable>;</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>include</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>include</command> statement inserts the
specified file at the point where the <command>include</command>
statement is encountered. The <command>include</command>
statement facilitates the administration of configuration files
by permitting the reading or writing of some things but not
others. For example, the statement could include private keys
that are readable only by the name server.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>key</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting>key <replaceable>key_id</replaceable> {
algorithm <replaceable>string</replaceable>;
secret <replaceable>string</replaceable>;
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>key</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>key</command> statement defines a shared
secret key for use with TSIG (see <xref linkend="tsig"/>)
or the command channel
(see <xref linkend="controls_statement_definition_and_usage"/>).
</para>
<para>
The <command>key</command> statement can occur at the top level
of the configuration file or inside a <command>view</command>
statement. Keys defined in top-level <command>key</command>
statements can be used in all views. Keys intended for use in
a <command>controls</command> statement
(see <xref linkend="controls_statement_definition_and_usage"/>)
must be defined at the top level.
</para>
<para>The <replaceable>key_id</replaceable>, also known as the
key name, is a domain name uniquely identifying the key. It can
be used in a <command>server</command>
statement to cause requests sent to that
server to be signed with this key, or in address match lists to
verify that incoming requests have been signed with a key
matching this name, algorithm, and secret.</para>
<para>The <replaceable>algorithm_id</replaceable> is a string
that specifies a security/authentication algorithm. The only
algorithm currently supported with TSIG authentication is
<literal>hmac-md5</literal>. The
<replaceable>secret_string</replaceable> is the secret to be
used by the algorithm, and is treated as a base-64 encoded
string.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>logging</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting><command>logging</command> {
[ <command>channel</command> <replaceable>channel_name</replaceable> {
( <command>file</command> <replaceable>path name</replaceable>
[ <command>versions</command> ( <replaceable>number</replaceable> | <literal>unlimited</literal> ) ]
[ <command>size</command> <replaceable>size spec</replaceable> ]
| <command>syslog</command> <replaceable>syslog_facility</replaceable>
| <command>stderr</command>
| <command>null</command> );
[ <command>severity</command> (<option>critical</option> | <option>error</option> | <option>warning</option> | <option>notice</option> |
<option>info</option> | <option>debug</option> [ <replaceable>level</replaceable> ] | <option>dynamic</option> ); ]
[ <command>print-category</command> <option>yes</option> or <option>no</option>; ]
[ <command>print-severity</command> <option>yes</option> or <option>no</option>; ]
[ <command>print-time</command> <option>yes</option> or <option>no</option>; ]
}; ]
[ <command>category</command> <replaceable>category_name</replaceable> {
<replaceable>channel_name</replaceable> ; [ <replaceable>channel_nam</replaceable>e ; ... ]
}; ]
...
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>logging</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>logging</command> statement configures a wide
variety of logging options for the name server. Its <command>channel</command> phrase
associates output methods, format options and severity levels with
a name that can then be used with the <command>category</command> phrase
to select how various classes of messages are logged.</para>
<para>Only one <command>logging</command> statement is used to define
as many channels and categories as are wanted. If there is no <command>logging</command> statement,
the logging configuration will be:</para>
<programlisting>logging {
category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
category unmatched { null; };
};
</programlisting>
<para>In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9, the logging configuration is only established when
the entire configuration file has been parsed. In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8, it was
established as soon as the <command>logging</command> statement
was parsed. When the server is starting up, all logging messages
regarding syntax errors in the configuration file go to the default
channels, or to standard error if the "<option>-g</option>" option
was specified.</para>
<sect3>
<title>The <command>channel</command> Phrase</title>
<para>All log output goes to one or more <emphasis>channels</emphasis>;
you can make as many of them as you want.</para>
<para>Every channel definition must include a destination clause that
says whether messages selected for the channel go to a file, to a
particular syslog facility, to the standard error stream, or are
discarded. It can optionally also limit the message severity level
that will be accepted by the channel (the default is
<command>info</command>), and whether to include a
<command>named</command>-generated time stamp, the category name
and/or severity level (the default is not to include any).</para>
<para>The <command>null</command> destination clause
causes all messages sent to the channel to be discarded;
in that case, other options for the channel are meaningless.</para>
<para>The <command>file</command> destination clause directs the channel
to a disk file. It can include limitations
both on how large the file is allowed to become, and how many versions
of the file will be saved each time the file is opened.</para>
<para>If you use the <command>versions</command> log file option, then
<command>named</command> will retain that many backup versions of the file by
renaming them when opening. For example, if you choose to keep three old versions
of the file <filename>lamers.log</filename>, then just before it is opened
<filename>lamers.log.1</filename> is renamed to
<filename>lamers.log.2</filename>, <filename>lamers.log.0</filename> is renamed
to <filename>lamers.log.1</filename>, and <filename>lamers.log</filename> is
renamed to <filename>lamers.log.0</filename>.
You can say <command>versions unlimited</command> to not limit
the number of versions.
If a <command>size</command> option is associated with the log file,
then renaming is only done when the file being opened exceeds the
indicated size. No backup versions are kept by default; any existing
log file is simply appended.</para>
<para>The <command>size</command> option for files is used to limit log
growth. If the file ever exceeds the size, then <command>named</command> will
stop writing to the file unless it has a <command>versions</command> option
associated with it. If backup versions are kept, the files are rolled as
described above and a new one begun. If there is no
<command>versions</command> option, no more data will be written to the log
until some out-of-band mechanism removes or truncates the log to less than the
maximum size. The default behavior is not to limit the size of the
file.</para>
<para>Example usage of the <command>size</command> and
<command>versions</command> options:</para>
<programlisting>channel an_example_channel {
file "example.log" versions 3 size 20m;
print-time yes;
print-category yes;
};
</programlisting>
<para>The <command>syslog</command> destination clause directs the
channel to the system log. Its argument is a
syslog facility as described in the <command>syslog</command> man
page. Known facilities are <command>kern</command>, <command>user</command>,
<command>mail</command>, <command>daemon</command>, <command>auth</command>,
<command>syslog</command>, <command>lpr</command>, <command>news</command>,
<command>uucp</command>, <command>cron</command>, <command>authpriv</command>,
<command>ftp</command>, <command>local0</command>, <command>local1</command>,
<command>local2</command>, <command>local3</command>, <command>local4</command>,
<command>local5</command>, <command>local6</command> and
<command>local7</command>, however not all facilities are supported on
all operating systems.
How <command>syslog</command> will handle messages sent to
this facility is described in the <command>syslog.conf</command> man
page. If you have a system which uses a very old version of <command>syslog</command> that
only uses two arguments to the <command>openlog()</command> function,
then this clause is silently ignored.</para>
<para>The <command>severity</command> clause works like <command>syslog</command>'s
"priorities", except that they can also be used if you are writing
straight to a file rather than using <command>syslog</command>.
Messages which are not at least of the severity level given will
not be selected for the channel; messages of higher severity levels
will be accepted.</para>
<para>If you are using <command>syslog</command>, then the <command>syslog.conf</command> priorities
will also determine what eventually passes through. For example,
defining a channel facility and severity as <command>daemon</command> and <command>debug</command> but
only logging <command>daemon.warning</command> via <command>syslog.conf</command> will
cause messages of severity <command>info</command> and <command>notice</command> to
be dropped. If the situation were reversed, with <command>named</command> writing
messages of only <command>warning</command> or higher, then <command>syslogd</command> would
print all messages it received from the channel.</para>
<para>The <command>stderr</command> destination clause directs the
channel to the server's standard error stream. This is intended for
use when the server is running as a foreground process, for example
when debugging a configuration.</para>
<para>The server can supply extensive debugging information when
it is in debugging mode. If the server's global debug level is greater
than zero, then debugging mode will be active. The global debug
level is set either by starting the <command>named</command> server
with the <option>-d</option> flag followed by a positive integer,
or by running <command>rndc trace</command>.
The global debug level
can be set to zero, and debugging mode turned off, by running <command>rndc
notrace</command>. All debugging messages in the server have a debug
level, and higher debug levels give more detailed output. Channels
that specify a specific debug severity, for example:</para>
<programlisting>channel specific_debug_level {
file "foo";
severity debug 3;
};
</programlisting>
<para>will get debugging output of level 3 or less any time the
server is in debugging mode, regardless of the global debugging
level. Channels with <command>dynamic</command> severity use the
server's global debug level to determine what messages to print.</para>
<para>If <command>print-time</command> has been turned on, then
the date and time will be logged. <command>print-time</command> may
be specified for a <command>syslog</command> channel, but is usually
pointless since <command>syslog</command> also prints the date and
time. If <command>print-category</command> is requested, then the
category of the message will be logged as well. Finally, if <command>print-severity</command> is
on, then the severity level of the message will be logged. The <command>print-</command> options may
be used in any combination, and will always be printed in the following
order: time, category, severity. Here is an example where all three <command>print-</command> options
are on:</para>
<para><computeroutput>28-Feb-2000 15:05:32.863 general: notice: running</computeroutput></para>
<para>There are four predefined channels that are used for
<command>named</command>'s default logging as follows. How they are
used is described in <xref linkend="the_category_phrase"/>.
</para>
<programlisting>channel default_syslog {
syslog daemon; // send to syslog's daemon
// facility
severity info; // only send priority info
// and higher
};
channel default_debug {
file "named.run"; // write to named.run in
// the working directory
// Note: stderr is used instead
// of "named.run"
// if the server is started
// with the '-f' option.
severity dynamic; // log at the server's
// current debug level
};
channel default_stderr {
stderr; // writes to stderr
severity info; // only send priority info
// and higher
};
channel null {
null; // toss anything sent to
// this channel
};
</programlisting>
<para>The <command>default_debug</command> channel has the special
property that it only produces output when the server's debug level is
nonzero. It normally writes to a file called <filename>named.run</filename>
in the server's working directory.</para>
<para>For security reasons, when the "<option>-u</option>"
command line option is used, the <filename>named.run</filename> file
is created only after <command>named</command> has changed to the
new UID, and any debug output generated while <command>named</command> is
starting up and still running as root is discarded. If you need
to capture this output, you must run the server with the "<option>-g</option>"
option and redirect standard error to a file.</para>
<para>Once a channel is defined, it cannot be redefined. Thus you
cannot alter the built-in channels directly, but you can modify
the default logging by pointing categories at channels you have defined.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="the_category_phrase"><title>The <command>category</command> Phrase</title>
<para>There are many categories, so you can send the logs you want
to see wherever you want, without seeing logs you don't want. If
you don't specify a list of channels for a category, then log messages
in that category will be sent to the <command>default</command> category
instead. If you don't specify a default category, the following
"default default" is used:</para>
<programlisting>category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
</programlisting>
<para>As an example, let's say you want to log security events to
a file, but you also want keep the default logging behavior. You'd
specify the following:</para>
<programlisting>channel my_security_channel {
file "my_security_file";
severity info;
};
category security {
my_security_channel;
default_syslog;
default_debug;
};</programlisting>
<para>To discard all messages in a category, specify the <command>null</command> channel:</para>
<programlisting>category xfer-out { null; };
category notify { null; };
</programlisting>
<para>Following are the available categories and brief descriptions
of the types of log information they contain. More
categories may be added in future <acronym>BIND</acronym> releases.</para>
<informaltable
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.150in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.350in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>default</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The default category defines the logging
options for those categories where no specific configuration has been
defined.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>general</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The catch-all. Many things still aren't
classified into categories, and they all end up here.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>database</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Messages relating to the databases used
internally by the name server to store zone and cache data.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>security</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Approval and denial of requests.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>config</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Configuration file parsing and processing.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>resolver</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>DNS resolution, such as the recursive
lookups performed on behalf of clients by a caching name server.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>xfer-in</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Zone transfers the server is receiving.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>xfer-out</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Zone transfers the server is sending.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>notify</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The NOTIFY protocol.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>client</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Processing of client requests.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>unmatched</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Messages that named was unable to determine the
class of or for which there was no matching <command>view</command>.
A one line summary is also logged to the <command>client</command> category.
This category is best sent to a file or stderr, by default it is sent to
the <command>null</command> channel.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>network</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Network operations.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>update</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Dynamic updates.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>update-security</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Approval and denial of update requests.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>queries</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Specify where queries should be logged to.</para>
<para>
At startup, specifying the category <command>queries</command> will also
enable query logging unless <command>querylog</command> option has been
specified.
</para>
<para>
The query log entry reports the client's IP address and port number, and the
query name, class and type. It also reports whether the Recursion Desired
flag was set (+ if set, - if not set), EDNS was in use (E) or if the
query was signed (S).</para>
<para><computeroutput>client 127.0.0.1#62536: query: www.example.com IN AAAA +SE</computeroutput>
</para>
<para><computeroutput>client ::1#62537: query: www.example.net IN AAAA -SE</computeroutput>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>dispatch</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Dispatching of incoming packets to the
server modules where they are to be processed.
</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>dnssec</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>DNSSEC and TSIG protocol processing.
</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>lame-servers</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Lame servers. These are misconfigurations
in remote servers, discovered by BIND 9 when trying to query
those servers during resolution.
</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>delegation-only</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Delegation only. Logs queries that have have
been forced to NXDOMAIN as the result of a delegation-only zone or
a <command>delegation-only</command> in a hint or stub zone declaration.
</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>lwres</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<para> This is the grammar of the <command>lwres</command>
statement in the <filename>named.conf</filename> file:</para>
<programlisting><command>lwres</command> {
<optional> listen-on { <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> view <replaceable>view_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> search { <replaceable>domain_name</replaceable> ; <optional> <replaceable>domain_name</replaceable> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> ndots <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>lwres</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>lwres</command> statement configures the name
server to also act as a lightweight resolver server. (See
<xref linkend="lwresd"/>.) There may be be multiple
<command>lwres</command> statements configuring
lightweight resolver servers with different properties.</para>
<para>The <command>listen-on</command> statement specifies a list of
addresses (and ports) that this instance of a lightweight resolver daemon
should accept requests on. If no port is specified, port 921 is used.
