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<title>Issues Regarding DNS and Apache - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2</p>
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.2</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Issues Regarding DNS and Apache</h1>
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<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/dns-caveats.html" title="English"> en </a> |
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<p>This page could be summarized with the statement: don't
configure Apache in such a way that it relies on DNS resolution
for parsing of the configuration files. If Apache requires DNS
resolution to parse the configuration files then your server
may be subject to reliability problems (ie. it might not boot),
or denial and theft of service attacks (including users able
to steal hits from other users).</p>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#example">A Simple Example</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#denial">Denial of Service</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#main">The "main server" Address</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#tips">Tips to Avoid These Problems</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#appendix">Appendix: Future Directions</a></li>
</ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="example" id="example">A Simple Example</a></h2>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<VirtualHost www.abc.dom> <br />
ServerAdmin webgirl@abc.dom <br />
DocumentRoot /www/abc <br />
</VirtualHost>
</code></p></div>
<p>In order for Apache to function properly, it absolutely needs
to have two pieces of information about each virtual host: the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#servername">ServerName</a></code> and at least one
IP address that the server will bind and respond to. The above
example does not include the IP address, so Apache must use DNS
to find the address of <code>www.abc.dom</code>. If for some
reason DNS is not available at the time your server is parsing
its config file, then this virtual host <strong>will not be
configured</strong>. It won't be able to respond to any hits
to this virtual host (prior to Apache version 1.2 the server
would not even boot).</p>
<p>Suppose that <code>www.abc.dom</code> has address 192.0.2.1.
Then consider this configuration snippet:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<VirtualHost 192.0.2.1> <br />
ServerAdmin webgirl@abc.dom <br />
DocumentRoot /www/abc <br />
</VirtualHost>
</code></p></div>
<p>This time Apache needs to use reverse DNS to find the
<code>ServerName</code> for this virtualhost. If that reverse
lookup fails then it will partially disable the virtualhost
(prior to Apache version 1.2 the server would not even boot).
If the virtual host is name-based then it will effectively be
totally disabled, but if it is IP-based then it will mostly
work. However, if Apache should ever have to generate a full
URL for the server which includes the server name, then it will
fail to generate a valid URL.</p>
<p>Here is a snippet that avoids both of these problems:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<VirtualHost 192.0.2.1> <br />
ServerName www.abc.dom <br />
ServerAdmin webgirl@abc.dom <br />
DocumentRoot /www/abc <br />
</VirtualHost>
</code></p></div>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="denial" id="denial">Denial of Service</a></h2>
<p>There are (at least) two forms that denial of service
can come in. If you are running a version of Apache prior to
version 1.2 then your server will not even boot if one of the
two DNS lookups mentioned above fails for any of your virtual
hosts. In some cases this DNS lookup may not even be under your
control; for example, if <code>abc.dom</code> is one of your
customers and they control their own DNS, they can force your
(pre-1.2) server to fail while booting simply by deleting the
<code>www.abc.dom</code> record.</p>
<p>Another form is far more insidious. Consider this
configuration snippet:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<VirtualHost www.abc.dom><br />
<span class="indent">
ServerAdmin webgirl@abc.dom<br />
DocumentRoot /www/abc<br />
</span>
</VirtualHost><br />
<br />
<VirtualHost www.def.dom><br />
<span class="indent">
ServerAdmin webguy@def.dom<br />
DocumentRoot /www/def<br />
</span>
</VirtualHost>
</code></p></div>
<p>Suppose that you've assigned 192.0.2.1 to
<code>www.abc.dom</code> and 192.0.2.2 to
<code>www.def.dom</code>. Furthermore, suppose that
<code>abc.dom</code> has control of their own DNS. With this
config you have put <code>abc.dom</code> into a position where
they can steal all traffic destined to <code>def.dom</code>. To
do so, all they have to do is set <code>www.abc.dom</code> to
192.0.2.2. Since they control their own DNS you can't stop them
from pointing the <code>www.abc.dom</code> record wherever they
wish.</p>
<p>Requests coming in to 192.0.2.2 (including all those where
users typed in URLs of the form
<code>http://www.def.dom/whatever</code>) will all be served by
the <code>abc.dom</code> virtual host. To better understand why
this happens requires a more in-depth discussion of how Apache
matches up incoming requests with the virtual host that will
serve it. A rough document describing this <a href="vhosts/details.html">is available</a>.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="main" id="main">The "main server" Address</a></h2>
<p>The addition of <a href="vhosts/name-based.html">name-based
virtual host support</a> in Apache 1.1 requires Apache to know
the IP address(es) of the host that <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code>
is running on. To get this address it uses either the global
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#servername">ServerName</a></code>
(if present) or calls the C function <code>gethostname</code>
(which should return the same as typing "hostname" at the
command prompt). Then it performs a DNS lookup on this address.
At present there is no way to avoid this lookup.</p>
<p>If you fear that this lookup might fail because your DNS
server is down then you can insert the hostname in
<code>/etc/hosts</code> (where you probably already have it so
that the machine can boot properly). Then ensure that your
machine is configured to use <code>/etc/hosts</code> in the
event that DNS fails. Depending on what OS you are using this
might be accomplished by editing <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code>,
or maybe <code>/etc/nsswitch.conf</code>.</p>
<p>If your server doesn't have to perform DNS for any other
reason then you might be able to get away with running Apache
with the <code>HOSTRESORDER</code> environment variable set to
"local". This all depends on what OS and resolver libraries you
are using. It also affects CGIs unless you use
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html">mod_env</a></code> to control the environment. It's best
to consult the man pages or FAQs for your OS.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="tips" id="tips">Tips to Avoid These Problems</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>
use IP addresses in
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost">VirtualHost</a></code>
</li>
<li>
use IP addresses in
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mpm_common.html#listen">Listen</a></code>
</li>
<li>
ensure all virtual hosts have an explicit
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#servername">ServerName</a></code>
</li>
<li>create a <code><VirtualHost _default_:*></code>
server that has no pages to serve</li>
</ul>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="appendix" id="appendix">Appendix: Future Directions</a></h2>
<p>The situation regarding DNS is highly undesirable. For
Apache 1.2 we've attempted to make the server at least continue
booting in the event of failed DNS, but it might not be the
best we can do. In any event, requiring the use of explicit IP
addresses in configuration files is highly undesirable in
today's Internet where renumbering is a necessity.</p>
<p>A possible work around to the theft of service attack
described above would be to perform a reverse DNS lookup on the
IP address returned by the forward lookup and compare the two
names -- in the event of a mismatch, the virtualhost would be
disabled. This would require reverse DNS to be configured
properly (which is something that most admins are familiar with
because of the common use of "double-reverse" DNS lookups by
FTP servers and TCP wrappers).</p>
<p>In any event, it doesn't seem possible to reliably boot a
virtual-hosted web server when DNS has failed unless IP
addresses are used. Partial solutions such as disabling
portions of the configuration might be worse than not booting
at all depending on what the webserver is supposed to
accomplish.</p>
<p>As HTTP/1.1 is deployed and browsers and proxies start
issuing the <code>Host</code> header it will become possible to
avoid the use of IP-based virtual hosts entirely. In this case,
a webserver has no requirement to do DNS lookups during
configuration. But as of March 1997 these features have not
been deployed widely enough to be put into use on critical
webservers.</p>
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