If this statement is omitted, requests will be accepted on 127.0.0.1,
port 921.</para>
<para>The <command>view</command> statement binds this instance of a
lightweight resolver daemon to a view in the DNS namespace, so that the
response will be constructed in the same manner as a normal DNS query
matching this view. If this statement is omitted, the default view is
used, and if there is no default view, an error is triggered.</para>
<para>The <command>search</command> statement is equivalent to the
<command>search</command> statement in
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. It provides a list of domains
which are appended to relative names in queries.</para>
<para>The <command>ndots</command> statement is equivalent to the
<command>ndots</command> statement in
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. It indicates the minimum
number of dots in a relative domain name that should result in an
exact match lookup before search path elements are appended.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>masters</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting>
<command>masters</command> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> { ( <replaceable>masters_list</replaceable> | <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> <optional>key <replaceable>key</replaceable></optional> ) ; <optional>...</optional> } ;
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>masters</command> Statement Definition and Usage </title>
<para><command>masters</command> lists allow for a common set of masters
to be easily used by multiple stub and slave zones.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>options</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<para>This is the grammar of the <command>options</command>
statement in the <filename>named.conf</filename> file:</para>
<programlisting>options {
<optional> version <replaceable>version_string</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> hostname <replaceable>hostname_string</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> server-id <replaceable>server_id_string</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> directory <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> key-directory <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> named-xfer <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> tkey-domain <replaceable>domainname</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> tkey-dhkey <replaceable>key_name</replaceable> <replaceable>key_tag</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> cache-file <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> dump-file <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> memstatistics-file <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> pid-file <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> statistics-file <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> zone-statistics <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> auth-nxdomain <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> deallocate-on-exit <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> dialup <replaceable>dialup_option</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> fake-iquery <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> fetch-glue <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> flush-zones-on-shutdown <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> has-old-clients <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> host-statistics <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> host-statistics-max <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> minimal-responses <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> multiple-cnames <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> notify <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> | <replaceable>explicit</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> recursion <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> rfc2308-type1 <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> use-id-pool <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> maintain-ixfr-base <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> dnssec-enable <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> dnssec-lookaside <replaceable>domain</replaceable> trust-anchor <replaceable>domain</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> dnssec-must-be-secure <replaceable>domain yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> forward ( <replaceable>only</replaceable> | <replaceable>first</replaceable> ); </optional>
<optional> forwarders { <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> dual-stack-servers <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> { ( <replaceable>domain_name</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> | <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ) ; ... }; </optional>
<optional> check-names ( <replaceable>master</replaceable> | <replaceable>slave</replaceable> | <replaceable>response</replaceable> )( <replaceable>warn</replaceable> | <replaceable>fail</replaceable> | <replaceable>ignore</replaceable> ); </optional>
<optional> allow-notify { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> allow-query { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> allow-transfer { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> allow-recursion { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> allow-update-forwarding { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> allow-v6-synthesis { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> blackhole { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> avoid-v4-udp-ports { <replaceable>port_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> avoid-v6-udp-ports { <replaceable>port_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> listen-on <optional> port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable> </optional> { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> listen-on-v6 <optional> port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable> </optional> { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }; </optional>
<optional> query-source <optional> address ( <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> | <replaceable>*</replaceable> ) </optional> <optional> port ( <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable> | <replaceable>*</replaceable> ) </optional>; </optional>
<optional> query-source-v6 <optional> address ( <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> | <replaceable>*</replaceable> ) </optional> <optional> port ( <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable> | <replaceable>*</replaceable> ) </optional>; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-time-in <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-time-out <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-idle-in <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-idle-out <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> tcp-clients <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> recursive-clients <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> serial-query-rate <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> serial-queries <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> tcp-listen-queue <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> transfer-format <replaceable>( one-answer | many-answers )</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> transfers-in <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> transfers-out <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> transfers-per-ns <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> alt-transfer-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> use-alt-transfer-source <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> notify-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> notify-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> also-notify { <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> max-ixfr-log-size <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> max-journal-size <replaceable>size_spec</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> coresize <replaceable>size_spec</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> datasize <replaceable>size_spec</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> files <replaceable>size_spec</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> stacksize <replaceable>size_spec</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> cleaning-interval <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> heartbeat-interval <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> interface-interval <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> statistics-interval <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> topology { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }</optional>;
<optional> sortlist { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> }</optional>;
<optional> rrset-order { <replaceable>order_spec</replaceable> ; <optional> <replaceable>order_spec</replaceable> ; ... </optional> </optional> };
<optional> lame-ttl <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> max-ncache-ttl <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> max-cache-ttl <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> sig-validity-interval <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-roots <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> use-ixfr <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> provide-ixfr <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> request-ixfr <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> treat-cr-as-space <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> additional-from-auth <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> additional-from-cache <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> random-device <replaceable>path_name</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-cache-size <replaceable>size_spec</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> match-mapped-addresses <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> preferred-glue ( <replaceable>A</replaceable> | <replaceable>AAAA</replaceable> | <replaceable>NONE</replaceable> ); </optional>
<optional> edns-udp-size <replaceable>number</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> root-delegation-only <optional> exclude { <replaceable>namelist</replaceable> } </optional> ; </optional>
<optional> querylog <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> disable-algorithms <replaceable>domain</replaceable> { <replaceable>algorithm</replaceable>; <optional> <replaceable>algorithm</replaceable>; </optional> }; </optional>
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="options"><title><command>options</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>options</command> statement sets up global options
to be used by <acronym>BIND</acronym>. This statement may appear only
once in a configuration file. If there is no <command>options</command>
statement, an options block with each option set to its default will
be used.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>directory</command></term>
<listitem><para>The working directory of the server.
Any non-absolute pathnames in the configuration file will be taken
as relative to this directory. The default location for most server
output files (e.g. <filename>named.run</filename>) is this directory.
If a directory is not specified, the working directory defaults
to `<filename>.</filename>', the directory from which the server
was started. The directory specified should be an absolute path.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>key-directory</command></term>
<listitem><para>When performing dynamic update of secure zones, the
directory where the public and private key files should be found,
if different than the current working directory. The directory specified
must be an absolute path.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>named-xfer</command></term>
<listitem><para><emphasis>This option is obsolete.</emphasis>
It was used in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 to
specify the pathname to the <command>named-xfer</command> program.
In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9, no separate <command>named-xfer</command> program is
needed; its functionality is built into the name server.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>tkey-domain</command></term>
<listitem><para>The domain appended to the names of all
shared keys generated with <command>TKEY</command>. When a client
requests a <command>TKEY</command> exchange, it may or may not specify
the desired name for the key. If present, the name of the shared
key will be "<varname>client specified part</varname>" +
"<varname>tkey-domain</varname>".
Otherwise, the name of the shared key will be "<varname>random hex
digits</varname>" + "<varname>tkey-domain</varname>". In most cases,
the <command>domainname</command> should be the server's domain
name.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>tkey-dhkey</command></term>
<listitem><para>The Diffie-Hellman key used by the server
to generate shared keys with clients using the Diffie-Hellman mode
of <command>TKEY</command>. The server must be able to load the
public and private keys from files in the working directory. In
most cases, the keyname should be the server's host name.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>cache-file</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This is for testing only. Do not use.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>dump-file</command></term>
<listitem><para>The pathname of the file the server dumps
the database to when instructed to do so with
<command>rndc dumpdb</command>.
If not specified, the default is <filename>named_dump.db</filename>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>memstatistics-file</command></term>
<listitem><para>The pathname of the file the server writes memory
usage statistics to on exit. If not specified,
the default is <filename>named.memstats</filename>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>pid-file</command></term>
<listitem><para>The pathname of the file the server writes its process ID
in. If not specified, the default is <filename>/var/run/named.pid</filename>.
The pid-file is used by programs that want to send signals to the running
name server. Specifying <command>pid-file none</command> disables the
use of a PID file — no file will be written and any
existing one will be removed. Note that <command>none</command>
is a keyword, not a file name, and therefore is not enclosed in
double quotes.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>statistics-file</command></term>
<listitem><para>The pathname of the file the server appends statistics
to when instructed to do so using <command>rndc stats</command>.
If not specified, the default is <filename>named.stats</filename> in the
server's current directory. The format of the file is described
in <xref linkend="statsfile"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>port</command></term>
<listitem><para>
The UDP/TCP port number the server uses for
receiving and sending DNS protocol traffic.
The default is 53. This option is mainly intended for server testing;
a server using a port other than 53 will not be able to communicate with
the global DNS.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>random-device</command></term>
<listitem><para>
The source of entropy to be used by the server. Entropy is primarily needed
for DNSSEC operations, such as TKEY transactions and dynamic update of signed
zones. This options specifies the device (or file) from which to read
entropy. If this is a file, operations requiring entropy will fail when the
file has been exhausted. If not specified, the default value is
<filename>/dev/random</filename>
(or equivalent) when present, and none otherwise. The
<command>random-device</command> option takes effect during
the initial configuration load at server startup time and
is ignored on subsequent reloads.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>preferred-glue</command></term>
<listitem><para>
If specified, the listed type (A or AAAA) will be emitted before other glue
in the additional section of a query response.
The default is not to prefer any type (NONE).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>root-delegation-only</command></term>
<listitem><para>
Turn on enforcement of delegation-only in TLDs (top level domains)
and root zones with an optional exclude list.
</para>
<para>
Note some TLDs are not delegation only (e.g. "DE", "LV", "US" and "MUSEUM").
</para>
<programlisting>
options {
root-delegation-only exclude { "de"; "lv"; "us"; "museum"; };
};
</programlisting>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>disable-algorithms</command></term>
<listitem><para>
Disable the specified DNSSEC algorithms at and below the specified name.
Multiple <command>disable-algorithms</command> statements are allowed.
Only the most specific will be applied.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>dnssec-lookaside</command></term>
<listitem><para>
When set, <command>dnssec-lookaside</command> provides the
validator with an alternate method to validate DNSKEY records at the
top of a zone. When a DNSKEY is at or below a domain specified by the
deepest <command>dnssec-lookaside</command>, and the normal dnssec validation
has left the key untrusted, the trust-anchor will be append to the key
name and a DLV record will be looked up to see if it can validate the
key. If the DLV record validates a DNSKEY (similarly to the way a DS
record does) the DNSKEY RRset is deemed to be trusted.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>dnssec-must-be-secure</command></term>
<listitem><para>
Specify heirarchies which must be or may not be secure (signed and validated).
If <userinput>yes</userinput>, then named will only accept answers if they
are secure.
If <userinput>no</userinput>, then normal dnssec validation applies
allowing for insecure answers to be accepted.
The specified domain must be under a <command>trusted-key</command> or
<command>dnssec-lookaside</command> must be active.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<sect3 id="boolean_options"><title>Boolean Options</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>auth-nxdomain</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput>, then the <command>AA</command> bit
is always set on NXDOMAIN responses, even if the server is not actually
authoritative. The default is <userinput>no</userinput>; this is
a change from <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8. If you are using very old DNS software, you
may need to set it to <userinput>yes</userinput>.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>deallocate-on-exit</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option was used in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 to enable checking
for memory leaks on exit. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option and always performs
the checks.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>dialup</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput>, then the
server treats all zones as if they are doing zone transfers across
a dial-on-demand dialup link, which can be brought up by traffic
originating from this server. This has different effects according
to zone type and concentrates the zone maintenance so that it all
happens in a short interval, once every <command>heartbeat-interval</command> and
hopefully during the one call. It also suppresses some of the normal
zone maintenance traffic. The default is <userinput>no</userinput>.</para>
<para>The <command>dialup</command> option
may also be specified in the <command>view</command> and
<command>zone</command> statements,
in which case it overrides the global <command>dialup</command>
option.</para>
<para>If the zone is a master zone, then the server will send out a NOTIFY
request to all the slaves (default). This should trigger the zone serial
number check in the slave (providing it supports NOTIFY) allowing the slave
to verify the zone while the connection is active.
The set of servers to which NOTIFY is sent can be controlled by
<command>notify</command> and <command>also-notify</command>.</para>
<para>If the
zone is a slave or stub zone, then the server will suppress the regular
"zone up to date" (refresh) queries and only perform them when the
<command>heartbeat-interval</command> expires in addition to sending
NOTIFY requests.</para><para>Finer control can be achieved by using
<userinput>notify</userinput> which only sends NOTIFY messages,
<userinput>notify-passive</userinput> which sends NOTIFY messages and
suppresses the normal refresh queries, <userinput>refresh</userinput>
which suppresses normal refresh processing and sends refresh queries
when the <command>heartbeat-interval</command> expires, and
<userinput>passive</userinput> which just disables normal refresh
processing.</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "4" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.150in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.150in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.150in"/>
<colspec colname = "4" colnum = "4" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.150in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>dialup mode</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>normal refresh</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>heart-beat refresh</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>heart-beat notify</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>no</command> (default)</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>yes</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>no</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>yes</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>yes</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>yes</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>notify</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>yes</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>yes</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>refresh</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>yes</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>no</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>passive</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>no</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>notify-passive</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>no</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para>yes</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>Note that normal NOTIFY processing is not affected by
<command>dialup</command>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>fake-iquery</command></term>
<listitem><para>In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8, this option
enabled simulating the obsolete DNS query type
IQUERY. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 never does IQUERY simulation.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>fetch-glue</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option is obsolete.
In BIND 8, <userinput>fetch-glue yes</userinput>
caused the server to attempt to fetch glue resource records it
didn't have when constructing the additional
data section of a response. This is now considered a bad idea
and BIND 9 never does it.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>flush-zones-on-shutdown</command></term>
<listitem><para>When the nameserver exits due receiving SIGTERM,
flush or do not flush any pending zone writes. The default is
<command>flush-zones-on-shutdown</command> <userinput>no</userinput>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>has-old-clients</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option was incorrectly implemented
in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8, and is ignored by <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.
To achieve the intended effect
of
<command>has-old-clients</command> <userinput>yes</userinput>, specify
the two separate options <command>auth-nxdomain</command> <userinput>yes</userinput>
and <command>rfc2308-type1</command> <userinput>no</userinput> instead.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>host-statistics</command></term>
<listitem><para>In BIND 8, this enables keeping of
statistics for every host that the name server interacts with.
Not implemented in BIND 9.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>maintain-ixfr-base</command></term>
<listitem><para><emphasis>This option is obsolete</emphasis>.
It was used in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 to determine whether a transaction log was
kept for Incremental Zone Transfer. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 maintains a transaction
log whenever possible. If you need to disable outgoing incremental zone
transfers, use <command>provide-ixfr</command> <userinput>no</userinput>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>minimal-responses</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput>, then when generating
responses the server will only add records to the authority and
additional data sections when they are required (e.g. delegations,
negative responses). This may improve the performance of the server.
The default is <userinput>no</userinput>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>multiple-cnames</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option was used in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 to allow
a domain name to have multiple CNAME records in violation of the
DNS standards. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.2 always strictly
enforces the CNAME rules both in master files and dynamic updates.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>notify</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput> (the default),
DNS NOTIFY messages are sent when a zone the server is authoritative for
changes, see <xref linkend="notify"/>. The messages are sent to the
servers listed in the zone's NS records (except the master server identified
in the SOA MNAME field), and to any servers listed in the
<command>also-notify</command> option.
</para><para>
If <userinput>explicit</userinput>, notifies are sent only to
servers explicitly listed using <command>also-notify</command>.
If <userinput>no</userinput>, no notifies are sent.
</para><para>
The <command>notify</command> option may also be
specified in the <command>zone</command> statement,
in which case it overrides the <command>options notify</command> statement.
It would only be necessary to turn off this option if it caused slaves
to crash.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>recursion</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput>, and a
DNS query requests recursion, then the server will attempt to do
all the work required to answer the query. If recursion is off
and the server does not already know the answer, it will return a
referral response. The default is <userinput>yes</userinput>.
Note that setting <command>recursion no</command> does not prevent
clients from getting data from the server's cache; it only
prevents new data from being cached as an effect of client queries.
Caching may still occur as an effect the server's internal
operation, such as NOTIFY address lookups.
See also <command>fetch-glue</command> above.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>rfc2308-type1</command></term>
<listitem><para>Setting this to <userinput>yes</userinput> will
cause the server to send NS records along with the SOA record for negative
answers. The default is <userinput>no</userinput>.</para>
<note><simpara>Not yet implemented in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.</simpara></note>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>use-id-pool</command></term>
<listitem><para><emphasis>This option is obsolete</emphasis>.
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 always allocates query IDs from a pool.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>zone-statistics</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput>, the server will collect
statistical data on all zones (unless specifically turned off
on a per-zone basis by specifying <command>zone-statistics no</command>
in the <command>zone</command> statement). These statistics may be accessed
using <command>rndc stats</command>, which will dump them to the file listed
in the <command>statistics-file</command>. See also <xref linkend="statsfile"/>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>use-ixfr</command></term>
<listitem><para><emphasis>This option is obsolete</emphasis>.
If you need to disable IXFR to a particular server or servers see
the information on the <command>provide-ixfr</command> option
in <xref linkend="server_statement_definition_and_usage"/>. See also
<xref linkend="incremental_zone_transfers"/>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>provide-ixfr</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
See the description of
<command>provide-ixfr</command> in
<xref linkend="server_statement_definition_and_usage"/>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>request-ixfr</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
See the description of
<command>request-ixfr</command> in
<xref linkend="server_statement_definition_and_usage"/>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>treat-cr-as-space</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option was used in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 to make
the server treat carriage return ("<command>\r</command>") characters the same way
as a space or tab character,
to facilitate loading of zone files on a UNIX system that were generated
on an NT or DOS machine. In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9, both UNIX "<command>\n</command>"
and NT/DOS "<command>\r\n</command>" newlines are always accepted,
and the option is ignored.</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>additional-from-auth</command></term>
<term><command>additional-from-cache</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
These options control the behavior of an authoritative server when
answering queries which have additional data, or when following CNAME
and DNAME chains.
</para>
<para>
When both of these options are set to <userinput>yes</userinput>
(the default) and a
query is being answered from authoritative data (a zone
configured into the server), the additional data section of the
reply will be filled in using data from other authoritative zones
and from the cache. In some situations this is undesirable, such
as when there is concern over the correctness of the cache, or
in servers where slave zones may be added and modified by
untrusted third parties. Also, avoiding
the search for this additional data will speed up server operations
at the possible expense of additional queries to resolve what would
otherwise be provided in the additional section.
</para>
<para>
For example, if a query asks for an MX record for host <literal>foo.example.com</literal>,
and the record found is "<literal>MX 10 mail.example.net</literal>", normally the address
records (A and AAAA) for <literal>mail.example.net</literal> will be provided as well,
if known, even though they are not in the example.com zone.
Setting these options to <command>no</command> disables this behavior and makes
the server only search for additional data in the zone it answers from.
</para>
<para>
These options are intended for use in authoritative-only
servers, or in authoritative-only views. Attempts to set
them to <command>no</command> without also specifying
<command>recursion no</command> will cause the server to
ignore the options and log a warning message.
</para>
<para>
Specifying <command>additional-from-cache no</command> actually
disables the use of the cache not only for additional data lookups
but also when looking up the answer. This is usually the desired
behavior in an authoritative-only server where the correctness of
the cached data is an issue.
</para>
<para>
When a name server is non-recursively queried for a name that is not
below the apex of any served zone, it normally answers with an
"upwards referral" to the root servers or the servers of some other
known parent of the query name. Since the data in an upwards referral
comes from the cache, the server will not be able to provide upwards
referrals when <command>additional-from-cache no</command>
has been specified. Instead, it will respond to such queries
with REFUSED. This should not cause any problems since
upwards referrals are not required for the resolution process.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>match-mapped-addresses</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput>, then an
IPv4-mapped IPv6 address will match any address match
list entries that match the corresponding IPv4 address.
Enabling this option is sometimes useful on IPv6-enabled Linux
systems, to work around a kernel quirk that causes IPv4
TCP connections such as zone transfers to be accepted
on an IPv6 socket using mapped addresses, causing
address match lists designed for IPv4 to fail to match.
The use of this option for any other purpose is discouraged.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>ixfr-from-differences</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
When <userinput>yes</userinput> and the server loads a new version of a master
zone from its zone file or receives a new version of a slave
file by a non-incremental zone transfer, it will compare
the new version to the previous one and calculate a set
of differences. The differences are then logged in the
zone's journal file such that the changes can be transmitted
to downstream slaves as an incremental zone transfer.
</para><para>
By allowing incremental zone transfers to be used for
non-dynamic zones, this option saves bandwidth at the
expense of increased CPU and memory consumption at the master.
In particular, if the new version of a zone is completely
different from the previous one, the set of differences
will be of a size comparable to the combined size of the
old and new zone version, and the server will need to
temporarily allocate memory to hold this complete
difference set.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>multi-master</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This should be set when you have multiple masters for a zone and the
addresses refer to different machines. If <userinput>yes</userinput>, named will not log
when the serial number on the master is less than what named currently
has. The default is <userinput>no</userinput>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>dnssec-enable</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Enable DNSSEC support in named. Unless set to <userinput>yes</userinput>,
named behaves as if it does not support DNSSEC.
The default is <userinput>no</userinput>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>querylog</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specify whether query logging should be started when named starts.
If <command>querylog</command> is not specified, then the query logging
is determined by the presence of the logging category <command>queries</command>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>check-names</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax of
certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses received
from the network. The default varies according to usage area. For
<command>master</command> zones the default is <command>fail</command>.
For <command>slave</command> zones the default is <command>warn</command>.
For answers received from the network (<command>response</command>)
the default is <command>ignore</command>.
</para>
<para>The rules for legal hostnames and mail domains are derived from RFC 952
and RFC 821 as modified by RFC 1123.
</para>
<para><command>check-names</command> applies to the owner names of A, AAA and
MX records. It also applies to the domain names in the RDATA of NS, SOA and MX
records. It also applies to the RDATA of PTR records where the owner name
indicated that it is a reverse lookup of a hostname (the owner name ends in
IN-ADDR.ARPA, IP6.ARPA, IP6.INT).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Forwarding</title>
<para>The forwarding facility can be used to create a large site-wide
cache on a few servers, reducing traffic over links to external
name servers. It can also be used to allow queries by servers that
do not have direct access to the Internet, but wish to look up exterior
names anyway. Forwarding occurs only on those queries for which
the server is not authoritative and does not have the answer in
its cache.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>forward</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option is only meaningful if the
forwarders list is not empty. A value of <varname>first</varname>,
the default, causes the server to query the forwarders first — and
if that doesn't answer the question, the server will then look for
the answer itself. If <varname>only</varname> is specified, the
server will only query the forwarders.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>forwarders</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies the IP addresses to be used
for forwarding. The default is the empty list (no forwarding).
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Forwarding can also be configured on a per-domain basis, allowing
for the global forwarding options to be overridden in a variety
of ways. You can set particular domains to use different forwarders,
or have a different <command>forward only/first</command> behavior,
or not forward at all, see <xref linkend="zone_statement_grammar"/>.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Dual-stack Servers</title>
<para>Dual-stack servers are used as servers of last resort to work around
problems in reachability due the lack of support for either IPv4 or IPv6
on the host machine.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>dual-stack-servers</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies host names or addresses of machines with access to
both IPv4 and IPv6 transports. If a hostname is used, the server must be able
to resolve the name using only the transport it has. If the machine is dual
stacked, then the <command>dual-stack-servers</command> have no effect unless
access to a transport has been disabled on the command line
(e.g. <command>named -4</command>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="access_control"><title>Access Control</title>
<para>Access to the server can be restricted based on the IP address
of the requesting system. See <xref linkend="address_match_lists"/> for
details on how to specify IP address lists.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-notify</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies which hosts are allowed to
notify this server, a slave, of zone changes in addition
to the zone masters.
<command>allow-notify</command> may also be specified in the
<command>zone</command> statement, in which case it overrides the
<command>options allow-notify</command> statement. It is only meaningful
for a slave zone. If not specified, the default is to process notify messages
only from a zone's master.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-query</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies which hosts are allowed to
ask ordinary DNS questions. <command>allow-query</command> may also
be specified in the <command>zone</command> statement, in which
case it overrides the <command>options allow-query</command> statement. If
not specified, the default is to allow queries from all hosts.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-recursion</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies which hosts are allowed to
make recursive queries through this server. If not specified, the
default is to allow recursive queries from all hosts.
Note that disallowing recursive queries for a host does not prevent the
host from retrieving data that is already in the server's cache.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-update-forwarding</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies which hosts are allowed to
submit Dynamic DNS updates to slave zones to be forwarded to the
master. The default is <userinput>{ none; }</userinput>, which
means that no update forwarding will be performed. To enable
update forwarding, specify
<userinput>allow-update-forwarding { any; };</userinput>.
Specifying values other than <userinput>{ none; }</userinput> or
<userinput>{ any; }</userinput> is usually counterproductive, since
the responsibility for update access control should rest with the
master server, not the slaves.</para>
<para>Note that enabling the update forwarding feature on a slave server
may expose master servers relying on insecure IP address based
access control to attacks; see <xref linkend="dynamic_update_security"/>
for more details.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-v6-synthesis</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option was introduced for the smooth transition from AAAA
to A6 and from "nibble labels" to binary labels.
However, since both A6 and binary labels were then deprecated,
this option was also deprecated.
It is now ignored with some warning messages.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-transfer</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies which hosts are allowed to
receive zone transfers from the server. <command>allow-transfer</command> may
also be specified in the <command>zone</command> statement, in which
case it overrides the <command>options allow-transfer</command> statement.
If not specified, the default is to allow transfers to all hosts.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>blackhole</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies a list of addresses that the
server will not accept queries from or use to resolve a query. Queries
from these addresses will not be responded to. The default is <userinput>none</userinput>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Interfaces</title>
<para>The interfaces and ports that the server will answer queries
from may be specified using the <command>listen-on</command> option. <command>listen-on</command> takes
an optional port, and an <varname>address_match_list</varname>.
The server will listen on all interfaces allowed by the address
match list. If a port is not specified, port 53 will be used.</para>
<para>Multiple <command>listen-on</command> statements are allowed.
For example,</para>
<programlisting>listen-on { 5.6.7.8; };
listen-on port 1234 { !1.2.3.4; 1.2/16; };
</programlisting>
<para>will enable the name server on port 53 for the IP address
5.6.7.8, and on port 1234 of an address on the machine in net
1.2 that is not 1.2.3.4.</para>
<para>If no <command>listen-on</command> is specified, the
server will listen on port 53 on all interfaces.</para>
<para>The <command>listen-on-v6</command> option is used to
specify the interfaces and the ports on which the server will listen
for incoming queries sent using IPv6.</para>
<para>When <programlisting>{ any; }</programlisting> is specified
as the <varname>address_match_list</varname> for the
<command>listen-on-v6</command> option,
the server does not bind a separate socket to each IPv6 interface
address as it does for IPv4 if the operating system has enough API
support for IPv6 (specifically if it conforms to RFC 3493 and RFC 3542).
Instead, it listens on the IPv6 wildcard address.
If the system only has incomplete API support for IPv6, however,
the behavior is the same as that for IPv4.</para>
<para>A list of particular IPv6 addresses can also be specified, in which case
the server listens on a separate socket for each specified address,
regardless of whether the desired API is supported by the system.</para>
<para>Multiple <command>listen-on-v6</command> options can be used.
For example,</para>
<programlisting>listen-on-v6 { any; };
listen-on-v6 port 1234 { !2001:db8::/32; any; };
</programlisting>
<para>will enable the name server on port 53 for any IPv6 addresses
(with a single wildcard socket),
and on port 1234 of IPv6 addresses that is not in the prefix
2001:db8::/32 (with separate sockets for each matched address.)</para>
<para>To make the server not listen on any IPv6 address, use</para>
<programlisting>listen-on-v6 { none; };
</programlisting>
<para>If no <command>listen-on-v6</command> option is specified,
the server will not listen on any IPv6 address.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Query Address</title>
<para>If the server doesn't know the answer to a question, it will
query other name servers. <command>query-source</command> specifies
the address and port used for such queries. For queries sent over
IPv6, there is a separate <command>query-source-v6</command> option.
If <command>address</command> is <command>*</command> (asterisk) or is omitted,
a wildcard IP address (<command>INADDR_ANY</command>) will be used.
If <command>port</command> is <command>*</command> or is omitted,
a random unprivileged port will be used. The <command>avoid-v4-udp-ports</command>
and <command>avoid-v6-udp-ports</command> options can be used to prevent named
from selecting certain ports. The defaults are:</para>
<programlisting>query-source address * port *;
query-source-v6 address * port *;
</programlisting>
<note>
<para>The address specified in the <command>query-source</command> option
is used for both UDP and TCP queries, but the port applies only to
UDP queries. TCP queries always use a random
unprivileged port.</para></note>
<note>
<para>See also <command>transfer-source</command> and
<command>notify-source</command>.</para></note>
<note>
<para>
Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the source
address for TCP sockets.
</para>
</note>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="zone_transfers"><title>Zone Transfers</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> has mechanisms in place to facilitate zone transfers
and set limits on the amount of load that transfers place on the
system. The following options apply to zone transfers.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>also-notify</command></term>
<listitem><para>Defines a global list of IP addresses of name servers
that are also sent NOTIFY messages whenever a fresh copy of the
zone is loaded, in addition to the servers listed in the zone's NS records.
This helps to ensure that copies of the zones will
quickly converge on stealth servers. If an <command>also-notify</command> list
is given in a <command>zone</command> statement, it will override
the <command>options also-notify</command> statement. When a <command>zone notify</command> statement
is set to <command>no</command>, the IP addresses in the global <command>also-notify</command> list will
not be sent NOTIFY messages for that zone. The default is the empty
list (no global notification list).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-time-in</command></term>
<listitem><para>Inbound zone transfers running longer than
this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120 minutes
(2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-idle-in</command></term>
<listitem><para>Inbound zone transfers making no progress
in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60 minutes
(1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-time-out</command></term>
<listitem><para>Outbound zone transfers running longer than
this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120 minutes
(2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-idle-out</command></term>
<listitem><para>Outbound zone transfers making no progress
in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60 minutes (1
hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>serial-query-rate</command></term>
<listitem><para>Slave servers will periodically query master servers
to find out if zone serial numbers have changed. Each such query uses
a minute amount of the slave server's network bandwidth. To limit the
amount of bandwidth used, BIND 9 limits the rate at which queries are
sent. The value of the <command>serial-query-rate</command> option,
an integer, is the maximum number of queries sent per second.
The default is 20.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>serial-queries</command></term>
<listitem><para>In BIND 8, the <command>serial-queries</command> option
set the maximum number of concurrent serial number queries
allowed to be outstanding at any given time.
BIND 9 does not limit the number of outstanding
serial queries and ignores the <command>serial-queries</command> option.
Instead, it limits the rate at which the queries are sent
as defined using the <command>serial-query-rate</command> option.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfer-format</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Zone transfers can be sent using two different formats,
<command>one-answer</command> and <command>many-answers</command>.
The <command>transfer-format</command> option is used
on the master server to determine which format it sends.
<command>one-answer</command> uses one DNS message per
resource record transferred.
<command>many-answers</command> packs as many resource records as
possible into a message. <command>many-answers</command> is more
efficient, but is only supported by relatively new slave servers,
such as <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8.x and patched
versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 4.9.5. The <command>many-answers</command>
format is also supported by recent Microsoft Windows nameservers. The default is
<command>many-answers</command>. <command>transfer-format</command>
may be overridden on a per-server basis by using the
<command>server</command> statement.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfers-in</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
that can be running concurrently. The default value is <literal>10</literal>.
Increasing <command>transfers-in</command> may speed up the convergence
of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the local system.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfers-out</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum number of outbound zone transfers
that can be running concurrently. Zone transfer requests in excess
of the limit will be refused. The default value is <literal>10</literal>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfers-per-ns</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
that can be concurrently transferring from a given remote name server.
The default value is <literal>2</literal>. Increasing <command>transfers-per-ns</command> may
speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may increase
the load on the remote name server. <command>transfers-per-ns</command> may
be overridden on a per-server basis by using the <command>transfers</command> phrase
of the <command>server</command> statement.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfer-source</command></term>
<listitem><para><command>transfer-source</command> determines
which local address will be bound to IPv4 TCP connections used to
fetch zones transferred inbound by the server. It also determines
the source IPv4 address, and optionally the UDP port, used for the
refresh queries and forwarded dynamic updates. If not set, it defaults
to a system controlled value which will usually be the address of
the interface "closest to" the remote end. This address must appear
in the remote end's <command>allow-transfer</command> option for
the zone being transferred, if one is specified. This statement
sets the <command>transfer-source</command> for all zones, but can
be overridden on a per-view or per-zone basis by including a
<command>transfer-source</command> statement within the
<command>view</command> or <command>zone</command> block
in the configuration file.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfer-source-v6</command></term>
<listitem><para>The same as <command>transfer-source</command>,
except zone transfers are performed using IPv6.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>alt-transfer-source</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>
An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
<command>transfer-source</command> fails and
<command>use-alt-transfer-source</command> is
set.
</para>
<note>
If you do not wish the alternate transfer source
to be used, you should set
<command>use-alt-transfer-source</command>
appropriately and you should not depend upon
getting a answer back to the first refresh
query.
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>alt-transfer-source-v6</command></term>
<listitem><para>An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
<command>transfer-source-v6</command> fails and
<command>use-alt-transfer-source</command> is set.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>use-alt-transfer-source</command></term>
<listitem><para>Use the alternate transfer sources or not. If views are
specified this defaults to <command>no</command> otherwise it defaults to
<command>yes</command> (for BIND 8 compatibility).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>notify-source</command></term>
<listitem><para><command>notify-source</command> determines
which local source address, and optionally UDP port, will be used to
send NOTIFY messages.
This address must appear in the slave server's <command>masters</command>
zone clause or in an <command>allow-notify</command> clause.
This statement sets the <command>notify-source</command> for all zones,
but can be overridden on a per-zone or per-view basis by including a
<command>notify-source</command> statement within the <command>zone</command>
or <command>view</command> block in the configuration file.</para>
<note>
<para>
Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the
source address for TCP sockets.
</para>
</note>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>notify-source-v6</command></term>
<listitem><para>Like <command>notify-source</command>,
but applies to notify messages sent to IPv6 addresses.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Bad UDP Port Lists</title>
<para>
<command>avoid-v4-udp-ports</command> and <command>avoid-v6-udp-ports</command>
specify a list of IPv4 and IPv6 UDP ports that will not be used as system
assigned source ports for UDP sockets. These lists prevent named
from choosing as its random source port a port that is blocked by
your firewall. If a query went out with such a source port, the
answer would not get by the firewall and the name server would have
to query again.
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Operating System Resource Limits</title>
<para>The server's usage of many system resources can be limited.
Scaled values are allowed when specifying resource limits. For
example, <command>1G</command> can be used instead of
<command>1073741824</command> to specify a limit of one
gigabyte. <command>unlimited</command> requests unlimited use, or the
maximum available amount. <command>default</command> uses the limit
that was in force when the server was started. See the description
of <command>size_spec</command> in <xref
linkend="configuration_file_elements"/>.</para>
<para>The following options set operating system resource limits for
the name server process. Some operating systems don't support some or
any of the limits. On such systems, a warning will be issued if the
unsupported limit is used.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>coresize</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum size of a core dump. The default
is <literal>default</literal>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>datasize</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum amount of data memory the server
may use. The default is <literal>default</literal>.
This is a hard limit on server memory usage.
If the server attempts to allocate memory in excess of this
limit, the allocation will fail, which may in turn leave
the server unable to perform DNS service. Therefore,
this option is rarely useful as a way of limiting the
amount of memory used by the server, but it can be used
to raise an operating system data size limit that is
too small by default. If you wish to limit the amount
of memory used by the server, use the
<command>max-cache-size</command> and
<command>recursive-clients</command>
options instead.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>files</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum number of files the server
may have open concurrently. The default is <literal>unlimited</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>stacksize</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum amount of stack memory the server
may use. The default is <literal>default</literal>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Server Resource Limits</title>
<para>The following options set limits on the server's
resource consumption that are enforced internally by the
server rather than the operating system.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-ixfr-log-size</command></term>
<listitem><para>This option is obsolete; it is accepted
and ignored for BIND 8 compatibility. The option
<command>max-journal-size</command> performs a similar
function in BIND 8.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-journal-size</command></term>
<listitem><para>Sets a maximum size for each journal file
(see <xref linkend="journal"/>). When the journal file approaches
the specified size, some of the oldest transactions in the journal
will be automatically removed. The default is
<literal>unlimited</literal>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>host-statistics-max</command></term>
<listitem><para>In BIND 8, specifies the maximum number of host statistics
entries to be kept.
Not implemented in BIND 9.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>recursive-clients</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum number of simultaneous recursive lookups
the server will perform on behalf of clients. The default is
<literal>1000</literal>. Because each recursing client uses a fair
bit of memory, on the order of 20 kilobytes, the value of the
<command>recursive-clients</command> option may have to be decreased
on hosts with limited memory.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>tcp-clients</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum number of simultaneous client TCP
connections that the server will accept.
The default is <literal>100</literal>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-cache-size</command></term>
<listitem><para>The maximum amount of memory to use for the
server's cache, in bytes. When the amount of data in the cache
reaches this limit, the server will cause records to expire
prematurely so that the limit is not exceeded. In a server with
multiple views, the limit applies separately to the cache of each
view. The default is <literal>unlimited</literal>, meaning that
records are purged from the cache only when their TTLs expire.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>tcp-listen-queue</command></term>
<listitem><para>The listen queue depth. The default and minimum is 3.
If the kernel supports the accept filter "dataready" this also controls how
many TCP connections that will be queued in kernel space waiting for
some data before being passed to accept. Values less than 3 will be
silently raised.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>Periodic Task Intervals</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>cleaning-interval</command></term>
<listitem><para>The server will remove expired resource records
from the cache every <command>cleaning-interval</command> minutes.
The default is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
If set to 0, no periodic cleaning will occur.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>heartbeat-interval</command></term>
<listitem><para>The server will perform zone maintenance tasks
for all zones marked as <command>dialup</command> whenever this
interval expires. The default is 60 minutes. Reasonable values are up
to 1 day (1440 minutes). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
If set to 0, no zone maintenance for these zones will occur.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>interface-interval</command></term>
<listitem><para>The server will scan the network interface list
every <command>interface-interval</command> minutes. The default
is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
If set to 0, interface scanning will only occur when
the configuration file is loaded. After the scan, the server will
begin listening for queries on any newly discovered
interfaces (provided they are allowed by the
<command>listen-on</command> configuration), and will
stop listening on interfaces that have gone away.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>statistics-interval</command></term>
<listitem><para>Name server statistics will be logged
every <command>statistics-interval</command> minutes. The default is
60. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
If set to 0, no statistics will be logged.</para><note>
<simpara>Not yet implemented in <acronym>BIND</acronym>9.</simpara></note>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="topology"><title>Topology</title>
<para>All other things being equal, when the server chooses a name server
to query from a list of name servers, it prefers the one that is
topologically closest to itself. The <command>topology</command> statement
takes an <command>address_match_list</command> and interprets it
in a special way. Each top-level list element is assigned a distance.
Non-negated elements get a distance based on their position in the
list, where the closer the match is to the start of the list, the
shorter the distance is between it and the server. A negated match
will be assigned the maximum distance from the server. If there
is no match, the address will get a distance which is further than
any non-negated list element, and closer than any negated element.
For example,</para>
<programlisting>topology {
10/8;
!1.2.3/24;
{ 1.2/16; 3/8; };
};</programlisting>
<para>will prefer servers on network 10 the most, followed by hosts
on network 1.2.0.0 (netmask 255.255.0.0) and network 3, with the
exception of hosts on network 1.2.3 (netmask 255.255.255.0), which
is preferred least of all.</para>
<para>The default topology is</para>
<programlisting> topology { localhost; localnets; };
</programlisting>
<note><simpara>The <command>topology</command> option
is not implemented in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.
</simpara></note>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="the_sortlist_statement">
<title>The <command>sortlist</command> Statement</title>
<para>The response to a DNS query may consist of multiple resource
records (RRs) forming a resource records set (RRset).
The name server will normally return the
RRs within the RRset in an indeterminate order
(but see the <command>rrset-order</command>
statement in <xref linkend="rrset_ordering"/>).
The client resolver code should rearrange the RRs as appropriate,
that is, using any addresses on the local net in preference to other addresses.
However, not all resolvers can do this or are correctly configured.
When a client is using a local server, the sorting can be performed
in the server, based on the client's address. This only requires
configuring the name servers, not all the clients.</para>
<para>The <command>sortlist</command> statement (see below) takes
an <command>address_match_list</command> and interprets it even
more specifically than the <command>topology</command> statement
does (<xref linkend="topology"/>).
Each top level statement in the <command>sortlist</command> must
itself be an explicit <command>address_match_list</command> with
one or two elements. The first element (which may be an IP address,
an IP prefix, an ACL name or a nested <command>address_match_list</command>)
of each top level list is checked against the source address of
the query until a match is found.</para>
<para>Once the source address of the query has been matched, if
the top level statement contains only one element, the actual primitive
element that matched the source address is used to select the address
in the response to move to the beginning of the response. If the
statement is a list of two elements, then the second element is
treated the same as the <command>address_match_list</command> in
a <command>topology</command> statement. Each top level element
is assigned a distance and the address in the response with the minimum
distance is moved to the beginning of the response.</para>
<para>In the following example, any queries received from any of
the addresses of the host itself will get responses preferring addresses
on any of the locally connected networks. Next most preferred are addresses
on the 192.168.1/24 network, and after that either the 192.168.2/24
or
192.168.3/24 network with no preference shown between these two
networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.1/24 network
will prefer other addresses on that network to the 192.168.2/24
and
192.168.3/24 networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.4/24
or the 192.168.5/24 network will only prefer other addresses on
their directly connected networks.</para>
<programlisting>sortlist {
{ localhost; // IF the local host
{ localnets; // THEN first fit on the
192.168.1/24; // following nets
{ 192.168.2/24; 192.168.3/24; }; }; };
{ 192.168.1/24; // IF on class C 192.168.1
{ 192.168.1/24; // THEN use .1, or .2 or .3
{ 192.168.2/24; 192.168.3/24; }; }; };
{ 192.168.2/24; // IF on class C 192.168.2
{ 192.168.2/24; // THEN use .2, or .1 or .3
{ 192.168.1/24; 192.168.3/24; }; }; };
{ 192.168.3/24; // IF on class C 192.168.3
{ 192.168.3/24; // THEN use .3, or .1 or .2
{ 192.168.1/24; 192.168.2/24; }; }; };
{ { 192.168.4/24; 192.168.5/24; }; // if .4 or .5, prefer that net
};
};</programlisting>
<para>The following example will give reasonable behavior for the
local host and hosts on directly connected networks. It is similar
to the behavior of the address sort in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 4.9.x. Responses sent
to queries from the local host will favor any of the directly connected
networks. Responses sent to queries from any other hosts on a directly
connected network will prefer addresses on that same network. Responses
to other queries will not be sorted.</para>
<programlisting>sortlist {
{ localhost; localnets; };
{ localnets; };
};
</programlisting>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="rrset_ordering"><title id="rrset_ordering_title">RRset Ordering</title>
<para>When multiple records are returned in an answer it may be
useful to configure the order of the records placed into the response.
The <command>rrset-order</command> statement permits configuration
of the ordering of the records in a multiple record response.
See also the <command>sortlist</command> statement,
<xref linkend="the_sortlist_statement"/>.
</para>
<para>An <command>order_spec</command> is defined as follows:</para>
<programlisting><optional> class <replaceable>class_name</replaceable> </optional><optional> type <replaceable>type_name</replaceable> </optional><optional> name <replaceable>"domain_name"</replaceable></optional>
order <replaceable>ordering</replaceable>
</programlisting>
<para>If no class is specified, the default is <command>ANY</command>.
If no type is specified, the default is <command>ANY</command>.
If no name is specified, the default is "<command>*</command>" (asterisk).</para>
<para>The legal values for <command>ordering</command> are:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.750in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.750in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>fixed</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Records are returned in the order they
are defined in the zone file.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>random</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Records are returned in some random order.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>cyclic</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Records are returned in a round-robin
order.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>For example:</para>
<programlisting>rrset-order {
class IN type A name "host.example.com" order random;
order cyclic;
};
</programlisting>
<para>will cause any responses for type A records in class IN that
have "<literal>host.example.com</literal>" as a suffix, to always be returned
in random order. All other records are returned in cyclic order.</para>
<para>If multiple <command>rrset-order</command> statements appear,
they are not combined — the last one applies.</para>
<note>
<simpara>The <command>rrset-order</command> statement
is not yet fully implemented in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.
BIND 9 currently does not support "fixed" ordering.
</simpara></note>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="tuning"><title>Tuning</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>lame-ttl</command></term>
<listitem><para>Sets the number of seconds to cache a
lame server indication. 0 disables caching. (This is
<emphasis role="bold">NOT</emphasis> recommended.)
The default is <literal>600</literal> (10 minutes) and the maximum value is
<literal>1800</literal> (30 minutes).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-ncache-ttl</command></term>
<listitem><para>To reduce network traffic and increase performance,
the server stores negative answers. <command>max-ncache-ttl</command> is
used to set a maximum retention time for these answers in the server
in seconds. The default
<command>max-ncache-ttl</command> is <literal>10800</literal> seconds (3 hours).
<command>max-ncache-ttl</command> cannot exceed 7 days and will
be silently truncated to 7 days if set to a greater value.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-cache-ttl</command></term>
<listitem><para>Sets
the maximum time for which the server will cache ordinary (positive)
answers. The default is one week (7 days).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>min-roots</command></term>
<listitem><para>The minimum number of root servers that
is required for a request for the root servers to be accepted. The default
is <userinput>2</userinput>.</para>
<note>
<simpara>Not implemented in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.</simpara></note>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>sig-validity-interval</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies the number of days into the
future when DNSSEC signatures automatically generated as a result
of dynamic updates (<xref linkend="dynamic_update"/>)
will expire. The default is <literal>30</literal> days.
The maximum value is 10 years (3660 days). The signature
inception time is unconditionally set to one hour before the current time
to allow for a limited amount of clock skew.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>min-refresh-time</command></term>
<term><command>max-refresh-time</command></term>
<term><command>min-retry-time</command></term>
<term><command>max-retry-time</command></term>
<listitem><para>
These options control the server's behavior on refreshing a zone
(querying for SOA changes) or retrying failed transfers.
Usually the SOA values for the zone are used, but these values
are set by the master, giving slave server administrators little
control over their contents.
</para><para>
These options allow the administrator to set a minimum and maximum
refresh and retry time either per-zone, per-view, or globally.
These options are valid for slave and stub zones,
and clamp the SOA refresh and retry times to the specified values.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>edns-udp-size</command></term>
<listitem><para>
<command>edns-udp-size</command> sets the advertised EDNS UDP buffer
size in bytes. Valid values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will be
silently adjusted). The default value is 4096. The usual reason for
setting edns-udp-size to a non-default value it to get UDP answers to
pass through broken firewalls that block fragmented packets and/or
block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="builtin">
<title>Built-in server information zones</title>
<para>The server provides some helpful diagnostic information
through a number of built-in zones under the
pseudo-top-level-domain <literal>bind</literal> in the
<command>CHAOS</command> class. These zones are part of a
built-in view (see <xref linkend="view_statement_grammar"/>) of class
<command>CHAOS</command> which is separate from the default view of
class <command>IN</command>; therefore, any global server options
such as <command>allow-query</command> do not apply the these zones.
If you feel the need to disable these zones, use the options
below, or hide the built-in <command>CHAOS</command> view by
defining an explicit view of class <command>CHAOS</command>
that matches all clients.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>version</command></term>
<listitem><para>The version the server should report
via a query of the name <literal>version.bind</literal>
with type <command>TXT</command>, class <command>CHAOS</command>.
The default is the real version number of this server.
Specifying <command>version none</command>
disables processing of the queries.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>hostname</command></term>
<listitem><para>The hostname the server should report via a query of
the name <filename>hostname.bind</filename>
with type <command>TXT</command>, class <command>CHAOS</command>.
This defaults to the hostname of the machine hosting the name server as
found by the gethostname() function. The primary purpose of such queries is to
identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
answering your queries. Specifying <command>hostname none;</command>
disables processing of the queries.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>server-id</command></term>
<listitem><para>The ID of the server should report via a query of
the name <filename>ID.SERVER</filename>
with type <command>TXT</command>, class <command>CHAOS</command>.
The primary purpose of such queries is to
identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
answering your queries. Specifying <command>server-id none;</command>
disables processing of the queries.
Specifying <command>server-id hostname;</command> will cause named to
use the hostname as found by the gethostname() function.
The default <command>server-id</command> is <command>none</command>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="statsfile">
<title>The Statistics File</title>
<para>The statistics file generated by <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9
is similar, but not identical, to that
generated by <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8.
</para>
<para>The statistics dump begins with a line, like:</para>
<para>
<command>+++ Statistics Dump +++ (973798949)</command>
</para>
<para>The numberr in parentheses is a standard
Unix-style timestamp, measured as seconds since January 1, 1970. Following
that line are a series of lines containing a counter type, the value of the
counter, optionally a zone name, and optionally a view name.
The lines without view and zone listed are global statistics for the entire server.
Lines with a zone and view name for the given view and zone (the view name is
omitted for the default view).
</para>
<para>
The statistics dump ends with the line where the
number is identical to the number in the beginning line; for example:
</para>
<para>
<command>--- Statistics Dump --- (973798949)</command>
</para>
<para>The following statistics counters are maintained:</para>
<informaltable
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.150in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.350in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>success</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The number of
successful queries made to the server or zone. A successful query
is defined as query which returns a NOERROR response with at least
one answer RR.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>referral</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The number of queries which resulted
in referral responses.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>nxrrset</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The number of queries which resulted in
NOERROR responses with no data.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>nxdomain</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The number
of queries which resulted in NXDOMAIN responses.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>failure</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The number of queries which resulted in a
failure response other than those above.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>recursion</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The number of queries which caused the server
to perform recursion in order to find the final answer.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>
Each query received by the server will cause exactly one of
<command>success</command>,
<command>referral</command>,
<command>nxrrset</command>,
<command>nxdomain</command>, or
<command>failure</command>
to be incremented, and may additionally cause the
<command>recursion</command> counter to be incremented.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="server_statement_grammar">
<title><command>server</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting>server <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> {
<optional> bogus <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> provide-ixfr <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> request-ixfr <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> edns <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> transfers <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-format <replaceable>( one-answer | many-answers )</replaceable> ; ]</optional>
<optional> keys <replaceable>{ string ; <optional> string ; <optional>...</optional></optional> }</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="server_statement_definition_and_usage">
<title><command>server</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>server</command> statement defines characteristics
to be associated with a remote name server.</para>
<para>
The <command>server</command> statement can occur at the top level of the
configuration file or inside a <command>view</command> statement.
If a <command>view</command> statement contains
one or more <command>server</command> statements, only those
apply to the view and any top-level ones are ignored.
If a view contains no <command>server</command> statements,
any top-level <command>server</command> statements are used as
defaults.
</para>
<para>If you discover that a remote server is giving out bad data,
marking it as bogus will prevent further queries to it. The default
value of <command>bogus</command> is <command>no</command>.</para>
<para>The <command>provide-ixfr</command> clause determines whether
the local server, acting as master, will respond with an incremental
zone transfer when the given remote server, a slave, requests it.
If set to <command>yes</command>, incremental transfer will be provided
whenever possible. If set to <command>no</command>, all transfers
to the remote server will be non-incremental. If not set, the value
of the <command>provide-ixfr</command> option in the view or
global options block is used as a default.</para>
<para>The <command>request-ixfr</command> clause determines whether
the local server, acting as a slave, will request incremental zone
transfers from the given remote server, a master. If not set, the
value of the <command>request-ixfr</command> option in the view or
global options block is used as a default.</para>
<para>IXFR requests to servers that do not support IXFR will automatically
fall back to AXFR. Therefore, there is no need to manually list
which servers support IXFR and which ones do not; the global default
of <command>yes</command> should always work.
The purpose of the <command>provide-ixfr</command> and
<command>request-ixfr</command> clauses is
to make it possible to disable the use of IXFR even when both master
and slave claim to support it, for example if one of the servers
is buggy and crashes or corrupts data when IXFR is used.</para>
<para>The <command>edns</command> clause determines whether the local server
will attempt to use EDNS when communicating with the remote server. The
default is <command>yes</command>.</para>
<para>The server supports two zone transfer methods. The first, <command>one-answer</command>,
uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. <command>many-answers</command> packs
as many resource records as possible into a message. <command>many-answers</command> is
more efficient, but is only known to be understood by <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym>BIND</acronym>
8.x, and patched versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 4.9.5. You can specify which method
to use for a server with the <command>transfer-format</command> option.
If <command>transfer-format</command> is not specified, the <command>transfer-format</command> specified
by the <command>options</command> statement will be used.</para>
<para><command>transfers</command> is used to limit the number of
concurrent inbound zone transfers from the specified server. If
no <command>transfers</command> clause is specified, the limit is
set according to the <command>transfers-per-ns</command> option.</para>
<para>The <command>keys</command> clause identifies a
<command>key_id</command> defined by the <command>key</command> statement,
to be used for transaction security (TSIG, <xref linkend="tsig"/>)
when talking to the remote server.
When a request is sent to the remote server, a request signature
will be generated using the key specified here and appended to the
message. A request originating from the remote server is not required
to be signed by this key.</para>
<para>Although the grammar of the <command>keys</command> clause
allows for multiple keys, only a single key per server is currently
supported.</para>
<para>The <command>transfer-source</command> and
<command>transfer-source-v6</command> clauses specify the IPv4 and IPv6 source
address to be used for zone transfer with the remote server, respectively.
For an IPv4 remote server, only <command>transfer-source</command> can
be specified.
Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only
<command>transfer-source-v6</command> can be specified.
For more details, see the description of
<command>transfer-source</command> and
<command>transfer-source-v6</command> in
<xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title><command>trusted-keys</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting>trusted-keys {
<replaceable>string</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>string</replaceable> ;
<optional> <replaceable>string</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; <optional>...</optional></optional>
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><command>trusted-keys</command> Statement Definition
and Usage</title>
<para>
The <command>trusted-keys</command> statement defines
DNSSEC security roots. DNSSEC is described in <xref
linkend="DNSSEC"/>. A security root is defined when the
public key for a non-authoritative zone is known, but
cannot be securely obtained through DNS, either because
it is the DNS root zone or because its parent zone is
unsigned. Once a key has been configured as a trusted
key, it is treated as if it had been validated and
proven secure. The resolver attempts DNSSEC validation
on all DNS data in subdomains of a security root.
</para>
<para>
All keys (and corresponding zones) listed in
<command>trusted-keys</command> are deemed to exist regardless
of what parent zones say. Similarly for all keys listed in
<command>trusted-keys</command> only those keys are
used to validate the DNSKEY RRset. The parent's DS RRset
will not be used.
</para>
<para>
The <command>trusted-keys</command> statement can contain
multiple key entries, each consisting of the key's
domain name, flags, protocol, algorithm, and the Base-64
representation of the key data.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="view_statement_grammar">
<title><command>view</command> Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting>view <replaceable>view_name</replaceable>
<optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> {
match-clients { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ;
match-destinations { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ;
match-recursive-only <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ;
<optional> <replaceable>view_option</replaceable>; ...</optional>
<optional> <replaceable>zone_statement</replaceable>; ...</optional>
};
</programlisting></sect2>
<sect2><title><command>view</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<para>The <command>view</command> statement is a powerful new feature
of <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 that lets a name server answer a DNS query differently
depending on who is asking. It is particularly useful for implementing
split DNS setups without having to run multiple servers.</para>
<para>Each <command>view</command> statement defines a view of the
DNS namespace that will be seen by a subset of clients. A client matches
a view if its source IP address matches the
<varname>address_match_list</varname> of the view's
<command>match-clients</command> clause and its destination IP address matches
the <varname>address_match_list</varname> of the view's
<command>match-destinations</command> clause. If not specified, both
<command>match-clients</command> and <command>match-destinations</command>
default to matching all addresses. In addition to checking IP addresses
<command>match-clients</command> and <command>match-destinations</command>
can also take <command>keys</command> which provide an mechanism for the
client to select the view. A view can also be specified
as <command>match-recursive-only</command>, which means that only recursive
requests from matching clients will match that view.
The order of the <command>view</command> statements is significant —
a client request will be resolved in the context of the first
<command>view</command> that it matches.</para>
<para>Zones defined within a <command>view</command> statement will
be only be accessible to clients that match the <command>view</command>.
By defining a zone of the same name in multiple views, different
zone data can be given to different clients, for example, "internal"
and "external" clients in a split DNS setup.</para>
<para>Many of the options given in the <command>options</command> statement
can also be used within a <command>view</command> statement, and then
apply only when resolving queries with that view. When no view-specific
value is given, the value in the <command>options</command> statement
is used as a default. Also, zone options can have default values specified
in the <command>view</command> statement; these view-specific defaults
take precedence over those in the <command>options</command> statement.</para>
<para>Views are class specific. If no class is given, class IN
is assumed. Note that all non-IN views must contain a hint zone,
since only the IN class has compiled-in default hints.</para>
<para>If there are no <command>view</command> statements in the config
file, a default view that matches any client is automatically created
in class IN. Any <command>zone</command> statements specified on
the top level of the configuration file are considered to be part of
this default view, and the <command>options</command> statement will
apply to the default view. If any explicit <command>view</command>
statements are present, all <command>zone</command> statements must
occur inside <command>view</command> statements.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a typical split DNS setup implemented
using <command>view</command> statements:</para>
<programlisting>view "internal" {
// This should match our internal networks.
match-clients { 10.0.0.0/8; };
// Provide recursive service to internal clients only.
recursion yes;
// Provide a complete view of the example.com zone
// including addresses of internal hosts.
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "example-internal.db";
};
};
view "external" {
// Match all clients not matched by the previous view.
match-clients { any; };
// Refuse recursive service to external clients.
recursion no;
// Provide a restricted view of the example.com zone
// containing only publicly accessible hosts.
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "example-external.db";
};
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="zone_statement_grammar"><title><command>zone</command>
Statement Grammar</title>
<programlisting>zone <replaceable>zone_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> {
type master;
<optional> allow-query { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> allow-transfer { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> allow-update { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> update-policy { <replaceable>update_policy_rule</replaceable> <optional>...</optional> } ; </optional>
<optional> also-notify { <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> check-names (<constant>warn</constant>|<constant>fail</constant>|<constant>ignore</constant>) ; </optional>
<optional> dialup <replaceable>dialup_option</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> file <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> forward (<constant>only</constant>|<constant>first</constant>) ; </optional>
<optional> forwarders { <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> ixfr-base <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> ixfr-tmp-file <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> maintain-ixfr-base <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-ixfr-log-size <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-idle-out <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-time-out <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> notify <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> | <replaceable>explicit</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> pubkey <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> notify-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> notify-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> zone-statistics <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> sig-validity-interval <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> database <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> key-directory <replaceable>path_name</replaceable>; </optional>
};
zone <replaceable>zone_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> {
type slave;
<optional> allow-notify { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> allow-query { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> allow-transfer { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> allow-update-forwarding { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> also-notify { <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> check-names (<constant>warn</constant>|<constant>fail</constant>|<constant>ignore</constant>) ; </optional>
<optional> dialup <replaceable>dialup_option</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> file <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> forward (<constant>only</constant>|<constant>first</constant>) ; </optional>
<optional> forwarders { <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> ixfr-base <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> ixfr-tmp-file <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> maintain-ixfr-base <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> masters <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> { ( <replaceable>masters_list</replaceable> | <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> <optional>key <replaceable>key</replaceable></optional> ) ; <optional>...</optional> } ; </optional>
<optional> max-ixfr-log-size <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-idle-in <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-idle-out <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-time-in <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-time-out <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> notify <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> | <replaceable>explicit</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> pubkey <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> alt-transfer-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> use-alt-transfer-source <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> notify-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> notify-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> zone-statistics <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> database <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> multi-master <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
};
zone <replaceable>zone_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> {
type hint;
<optional> file <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> delegation-only <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> check-names (<constant>warn</constant>|<constant>fail</constant>|<constant>ignore</constant>) ; // Not Implemented. </optional>
};
zone <replaceable>zone_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> {
type stub;
<optional> allow-query { <replaceable>address_match_list</replaceable> } ; </optional>
<optional> check-names (<constant>warn</constant>|<constant>fail</constant>|<constant>ignore</constant>) ; </optional>
<optional> dialup <replaceable>dialup_option</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> delegation-only <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> file <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> forward (<constant>only</constant>|<constant>first</constant>) ; </optional>
<optional> forwarders { <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> masters <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> { ( <replaceable>masters_list</replaceable> | <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> <optional>key <replaceable>key</replaceable></optional> ) ; <optional>...</optional> } ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-idle-in <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-transfer-time-in <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> pubkey <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>number</replaceable> <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> transfer-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> alt-transfer-source (<replaceable>ip4_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<replaceable>ip6_addr</replaceable> | <constant>*</constant>) <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; </optional>
<optional> use-alt-transfer-source <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable>; </optional>
<optional> zone-statistics <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> sig-validity-interval <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> database <replaceable>string</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-refresh-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> min-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> max-retry-time <replaceable>number</replaceable> ; </optional>
<optional> multi-master <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
};
zone <replaceable>zone_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> {
type forward;
<optional> forward (<constant>only</constant>|<constant>first</constant>) ; </optional>
<optional> forwarders { <optional> <replaceable>ip_addr</replaceable> <optional>port <replaceable>ip_port</replaceable></optional> ; ... </optional> }; </optional>
<optional> delegation-only <replaceable>yes_or_no</replaceable> ; </optional>
};
zone <replaceable>zone_name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> {
type delegation-only;
};
</programlisting>
</sect2>
<sect2><title><command>zone</command> Statement Definition and Usage</title>
<sect3><title>Zone Types</title>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "3Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.908in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "4.217in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>master</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The server has a master copy of the data
for the zone and will be able to provide authoritative answers for
it.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>slave</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A slave zone is a replica of a master
zone. The <command>masters</command> list specifies one or more IP addresses
of master servers that the slave contacts to update its copy of the zone.
Masters list elements can also be names of other masters lists.
By default, transfers are made from port 53 on the servers; this can
be changed for all servers by specifying a port number before the
list of IP addresses, or on a per-server basis after the IP address.
Authentication to the master can also be done with per-server TSIG keys.
If a file is specified, then the
replica will be written to this file whenever the zone is changed,
and reloaded from this file on a server restart. Use of a file is
recommended, since it often speeds server startup and eliminates
a needless waste of bandwidth. Note that for large numbers (in the
tens or hundreds of thousands) of zones per server, it is best to
use a two-level naming scheme for zone file names. For example,
a slave server for the zone <literal>example.com</literal> might place
the zone contents into a file called
<filename>ex/example.com</filename> where <filename>ex/</filename> is
just the first two letters of the zone name. (Most operating systems
behave very slowly if you put 100 000 files into
a single directory.)</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>stub</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A stub zone is similar to a slave zone,
except that it replicates only the NS records of a master zone instead
of the entire zone. Stub zones are not a standard part of the DNS;
they are a feature specific to the <acronym>BIND</acronym> implementation.
</para>
<para>Stub zones can be used to eliminate the need for glue NS record
in a parent zone at the expense of maintaining a stub zone entry and
a set of name server addresses in <filename>named.conf</filename>.
This usage is not recommended for new configurations, and BIND 9
supports it only in a limited way.
In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 4/8, zone transfers of a parent zone
included the NS records from stub children of that zone. This meant
that, in some cases, users could get away with configuring child stubs
only in the master server for the parent zone. <acronym>BIND</acronym>
9 never mixes together zone data from different zones in this
way. Therefore, if a <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 master serving a parent
zone has child stub zones configured, all the slave servers for the
parent zone also need to have the same child stub zones
configured.</para>
<para>Stub zones can also be used as a way of forcing the resolution
of a given domain to use a particular set of authoritative servers.
For example, the caching name servers on a private network using
RFC1918 addressing may be configured with stub zones for
<literal>10.in-addr.arpa</literal>
to use a set of internal name servers as the authoritative
servers for that domain.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>forward</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A "forward zone" is a way to configure
forwarding on a per-domain basis. A <command>zone</command> statement
of type <command>forward</command> can contain a <command>forward</command> and/or <command>forwarders</command> statement,
which will apply to queries within the domain given by the zone
name. If no <command>forwarders</command> statement is present or
an empty list for <command>forwarders</command> is given, then no
forwarding will be done for the domain, canceling the effects of
any forwarders in the <command>options</command> statement. Thus
if you want to use this type of zone to change the behavior of the
global <command>forward</command> option (that is, "forward first"
to, then "forward only", or vice versa, but want to use the same
servers as set globally) you need to re-specify the global forwarders.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>hint</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The initial set of root name servers is
specified using a "hint zone". When the server starts up, it uses
the root hints to find a root name server and get the most recent
list of root name servers. If no hint zone is specified for class
IN, the server uses a compiled-in default set of root servers hints.
Classes other than IN have no built-in defaults hints.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>delegation-only</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>This is used to enforce the delegation-only
status of infrastructure zones (e.g. COM, NET, ORG). Any answer that
is received without an explicit or implicit delegation in the authority
section will be treated as NXDOMAIN. This does not apply to the zone
apex. This should not be applied to leaf zones.</para>
<para><varname>delegation-only</varname> has no effect on answers received
from forwarders.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect3>
<sect3><title>Class</title>
<para>The zone's name may optionally be followed by a class. If
a class is not specified, class <literal>IN</literal> (for <varname>Internet</varname>),
is assumed. This is correct for the vast majority of cases.</para>
<para>The <literal>hesiod</literal> class is
named for an information service from MIT's Project Athena. It is
used to share information about various systems databases, such
as users, groups, printers and so on. The keyword
<literal>HS</literal> is
a synonym for hesiod.</para>
<para>Another MIT development is CHAOSnet, a LAN protocol created
in the mid-1970s. Zone data for it can be specified with the <literal>CHAOS</literal> class.</para></sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Zone Options</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-notify</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>allow-notify</command> in <xref linkend="access_control"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-query</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>allow-query</command> in <xref linkend="access_control"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-transfer</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of <command>allow-transfer</command>
in <xref linkend="access_control"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-update</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies which hosts are allowed to
submit Dynamic DNS updates for master zones. The default is to deny
updates from all hosts. Note that allowing updates based
on the requestor's IP address is insecure; see
<xref linkend="dynamic_update_security"/> for details.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>update-policy</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies a "Simple Secure Update" policy. See
<xref linkend="dynamic_update_policies"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>allow-update-forwarding</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of <command>allow-update-forwarding</command>
in <xref linkend="access_control"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>also-notify</command></term>
<listitem><para>Only meaningful if <command>notify</command> is
active for this zone. The set of machines that will receive a
<literal>DNS NOTIFY</literal> message
for this zone is made up of all the listed name servers (other than
the primary master) for the zone plus any IP addresses specified
with <command>also-notify</command>. A port may be specified
with each <command>also-notify</command> address to send the notify
messages to a port other than the default of 53.
<command>also-notify</command> is not meaningful for stub zones.
The default is the empty list.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>check-names</command></term>
<listitem><para>
This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax of
certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses received from the
network. The default varies according to zone type. For <command>master</command> zones the default is <command>fail</command>. For <command>slave</command>
zones the default is <command>warn</command>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>database</command></term>
<listitem><para>Specify the type of database to be used for storing the
zone data. The string following the <command>database</command> keyword
is interpreted as a list of whitespace-delimited words. The first word
identifies the database type, and any subsequent words are passed
as arguments to the database to be interpreted in a way specific
to the database type.</para>
<para>The default is <userinput>"rbt"</userinput>, BIND 9's native in-memory
red-black-tree database. This database does not take arguments.</para>
<para>Other values are possible if additional database drivers
have been linked into the server. Some sample drivers are included
with the distribution but none are linked in by default.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>dialup</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>dialup</command> in <xref linkend="boolean_options"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>delegation-only</command></term>
<listitem><para>The flag only applies to hint and stub zones. If set
to <userinput>yes</userinput>, then the zone will also be treated as if it
is also a delegation-only type zone.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>forward</command></term>
<listitem><para>Only meaningful if the zone has a forwarders
list. The <command>only</command> value causes the lookup to fail
after trying the forwarders and getting no answer, while <command>first</command> would
allow a normal lookup to be tried.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>forwarders</command></term>
<listitem><para>Used to override the list of global forwarders.
If it is not specified in a zone of type <command>forward</command>,
no forwarding is done for the zone and the global options are not used.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>ixfr-base</command></term>
<listitem><para>Was used in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8 to specify the name
of the transaction log (journal) file for dynamic update and IXFR.
<acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option and constructs the name of the journal
file by appending "<filename>.jnl</filename>" to the name of the
zone file.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>ixfr-tmp-file</command></term>
<listitem><para>Was an undocumented option in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8.
Ignored in <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-time-in</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>max-transfer-time-in</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-idle-in</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>max-transfer-idle-in</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-time-out</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>max-transfer-time-out</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>max-transfer-idle-out</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>max-transfer-idle-out</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>notify</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>notify</command> in <xref linkend="boolean_options"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>pubkey</command></term>
<listitem><para>In <acronym>BIND</acronym> 8, this option was intended for specifying
a public zone key for verification of signatures in DNSSEC signed
zones when they are loaded from disk. <acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 does not verify signatures
on load and ignores the option.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>zone-statistics</command></term>
<listitem><para>If <userinput>yes</userinput>, the server will keep statistical
information for this zone, which can be dumped to the
<command>statistics-file</command> defined in the server options.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>sig-validity-interval</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>sig-validity-interval</command> in <xref linkend="tuning"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfer-source</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>transfer-source</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>transfer-source-v6</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>transfer-source-v6</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>alt-transfer-source</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>alt-transfer-source</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>alt-transfer-source-v6</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>alt-transfer-source-v6</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>use-alt-transfer-source</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>use-alt-transfer-source</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>notify-source</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>notify-source</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>notify-source-v6</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>notify-source-v6</command> in <xref linkend="zone_transfers"/>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>min-refresh-time</command></term>
<term><command>max-refresh-time</command></term>
<term><command>min-retry-time</command></term>
<term><command>max-retry-time</command></term>
<listitem><para>
See the description in <xref linkend="tuning"/>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>ixfr-from-differences</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>ixfr-from-differences</command> in <xref linkend="boolean_options"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>key-directory</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>key-directory</command> in <xref linkend="options"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><command>multi-master</command></term>
<listitem><para>See the description of
<command>multi-master</command> in <xref linkend="boolean_options"/>.</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="dynamic_update_policies"><title>Dynamic Update Policies</title>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 supports two alternative methods of granting clients
the right to perform dynamic updates to a zone,
configured by the <command>allow-update</command> and
<command>update-policy</command> option, respectively.</para>
<para>The <command>allow-update</command> clause works the same
way as in previous versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym>. It grants given clients the
permission to update any record of any name in the zone.</para>
<para>The <command>update-policy</command> clause is new in <acronym>BIND</acronym>
9 and allows more fine-grained control over what updates are allowed.
A set of rules is specified, where each rule either grants or denies
permissions for one or more names to be updated by one or more identities.
If the dynamic update request message is signed (that is, it includes
either a TSIG or SIG(0) record), the identity of the signer can
be determined.</para>
<para>Rules are specified in the <command>update-policy</command> zone
option, and are only meaningful for master zones. When the <command>update-policy</command> statement
is present, it is a configuration error for the <command>allow-update</command> statement
to be present. The <command>update-policy</command> statement only
examines the signer of a message; the source address is not relevant.</para>
<para>This is how a rule definition looks:</para>
<programlisting>
( <command>grant</command> | <command>deny</command> ) <replaceable>identity</replaceable> <replaceable>nametype</replaceable> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <optional> <replaceable>types</replaceable> </optional>
</programlisting>
<para>Each rule grants or denies privileges. Once a message has
successfully matched a rule, the operation is immediately granted
or denied and no further rules are examined. A rule is matched
when the signer matches the identity field, the name matches the
name field in accordance with the nametype field, and the type matches
the types specified in the type field.</para>
<para>The identity field specifies a name or a wildcard name. Normally, this
is the name of the TSIG or SIG(0) key used to sign the update request. When a
TKEY exchange has been used to create a shared secret, the identity of the
shared secret is the same as the identity of the key used to authenticate the
TKEY exchange. When the <replaceable>identity</replaceable> field specifies a
wildcard name, it is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, so the rule will apply
to multiple identities. The <replaceable>identity</replaceable> field must
contain a fully qualified domain name.</para>
<para>The <replaceable>nametype</replaceable> field has 4 values:
<varname>name</varname>, <varname>subdomain</varname>,
<varname>wildcard</varname>, and <varname>self</varname>.
</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0"
rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.819in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.681in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>name</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Exact-match semantics. This rule matches when the
name being updated is identical to the contents of the
<replaceable>name</replaceable> field.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>subdomain</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>This rule matches when the name being updated
is a subdomain of, or identical to, the contents of the
<replaceable>name</replaceable> field.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>wildcard</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The <replaceable>name</replaceable> field is
subject to DNS wildcard expansion, and this rule matches when the name
being updated name is a valid expansion of the wildcard.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><varname>self</varname></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>This rule matches when the name being updated
matches the contents of the <replaceable>identity</replaceable> field.
The <replaceable>name</replaceable> field is ignored, but should be
the same as the <replaceable>identity</replaceable> field. The
<varname>self</varname> nametype is most useful when allowing using
one key per name to update, where the key has the same name as the name
to be updated. The <replaceable>identity</replaceable> would be
specified as <constant>*</constant> in this case.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>In all cases, the <replaceable>name</replaceable> field must
specify a fully qualified domain name.</para>
<para>If no types are explicitly specified, this rule matches all types except
SIG, NS, SOA, and NXT. Types may be specified by name, including
"ANY" (ANY matches all types except NXT, which can never be updated).
Note that when an attempt is made to delete all records associated with a
name, the rules are checked for each existing record type.
</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Zone File</title>
<sect2 id="types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them">
<title>Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them</title>
<para>This section, largely borrowed from RFC 1034, describes the
concept of a Resource Record (RR) and explains when each is used.
Since the publication of RFC 1034, several new RRs have been identified
and implemented in the DNS. These are also included.</para>
<sect3>
<title>Resource Records</title>
<para>A domain name identifies a node. Each node has a set of
resource information, which may be empty. The set of resource
information associated with a particular name is composed of
separate RRs. The order of RRs in a set is not significant and
need not be preserved by name servers, resolvers, or other
parts of the DNS. However, sorting of multiple RRs is
permitted for optimization purposes, for example, to specify
that a particular nearby server be tried first. See <xref
linkend="the_sortlist_statement"/> and <xref
linkend="rrset_ordering"/>.</para>
<para>The components of a Resource Record are:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0"
rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0"
rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.000in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.500in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>owner name</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>the domain name where the RR is found.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>type</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>an encoded 16-bit value that specifies
the type of the resource record.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>TTL</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>the time-to-live of the RR. This field
is a 32-bit integer in units of seconds, and is primarily used by
resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can
be cached before it should be discarded.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>class</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>an encoded 16-bit value that identifies
a protocol family or instance of a protocol.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>RDATA</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>the resource data. The format of the
data is type (and sometimes class) specific.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>The following are <emphasis>types</emphasis> of valid RRs:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0"
rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0"
rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.875in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.625in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>A</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>a host address. In the IN class, this is a
32-bit IP address. Described in RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>AAAA</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>IPv6 address. Described in RFC 1886.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>A6</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>IPv6 address. This can be a partial
address (a suffix) and an indirection to the name where the rest of the
address (the prefix) can be found. Experimental. Described in RFC 2874.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>AFSDB</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>location of AFS database servers.
Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>APL</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>address prefix list. Experimental.
Described in RFC 3123.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>CERT</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>holds a digital certificate.
Described in RFC 2538.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>CNAME</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>identifies the canonical name of an alias.
Described in RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>DNAME</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Replaces the domain name specified with
another name to be looked up, effectively aliasing an entire
subtree of the domain name space rather than a single record
as in the case of the CNAME RR.
Described in RFC 2672.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>GPOS</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Specifies the global position. Superseded by LOC.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>HINFO</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>identifies the CPU and OS used by a host.
Described in RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>ISDN</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>representation of ISDN addresses.
Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>KEY</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>stores a public key associated with a
DNS name. Described in RFC 2535.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>KX</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>identifies a key exchanger for this
DNS name. Described in RFC 2230.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>LOC</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>for storing GPS info. Described in RFC 1876.
Experimental.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>MX</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>identifies a mail exchange for the domain.
A 16-bit preference value (lower is better)
followed by the host name of the mail exchange.
Described in RFC 974, RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>NAPTR</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>name authority pointer. Described in RFC 2915.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>NSAP</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>a network service access point.
Described in RFC 1706.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>NS</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>the authoritative name server for the
domain. Described in RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>NXT</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>used in DNSSEC to securely indicate that
RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do not exist in
a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an existing name.
Described in RFC 2535.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>PTR</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>a pointer to another part of the domain
name space. Described in RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>PX</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>provides mappings between RFC 822 and X.400
addresses. Described in RFC 2163.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>RP</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>information on persons responsible
for the domain. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>RT</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>route-through binding for hosts that
do not have their own direct wide area network addresses.
Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>SIG</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>("signature") contains data authenticated
in the secure DNS. Described in RFC 2535.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>SOA</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>identifies the start of a zone of authority.
Described in RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>SRV</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>information about well known network
services (replaces WKS). Described in RFC 2782.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>TXT</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>text records. Described in RFC 1035.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>WKS</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>information about which well known
network services, such as SMTP, that a domain supports. Historical.
</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>X25</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>representation of X.25 network addresses.
Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>The following <emphasis>classes</emphasis> of resource records
are currently valid in the DNS:</para><informaltable colsep = "0"
rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.875in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.625in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>IN</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The Internet.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>CH</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>
CHAOSnet, a LAN protocol created at MIT in the mid-1970s.
Rarely used for its historical purpose, but reused for BIND's
built-in server information zones, e.g.,
<literal>version.bind</literal>.
</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>HS</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>
Hesiod, an information service
developed by MIT's Project Athena. It is used to share information
about various systems databases, such as users, groups, printers
and so on.
</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>The owner name is often implicit, rather than forming an integral
part of the RR. For example, many name servers internally form tree
or hash structures for the name space, and chain RRs off nodes.
The remaining RR parts are the fixed header (type, class, TTL)
which is consistent for all RRs, and a variable part (RDATA) that
fits the needs of the resource being described.</para>
<para>The meaning of the TTL field is a time limit on how long an
RR can be kept in a cache. This limit does not apply to authoritative
data in zones; it is also timed out, but by the refreshing policies
for the zone. The TTL is assigned by the administrator for the
zone where the data originates. While short TTLs can be used to
minimize caching, and a zero TTL prohibits caching, the realities
of Internet performance suggest that these times should be on the
order of days for the typical host. If a change can be anticipated,
the TTL can be reduced prior to the change to minimize inconsistency
during the change, and then increased back to its former value following
the change.</para>
<para>The data in the RDATA section of RRs is carried as a combination
of binary strings and domain names. The domain names are frequently
used as "pointers" to other data in the DNS.</para></sect3>
<sect3><title>Textual expression of RRs</title>
<para>RRs are represented in binary form in the packets of the DNS
protocol, and are usually represented in highly encoded form when
stored in a name server or resolver. In the examples provided in
RFC 1034, a style similar to that used in master files was employed
in order to show the contents of RRs. In this format, most RRs
are shown on a single line, although continuation lines are possible
using parentheses.</para>
<para>The start of the line gives the owner of the RR. If a line
begins with a blank, then the owner is assumed to be the same as
that of the previous RR. Blank lines are often included for readability.</para>
<para>Following the owner, we list the TTL, type, and class of the
RR. Class and type use the mnemonics defined above, and TTL is
an integer before the type field. In order to avoid ambiguity in
parsing, type and class mnemonics are disjoint, TTLs are integers,
and the type mnemonic is always last. The IN class and TTL values
are often omitted from examples in the interests of clarity.</para>
<para>The resource data or RDATA section of the RR are given using
knowledge of the typical representation for the data.</para>
<para>For example, we might show the RRs carried in a message as:</para> <informaltable
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "3"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.381in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.020in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.099in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>ISI.EDU.</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>MX</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>10 VENERA.ISI.EDU.</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>MX</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>10 VAXA.ISI.EDU</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>VENERA.ISI.EDU</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>128.9.0.32</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>10.1.0.52</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>VAXA.ISI.EDU</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>10.2.0.27</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>128.9.0.33</literal></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>The MX RRs have an RDATA section which consists of a 16-bit
number followed by a domain name. The address RRs use a standard
IP address format to contain a 32-bit internet address.</para>
<para>The above example shows six RRs, with two RRs at each of three
domain names.</para>
<para>Similarly we might see:</para><informaltable colsep = "0"
rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "3" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "4Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.491in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.067in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.067in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>XX.LCS.MIT.EDU. IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>10.0.0.44</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>CH</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>MIT.EDU. 2420</literal></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>This example shows two addresses for <literal>XX.LCS.MIT.EDU</literal>,
each of a different class.</para></sect3></sect2>
<sect2><title>Discussion of MX Records</title>
<para>As described above, domain servers store information as a
series of resource records, each of which contains a particular
piece of information about a given domain name (which is usually,
but not always, a host). The simplest way to think of a RR is as
a typed pair of data, a domain name matched with a relevant datum,
and stored with some additional type information to help systems
determine when the RR is relevant.</para>
<para>MX records are used to control delivery of email. The data
specified in the record is a priority and a domain name. The priority
controls the order in which email delivery is attempted, with the
lowest number first. If two priorities are the same, a server is
chosen randomly. If no servers at a given priority are responding,
the mail transport agent will fall back to the next largest priority.
Priority numbers do not have any absolute meaning — they are relevant
only respective to other MX records for that domain name. The domain
name given is the machine to which the mail will be delivered. It <emphasis>must</emphasis> have
an associated A record — CNAME is not sufficient.</para>
<para>For a given domain, if there is both a CNAME record and an
MX record, the MX record is in error, and will be ignored. Instead,
the mail will be delivered to the server specified in the MX record
pointed to by the CNAME.</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "5"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "3Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.708in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.444in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.444in"/>
<colspec colname = "4" colnum = "4" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.976in"/>
<colspec colname = "5" colnum = "5" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.553in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>example.com.</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>MX</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>10</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>mail.example.com.</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>MX</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>10</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>mail2.example.com.</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>MX</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>20</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><literal>mail.backup.org.</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>mail.example.com.</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>10.0.0.1</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>mail2.example.com.</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>IN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para><literal>A</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para><literal>10.0.0.2</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable><para>For example:</para>
<para>Mail delivery will be attempted to <literal>mail.example.com</literal> and
<literal>mail2.example.com</literal> (in
any order), and if neither of those succeed, delivery to <literal>mail.backup.org</literal> will
be attempted.</para></sect2>
<sect2 id="Setting_TTLs"><title>Setting TTLs</title>
<para>The time-to-live of the RR field is a 32-bit integer represented
in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they
cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it
should be discarded. The following three types of TTL are currently
used in a zone file.</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "2"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "3Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.750in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "4.375in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>SOA</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The last field in the SOA is the negative
caching TTL. This controls how long other servers will cache no-such-domain
(NXDOMAIN) responses from you.</para><para>The maximum time for
negative caching is 3 hours (3h).</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>$TTL</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>The $TTL directive at the top of the
zone file (before the SOA) gives a default TTL for every RR without
a specific TTL set.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>RR TTLs</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Each RR can have a TTL as the second
field in the RR, which will control how long other servers can cache
the it.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>All of these TTLs default to units of seconds, though units
can be explicitly specified, for example, <literal>1h30m</literal>. </para></sect2>
<sect2><title>Inverse Mapping in IPv4</title>
<para>Reverse name resolution (that is, translation from IP address
to name) is achieved by means of the <emphasis>in-addr.arpa</emphasis> domain
and PTR records. Entries in the in-addr.arpa domain are made in
least-to-most significant order, read left to right. This is the
opposite order to the way IP addresses are usually written. Thus,
a machine with an IP address of 10.1.2.3 would have a corresponding
in-addr.arpa name of
3.2.1.10.in-addr.arpa. This name should have a PTR resource record
whose data field is the name of the machine or, optionally, multiple
PTR records if the machine has more than one name. For example,
in the <optional>example.com</optional> domain:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"
tgroupstyle = "3Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.125in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "4.000in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>$ORIGIN</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>2.1.10.in-addr.arpa</literal></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><literal>3</literal></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><literal>IN PTR foo.example.com.</literal></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<note>
<para>The <command>$ORIGIN</command> lines in the examples
are for providing context to the examples only-they do not necessarily
appear in the actual usage. They are only used here to indicate
that the example is relative to the listed origin.</para></note></sect2>
<sect2><title>Other Zone File Directives</title>
<para>The Master File Format was initially defined in RFC 1035 and
has subsequently been extended. While the Master File Format itself
is class independent all records in a Master File must be of the same
class.</para>
<para>Master File Directives include <command>$ORIGIN</command>, <command>$INCLUDE</command>,
and <command>$TTL.</command></para>
<sect3><title>The <command>$ORIGIN</command> Directive</title>
<para>Syntax: <command>$ORIGIN
</command><replaceable>domain-name</replaceable> <optional> <replaceable>comment</replaceable></optional></para>
<para><command>$ORIGIN</command> sets the domain name that will
be appended to any unqualified records. When a zone is first read
in there is an implicit <command>$ORIGIN</command> <<varname>zone-name</varname>><command>.</command> The
current <command>$ORIGIN</command> is appended to the domain specified
in the <command>$ORIGIN</command> argument if it is not absolute.</para>
<programlisting>$ORIGIN example.com.
WWW CNAME MAIN-SERVER</programlisting>
<para>is equivalent to</para>
<programlisting>WWW.EXAMPLE.COM. CNAME MAIN-SERVER.EXAMPLE.COM.</programlisting></sect3>
<sect3><title>The <command>$INCLUDE</command> Directive</title>
<para>Syntax: <command>$INCLUDE</command>
<replaceable>filename</replaceable> <optional>
<replaceable>origin</replaceable> </optional> <optional> <replaceable>comment</replaceable> </optional></para>
<para>Read and process the file <filename>filename</filename> as
if it were included into the file at this point. If <command>origin</command> is
specified the file is processed with <command>$ORIGIN</command> set
to that value, otherwise the current <command>$ORIGIN</command> is
used.</para>
<para>The origin and the current domain name
revert to the values they had prior to the <command>$INCLUDE</command> once
the file has been read.</para>
<note><para>
RFC 1035 specifies that the current origin should be restored after
an <command>$INCLUDE</command>, but it is silent on whether the current
domain name should also be restored. BIND 9 restores both of them.
This could be construed as a deviation from RFC 1035, a feature, or both.
</para></note>
</sect3>
<sect3><title>The <command>$TTL</command> Directive</title>
<para>Syntax: <command>$TTL</command>
<replaceable>default-ttl</replaceable> <optional>
<replaceable>comment</replaceable> </optional></para>
<para>Set the default Time To Live (TTL) for subsequent records
with undefined TTLs. Valid TTLs are of the range 0-2147483647 seconds.</para>
<para><command>$TTL</command> is defined in RFC 2308.</para></sect3></sect2>
<sect2><title><acronym>BIND</acronym> Master File Extension: the <command>$GENERATE</command> Directive</title>
<para>Syntax: <command>$GENERATE</command> <replaceable>range</replaceable> <replaceable>lhs</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>ttl</replaceable></optional> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable></optional> <replaceable>type</replaceable> <replaceable>rhs</replaceable> <optional> <replaceable>comment</replaceable> </optional></para>
<para><command>$GENERATE</command> is used to create a series of
resource records that only differ from each other by an iterator. <command>$GENERATE</command> can
be used to easily generate the sets of records required to support
sub /24 reverse delegations described in RFC 2317: Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA
delegation.</para>
<programlisting>$ORIGIN 0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
$GENERATE 1-2 0 NS SERVER$.EXAMPLE.
$GENERATE 1-127 $ CNAME $.0</programlisting>
<para>is equivalent to</para>
<programlisting>0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA NS SERVER1.EXAMPLE.
0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER2.EXAMPLE.
1.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 1.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
2.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 2.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
...
127.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 127.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
</programlisting>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0">
<tgroup cols = "2" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "3Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.875in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "4.250in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>range</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>This can be one of two forms: start-stop
or start-stop/step. If the first form is used, then step is set to
1. All of start, stop and step must be positive.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>lhs</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para><command>lhs</command> describes the
owner name of the resource records to be created. Any single
<command>$</command> (dollar sign) symbols
within the <command>lhs</command> side are replaced by the iterator
value.
To get a $ in the output you need to escape the <command>$</command>
using a backslash <command>\</command>,
e.g. <command>\$</command>. The <command>$</command> may optionally be followed
by modifiers which change the offset from the iterator, field width and base.
Modifiers are introduced by a <command>{</command> immediately following the
<command>$</command> as <command>${offset[,width[,base]]}</command>.
For example, <command>${-20,3,d}</command> which subtracts 20 from the current value,
prints the result as a decimal in a zero-padded field of width 3. Available
output forms are decimal (<command>d</command>), octal (<command>o</command>)
and hexadecimal (<command>x</command> or <command>X</command> for uppercase).
The default modifier is <command>${0,0,d}</command>.
If the <command>lhs</command> is not
absolute, the current <command>$ORIGIN</command> is appended to
the name.</para>
<para>For compatibility with earlier versions, <command>$$</command> is still
recognized as indicating a literal $ in the output.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>ttl</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Specifies the
ttl of the generated records. If not specified this will be
inherited using the normal ttl inheritance rules.</para>
<para><command>class</command> and <command>ttl</command> can be
entered in either order.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>class</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>Specifies the
class of the generated records. This must match the zone class if
it is specified.</para>
<para><command>class</command> and <command>ttl</command> can be
entered in either order.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>type</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>At present the only supported types are
PTR, CNAME, DNAME, A, AAAA and NS.</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para><command>rhs</command></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>A domain name. It is processed
similarly to lhs.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>The <command>$GENERATE</command> directive is a <acronym>BIND</acronym> extension
and not part of the standard zone file format.</para>
<para>BIND 8 does not support the optional TTL and CLASS fields.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch07"><title><acronym>BIND</acronym> 9 Security Considerations</title>
<sect1 id="Access_Control_Lists"><title>Access Control Lists</title>
<para>Access Control Lists (ACLs), are address match lists that
you can set up and nickname for future use in <command>allow-notify</command>,
<command>allow-query</command>, <command>allow-recursion</command>,
<command>blackhole</command>, <command>allow-transfer</command>,
etc.</para>
<para>Using ACLs allows you to have finer control over who can access
your name server, without cluttering up your config files with huge
lists of IP addresses.</para>
<para>It is a <emphasis>good idea</emphasis> to use ACLs, and to
control access to your server. Limiting access to your server by
outside parties can help prevent spoofing and denial of service (DoS)
attacks against your server.</para>
<para>Here is an example of how to properly apply ACLs:</para>
<programlisting>
// Set up an ACL named "bogusnets" that will block RFC1918 space,
// which is commonly used in spoofing attacks.
acl bogusnets { 0.0.0.0/8; 1.0.0.0/8; 2.0.0.0/8; 192.0.2.0/24; 224.0.0.0/3; 10.0.0.0/8; 172.16.0.0/12; 192.168.0.0/16; };
// Set up an ACL called our-nets. Replace this with the real IP numbers.
acl our-nets { x.x.x.x/24; x.x.x.x/21; };
options {
...
...
allow-query { our-nets; };
allow-recursion { our-nets; };
...
blackhole { bogusnets; };
...
};
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "m/example.com";
allow-query { any; };
};
</programlisting>
<para>This allows recursive queries of the server from the outside
unless recursion has been previously disabled.</para>
<para>For more information on how to use ACLs to protect your server,
see the <emphasis>AUSCERT</emphasis> advisory at
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos">ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos</ulink></para></sect1>
<sect1><title><command>chroot</command> and <command>setuid</command> (for
UNIX servers)</title>
<para>On UNIX servers, it is possible to run <acronym>BIND</acronym> in a <emphasis>chrooted</emphasis> environment
(using the <command>chroot()</command> function) by specifying the "<option>-t</option>"
option. This can help improve system security by placing <acronym>BIND</acronym> in
a "sandbox", which will limit the damage done if a server is compromised.</para>
<para>Another useful feature in the UNIX version of <acronym>BIND</acronym> is the
ability to run the daemon as an unprivileged user ( <option>-u</option> <replaceable>user</replaceable> ).
We suggest running as an unprivileged user when using the <command>chroot</command> feature.</para>
<para>Here is an example command line to load <acronym>BIND</acronym> in a <command>chroot</command> sandbox,
<command>/var/named</command>, and to run <command>named</command> <command>setuid</command> to
user 202:</para>
<para><userinput>/usr/local/bin/named -u 202 -t /var/named</userinput></para>
<sect2><title>The <command>chroot</command> Environment</title>
<para>In order for a <command>chroot</command> environment to
work properly in a particular directory
(for example, <filename>/var/named</filename>),
you will need to set up an environment that includes everything
<acronym>BIND</acronym> needs to run.
From <acronym>BIND</acronym>'s point of view, <filename>/var/named</filename> is
the root of the filesystem. You will need to adjust the values of options like
like <command>directory</command> and <command>pid-file</command> to account
for this.
</para>
<para>
Unlike with earlier versions of BIND, you will typically
<emphasis>not</emphasis> need to compile <command>named</command>
statically nor install shared libraries under the new root.
However, depending on your operating system, you may need
to set up things like
<filename>/dev/zero</filename>,
<filename>/dev/random</filename>,
<filename>/dev/log</filename>, and
<filename>/etc/localtime</filename>.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Using the <command>setuid</command> Function</title>
<para>Prior to running the <command>named</command> daemon, use
the <command>touch</command> utility (to change file access and
modification times) or the <command>chown</command> utility (to
set the user id and/or group id) on files
to which you want <acronym>BIND</acronym>
to write. Note that if the <command>named</command> daemon is running as an
unprivileged user, it will not be able to bind to new restricted ports if the
server is reloaded.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dynamic_update_security"><title>Dynamic Update Security</title>
<para>Access to the dynamic
update facility should be strictly limited. In earlier versions of
<acronym>BIND</acronym>, the only way to do this was based on the IP
address of the host requesting the update, by listing an IP address or
network prefix in the <command>allow-update</command> zone option.
This method is insecure since the source address of the update UDP packet
is easily forged. Also note that if the IP addresses allowed by the
<command>allow-update</command> option include the address of a slave
server which performs forwarding of dynamic updates, the master can be
trivially attacked by sending the update to the slave, which will
forward it to the master with its own source IP address causing the
master to approve it without question.</para>
<para>For these reasons, we strongly recommend that updates be
cryptographically authenticated by means of transaction signatures
(TSIG). That is, the <command>allow-update</command> option should
list only TSIG key names, not IP addresses or network
prefixes. Alternatively, the new <command>update-policy</command>
option can be used.</para>
<para>Some sites choose to keep all dynamically-updated DNS data
in a subdomain and delegate that subdomain to a separate zone. This
way, the top-level zone containing critical data such as the IP addresses
of public web and mail servers need not allow dynamic update at
all.</para>
</sect1></chapter>
<chapter id="Bv9ARM.ch08">
<title>Troubleshooting</title>
<sect1>
<title>Common Problems</title>
<sect2>
<title>It's not working; how can I figure out what's wrong?</title>
<para>The best solution to solving installation and
configuration issues is to take preventative measures by setting
up logging files beforehand. The log files provide a
source of hints and information that can be used to figure out
what went wrong and how to fix the problem.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Incrementing and Changing the Serial Number</title>
<para>Zone serial numbers are just numbers-they aren't date
related. A lot of people set them to a number that represents a
date, usually of the form YYYYMMDDRR. A number of people have been
testing these numbers for Y2K compliance and have set the number
to the year 2000 to see if it will work. They then try to restore
the old serial number. This will cause problems because serial
numbers are used to indicate that a zone has been updated. If the
serial number on the slave server is lower than the serial number
on the master, the slave server will attempt to update its copy of
the zone.</para>
<para>Setting the serial number to a lower number on the master
server than the slave server means that the slave will not perform
updates to its copy of the zone.</para>
<para>The solution to this is to add 2147483647 (2^31-1) to the
number, reload the zone and make sure all slaves have updated to
the new zone serial number, then reset the number to what you want
it to be, and reload the zone again.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Where Can I Get Help?</title>
<para>The Internet Software Consortium (<acronym>ISC</acronym>) offers a wide range
of support and service agreements for <acronym>BIND</acronym> and <acronym>DHCP</acronym> servers. Four
levels of premium support are available and each level includes
support for all <acronym>ISC</acronym> programs, significant discounts on products
and training, and a recognized priority on bug fixes and
non-funded feature requests. In addition, <acronym>ISC</acronym> offers a standard
support agreement package which includes services ranging from bug
fix announcements to remote support. It also includes training in
<acronym>BIND</acronym> and <acronym>DHCP</acronym>.</para>
<para>To discuss arrangements for support, contact
<ulink url="mailto:info@isc.org">info@isc.org</ulink> or visit the
<acronym>ISC</acronym> web page at <ulink
url="http://www.isc.org/services/support/">http://www.isc.org/services/support/</ulink>
to read more.</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<appendix id="Bv9ARM.ch09">
<title>Appendices</title>
<sect1>
<title>Acknowledgments</title>
<sect2>
<title>A Brief History of the <acronym>DNS</acronym> and <acronym>BIND</acronym></title>
<para>Although the "official" beginning of the Domain Name
System occurred in 1984 with the publication of RFC 920, the
core of the new system was described in 1983 in RFCs 882 and
883. From 1984 to 1987, the ARPAnet (the precursor to today's
Internet) became a testbed of experimentation for developing the
new naming/addressing scheme in a rapidly expanding,
operational network environment. New RFCs were written and
published in 1987 that modified the original documents to
incorporate improvements based on the working model. RFC 1034,
"Domain Names-Concepts and Facilities", and RFC 1035, "Domain
Names-Implementation and Specification" were published and
became the standards upon which all <acronym>DNS</acronym> implementations are
built.
</para>
<para>The first working domain name server, called "Jeeves", was
written in 1983-84 by Paul Mockapetris for operation on DEC Tops-20
machines located at the University of Southern California's Information
Sciences Institute (USC-ISI) and SRI International's Network Information
Center (SRI-NIC). A <acronym>DNS</acronym> server for Unix machines, the Berkeley Internet
Name Domain (<acronym>BIND</acronym>) package, was written soon after by a group of
graduate students at the University of California at Berkeley under
a grant from the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration
(DARPA).
</para>
<para>
Versions of <acronym>BIND</acronym> through 4.8.3 were maintained by the Computer
Systems Research Group (CSRG) at UC Berkeley. Douglas Terry, Mark
Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou made up the initial <acronym>BIND</acronym>
project team. After that, additional work on the software package
was done by Ralph Campbell. Kevin Dunlap, a Digital Equipment Corporation
employee on loan to the CSRG, worked on <acronym>BIND</acronym> for 2 years, from 1985
to 1987. Many other people also contributed to <acronym>BIND</acronym> development
during that time: Doug Kingston, Craig Partridge, Smoot Carl-Mitchell,
Mike Muuss, Jim Bloom and Mike Schwartz. <acronym>BIND</acronym> maintenance was subsequently
handled by Mike Karels and O. Kure.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> versions 4.9 and 4.9.1 were released by Digital Equipment
Corporation (now Compaq Computer Corporation). Paul Vixie, then
a DEC employee, became <acronym>BIND</acronym>'s primary caretaker. He was assisted
by Phil Almquist, Robert Elz, Alan Barrett, Paul Albitz, Bryan Beecher, Andrew
Partan, Andy Cherenson, Tom Limoncelli, Berthold Paffrath, Fuat
Baran, Anant Kumar, Art Harkin, Win Treese, Don Lewis, Christophe
Wolfhugel, and others.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> version 4.9.2 was sponsored by Vixie Enterprises. Paul
Vixie became <acronym>BIND</acronym>'s principal architect/programmer.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> versions from 4.9.3 onward have been developed and maintained
by the Internet Software Consortium with support being provided
by ISC's sponsors. As co-architects/programmers, Bob Halley and
Paul Vixie released the first production-ready version of <acronym>BIND</acronym> version
8 in May 1997.</para>
<para><acronym>BIND</acronym> development work is made possible today by the sponsorship
of several corporations, and by the tireless work efforts of numerous
individuals.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="historical_dns_information">
<title>General <acronym>DNS</acronym> Reference Information</title>
<sect2 id="ipv6addresses">
<title>IPv6 addresses (AAAA)</title>
<para>IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces and
sets of interfaces which were introduced in the <acronym>DNS</acronym> to facilitate
scalable Internet routing. There are three types of addresses: <emphasis>Unicast</emphasis>,
an identifier for a single interface; <emphasis>Anycast</emphasis>,
an identifier for a set of interfaces; and <emphasis>Multicast</emphasis>,
an identifier for a set of interfaces. Here we describe the global
Unicast address scheme. For more information, see RFC 2374.</para>
<para>The aggregatable global Unicast address format is as follows:</para>
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup cols = "6"
colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "1Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.477in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.501in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.523in"/>
<colspec colname = "4" colnum = "4" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.731in"/>
<colspec colname = "5" colnum = "5" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.339in"/>
<colspec colname = "6" colnum = "6" colsep = "0" colwidth = "2.529in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>3</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>13</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>8</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>24</para></entry>
<entry colname = "5" colsep = "1" rowsep = "1"><para>16</para></entry>
<entry colname = "6" rowsep = "1"><para>64 bits</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1" colsep = "1"><para>FP</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2" colsep = "1"><para>TLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3" colsep = "1"><para>RES</para></entry>
<entry colname = "4" colsep = "1"><para>NLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "5" colsep = "1"><para>SLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para>Interface ID</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry nameend = "4" namest = "1"><para><------ Public Topology
------></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para><-Site Topology-></para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para></para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "4"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "5"><para></para></entry>
<entry colname = "6"><para><------ Interface Identifier ------></para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>Where
<informaltable colsep = "0" rowsep = "0"><tgroup
cols = "3" colsep = "0" rowsep = "0" tgroupstyle = "2Level-table">
<colspec colname = "1" colnum = "1" colsep = "0" colwidth = "1.375in"/>
<colspec colname = "2" colnum = "2" colsep = "0" colwidth = "0.250in"/>
<colspec colname = "3" colnum = "3" colsep = "0" colwidth = "3.500in"/>
<tbody>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>FP</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Format Prefix (001)</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>TLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Top-Level Aggregation Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>RES</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Reserved for future use</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>NLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Next-Level Aggregation Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>SLA ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Site-Level Aggregation Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
<row rowsep = "0">
<entry colname = "1"><para>INTERFACE ID</para></entry>
<entry colname = "2"><para>=</para></entry>
<entry colname = "3"><para>Interface Identifier</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></para>
<para>The <emphasis>Public Topology</emphasis> is provided by the
upstream provider or ISP, and (roughly) corresponds to the IPv4 <emphasis>network</emphasis> section
of the address range. The <emphasis>Site Topology</emphasis> is
where you can subnet this space, much the same as subnetting an
IPv4 /16 network into /24 subnets. The <emphasis>Interface Identifier</emphasis> is
the address of an individual interface on a given network. (With
IPv6, addresses belong to interfaces rather than machines.)</para>
<para>The subnetting capability of IPv6 is much more flexible than
that of IPv4: subnetting can now be carried out on bit boundaries,
in much the same way as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR).</para>
<para>The Interface Identifier must be unique on that network. On
ethernet networks, one way to ensure this is to set the address
to the first three bytes of the hardware address, "FFFE", then the
last three bytes of the hardware address. The lowest significant
bit of the first byte should then be complemented. Addresses are
written as 32-bit blocks separated with a colon, and leading zeros
of a block may be omitted, for example:</para>
<para><command>2001:db8:201:9:a00:20ff:fe81:2b32</command></para>
<para>IPv6 address specifications are likely to contain long strings
of zeros, so the architects have included a shorthand for specifying
them. The double colon (`::') indicates the longest possible string
of zeros that can fit, and can be used only once in an address.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="bibliography">
<title>Bibliography (and Suggested Reading)</title>
<sect2 id="rfcs">
<title>Request for Comments (RFCs)</title>
<para>Specification documents for the Internet protocol suite, including
the <acronym>DNS</acronym>, are published as part of the Request for Comments (RFCs)
series of technical notes. The standards themselves are defined
by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Engineering
Steering Group (IESG). RFCs can be obtained online via FTP at
<ulink url="ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/">ftp://www.isi.edu/in-notes/RFC<replaceable>xxx</replaceable>.txt</ulink> (where <replaceable>xxx</replaceable> is
the number of the RFC). RFCs are also available via the Web at
<ulink url="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/</ulink>.
</para>
<bibliography>
<bibliodiv>
<!-- one of (BIBLIOENTRY BIBLIOMIXED) -->
<title>Standards</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC974</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Partridge</surname>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Mail Routing and the Domain System</title>
<pubdate>January 1986</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1034</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
<firstname>P.V.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Domain Names — Concepts and Facilities</title>
<pubdate>November 1987</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1035</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
<firstname>P. V.</firstname>
</author> <title>Domain Names — Implementation and
Specification</title>
<pubdate>November 1987</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv id="proposed_standards" xreflabel="Proposed Standards">
<title>Proposed Standards</title>
<!-- one of (BIBLIOENTRY BIBLIOMIXED) -->
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2181</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Elz</surname>
<firstname>R., R. Bush</firstname>
</author>
<title>Clarifications to the <acronym>DNS</acronym> Specification</title>
<pubdate>July 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2308</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Andrews</surname>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Negative Caching of <acronym>DNS</acronym> Queries</title>
<pubdate>March 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1995</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Ohta</surname>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Incremental Zone Transfer in <acronym>DNS</acronym></title>
<pubdate>August 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1996</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<title>A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes</title>
<pubdate>August 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2136</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
<surname>Thomson</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Y.</firstname>
<surname>Rekhter</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>J.</firstname>
<surname>Bound</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System</title>
<pubdate>April 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2845</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>O.</firstname>
<surname>Gudmundsson</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
<surname>Eastlake</surname>
<lineage>3rd</lineage></author>
<author>
<firstname>B.</firstname>
<surname>Wellington</surname>
</author></authorgroup>
<title>Secret Key Transaction Authentication for <acronym>DNS</acronym> (TSIG)</title>
<pubdate>May 2000</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Proposed Standards Still Under Development</title>
<note>
<para><emphasis>Note:</emphasis> the following list of
RFCs are undergoing major revision by the IETF.</para>
</note>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1886</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Thomson</surname>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
<surname>Huitema</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Extensions to support IP version 6</title>
<pubdate>December 1995</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2065</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Eastlake</surname>
<lineage>3rd</lineage>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
<surname>Kaufman</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Domain Name System Security Extensions</title>
<pubdate>January 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2137</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Eastlake</surname>
<lineage>3rd</lineage>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update</title>
<pubdate>April 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Other Important RFCs About <acronym>DNS</acronym> Implementation</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1535</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Gavron</surname>
<firstname>E.</firstname>
</author>
<title>A Security Problem and Proposed Correction With Widely Deployed <acronym>DNS</acronym> Software.</title>
<pubdate>October 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1536</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Kumar</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>J.</firstname>
<surname>Postel</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
<surname>Neuman</surname></author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Danzig</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
<surname>Miller</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Common <acronym>DNS</acronym> Implementation Errors and Suggested Fixes</title>
<pubdate>October 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1982</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Elz</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Bush</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Serial Number Arithmetic</title>
<pubdate>August 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Resource Record Types</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1183</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Everhart</surname>
<firstname>C.F.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>L. A.</firstname>
<surname>Mamakos</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Ullmann</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>New <acronym>DNS</acronym> RR Definitions</title>
<pubdate>October 1990</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1706</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Manning</surname>
<firstname>B.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Colella</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> NSAP Resource Records</title>
<pubdate>October 1994</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2168</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Daniel</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
<surname>Mealling</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Resolution of Uniform Resource Identifiers using
the Domain Name System</title>
<pubdate>June 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1876</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Davis</surname>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>T.</firstname>
<firstname>Goodwin</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>I.</firstname>
<surname>Dickinson</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>A Means for Expressing Location Information in the Domain
Name System</title>
<pubdate>January 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2052</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Gulbrandsen</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>A <acronym>DNS</acronym> RR for Specifying the Location of
Services.</title>
<pubdate>October 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2163</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Allocchio</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Using the Internet <acronym>DNS</acronym> to Distribute MIXER
Conformant Global Address Mapping</title>
<pubdate>January 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2230</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Atkinson</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Key Exchange Delegation Record for the <acronym>DNS</acronym></title>
<pubdate>October 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> and the Internet</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1101</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Mockapetris</surname>
<firstname>P. V.</firstname>
</author>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Encoding of Network Names and Other Types</title>
<pubdate>April 1989</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1123</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Braden</surname>
<surname>R.</surname>
</author>
<title>Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support</title>
<pubdate>October 1989</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1591</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Postel</surname>
<firstname>J.</firstname></author>
<title>Domain Name System Structure and Delegation</title>
<pubdate>March 1994</pubdate></biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2317</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Eidnes</surname>
<firstname>H.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>G.</firstname>
<surname>de Groot</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA Delegation</title>
<pubdate>March 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Operations</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1537</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Beertema</surname>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Common <acronym>DNS</acronym> Data File Configuration Errors</title>
<pubdate>October 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1912</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Barr</surname>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Common <acronym>DNS</acronym> Operational and Configuration Errors</title>
<pubdate>February 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2010</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Manning</surname>
<firstname>B.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>P.</firstname>
<surname>Vixie</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Operational Criteria for Root Name Servers.</title>
<pubdate>October 1996</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2219</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Hamilton</surname>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
<surname>Wright</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Use of <acronym>DNS</acronym> Aliases for Network Services.</title>
<pubdate>October 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Other <acronym>DNS</acronym>-related RFCs</title>
<note>
<para>Note: the following list of RFCs, although
<acronym>DNS</acronym>-related, are not concerned with implementing software.</para>
</note>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1464</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Rosenbaum</surname>
<firstname>R.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Using the Domain Name System To Store Arbitrary String Attributes</title>
<pubdate>May 1993</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1713</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Romao</surname>
<firstname>A.</firstname>
</author>
<title>Tools for <acronym>DNS</acronym> Debugging</title>
<pubdate>November 1994</pubdate></biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1794</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Brisco</surname>
<firstname>T.</firstname>
</author>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Support for Load Balancing</title>
<pubdate>April 1995</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2240</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Vaughan</surname>
<firstname>O.</firstname></author>
<title>A Legal Basis for Domain Name Allocation</title>
<pubdate>November 1997</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2345</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Klensin</surname>
<firstname>J.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>T.</firstname>
<surname>Wolf</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>G.</firstname>
<surname>Oglesby</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title>Domain Names and Company Name Retrieval</title>
<pubdate>May 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC2352</abbrev>
<author>
<surname>Vaughan</surname>
<firstname>O.</firstname>
</author>
<title>A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names</title>
<pubdate>May 1998</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
<bibliodiv>
<title>Obsolete and Unimplemented Experimental RRs</title>
<biblioentry>
<abbrev>RFC1712</abbrev>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Farrell</surname>
<firstname>C.</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>M.</firstname>
<surname>Schulze</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>S.</firstname>
<surname>Pleitner</surname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>D.</firstname>
<surname>Baldoni</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> Encoding of Geographical
Location</title>
<pubdate>November 1994</pubdate>
</biblioentry>
</bibliodiv>
</bibliography>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="internet_drafts">
<title>Internet Drafts</title>
<para>Internet Drafts (IDs) are rough-draft working documents of
the Internet Engineering Task Force. They are, in essence, RFCs
in the preliminary stages of development. Implementors are cautioned not
to regard IDs as archival, and they should not be quoted or cited
in any formal documents unless accompanied by the disclaimer that
they are "works in progress." IDs have a lifespan of six months
after which they are deleted unless updated by their authors.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Other Documents About <acronym>BIND</acronym></title>
<para></para>
<bibliography>
<biblioentry>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<surname>Albitz</surname>
<firstname>Paul</firstname>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Cricket</firstname>
<surname>Liu</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<title><acronym>DNS</acronym> and <acronym>BIND</acronym></title>
<copyright>
<year>1998</year>
<holder>Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates</holder>
</copyright>
</biblioentry>
</bibliography>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</appendix>
</book>