SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) NNAAMMEE sudo, sudoedit - execute a command as another user SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ssuuddoo --hh | --KK | --kk | --LL | --VV ssuuddoo --vv [--AAkknnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e|_#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--uu _u_s_e_r_n_a_m_e|_#_u_i_d] ssuuddoo --ll[[ll]] [--AAkknnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e|_#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--UU _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e|_#_u_i_d] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d] ssuuddoo [--AAbbEEHHnnPPSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--CC _f_d] [--cc _c_l_a_s_s|_-] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e|_#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--rr _r_o_l_e] [--tt _t_y_p_e] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e|_#_u_i_d] [VVAARR=_v_a_l_u_e] [--ii | --ss] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d] ssuuddooeeddiitt [--AAnnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--CC _f_d] [--cc _c_l_a_s_s|_-] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e|_#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e|_#_u_i_d] file ... DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN ssuuddoo allows a permitted user to execute a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d as the superuser or another user, as specified in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file. The real and effective uid and gid are set to match those of the target user as specified in the passwd file and the group vector is initialized based on the group file (unless the --PP option was specified). If the invoking user is root or if the target user is the same as the invoking user, no password is required. Otherwise, ssuuddoo requires that users authenticate themselves with a password by default (NOTE: in the default configuration this is the user's password, not the root password). Once a user has been authenticated, a time stamp is updated and the user may then use sudo without a password for a short period of time (5 minutes unless overridden in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s). When invoked as ssuuddooeeddiitt, the --ee option (described below), is implied. ssuuddoo determines who is an authorized user by consulting the file _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s. By running ssuuddoo with the --vv option, a user can update the time stamp without running a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If a password is required, ssuuddoo will exit if the user's password is not entered within a configurable time limit. The default password prompt timeout is 5 minutes. If a user who is not listed in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file tries to run a command via ssuuddoo, mail is sent to the proper authorities, as defined at configure time or in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file (defaults to root). Note that the mail will not be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo with the --ll or --vv option. This allows users to determine for themselves whether or not they are allowed to use ssuuddoo. If ssuuddoo is run by root and the SUDO_USER environment variable is set, ssuuddoo will use this value to determine who the actual user is. This can be used by a user to log commands through sudo even when a root shell has been invoked. It also allows the --ee option to remain useful even when being run via a sudo-run script or program. Note however, that 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 1 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) the sudoers lookup is still done for root, not the user specified by SUDO_USER. ssuuddoo can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as well as errors) to _s_y_s_l_o_g(3), a log file, or both. By default ssuuddoo will log via _s_y_s_l_o_g(3) but this is changeable at configure time or via the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file. OOPPTTIIOONNSS ssuuddoo accepts the following command line options: -A Normally, if ssuuddoo requires a password, it will read it from the current terminal. If the --AA (_a_s_k_p_a_s_s) option is specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program is executed to read the user's password and output the password to the standard output. If the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable is set, it specifies the path to the helper program. Otherwise, the value specified by the _a_s_k_p_a_s_s option in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) is used. -a _t_y_p_e The --aa (_a_u_t_h_e_n_t_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _t_y_p_e) option causes ssuuddoo to use the specified authentication type when validating the user, as allowed by _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f. The system administrator may specify a list of sudo-specific authentication methods by adding an "auth-sudo" entry in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f. This option is only available on systems that support BSD authentication. -b The --bb (_b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d) option tells ssuuddoo to run the given command in the background. Note that if you use the --bb option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the process. -C _f_d Normally, ssuuddoo will close all open file descriptors other than standard input, standard output and standard error. The --CC (_c_l_o_s_e _f_r_o_m) option allows the user to specify a starting point above the standard error (file descriptor three). Values less than three are not permitted. This option is only available if the administrator has enabled the _c_l_o_s_e_f_r_o_m___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e option in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4). -c _c_l_a_s_s The --cc (_c_l_a_s_s) option causes ssuuddoo to run the specified command with resources limited by the specified login class. The _c_l_a_s_s argument can be either a class name as defined in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f, or a single '-' character. Specifying a _c_l_a_s_s of - indicates that the command should be run restricted by the default login capabilities for the user the command is run as. If the _c_l_a_s_s argument specifies an existing user class, the command must be run as root, or the ssuuddoo command must be run from a shell that is already root. This option is only available on systems with BSD login classes. -E The --EE (_p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t) option will override the 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 2 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4)). It is only available when either the matching command has the SETENV tag or the _s_e_t_e_n_v option is set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4). -e The --ee (_e_d_i_t) option indicates that, instead of running a command, the user wishes to edit one or more files. In lieu of a command, the string "sudoedit" is used when consulting the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file. If the user is authorized by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s the following steps are taken: 1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner set to the invoking user. 2. The editor specified by the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables is run to edit the temporary files. If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR are set, the first program listed in the _e_d_i_t_o_r _s_u_d_o_e_r_s variable is used. 3. If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to their original location and the temporary versions are removed. If the specified file does not exist, it will be created. Note that unlike most commands run by ssuuddoo, the editor is run with the invoking user's environment unmodified. If, for some reason, ssuuddoo is unable to update a file with its edited version, the user will receive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a temporary file. -g _g_r_o_u_p Normally, ssuuddoo sets the primary group to the one specified by the passwd database for the user the command is being run as (by default, root). The --gg (_g_r_o_u_p) option causes ssuuddoo to run the specified command with the primary group set to _g_r_o_u_p. To specify a _g_i_d instead of a _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e, use _#_g_i_d. When running commands as a _g_i_d, many shells require that the '#' be escaped with a backslash ('\'). If no --uu option is specified, the command will be run as the invoking user (not root). In either case, the primary group will be set to _g_r_o_u_p. -H The --HH (_H_O_M_E) option sets the HOME environment variable to the homedir of the target user (root by default) as specified in _p_a_s_s_w_d(4). The default handling of the HOME environment variable depends on _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) settings. By default, ssuuddoo will set HOME if _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t or _a_l_w_a_y_s___s_e_t___h_o_m_e are set, or if _s_e_t___h_o_m_e is set and the --ss option is specified on the command line. -h The --hh (_h_e_l_p) option causes ssuuddoo to print a usage message and exit. -i [command] The --ii (_s_i_m_u_l_a_t_e _i_n_i_t_i_a_l _l_o_g_i_n) option runs the shell 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 3 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) specified in the _p_a_s_s_w_d(4) entry of the target user as a login shell. This means that login-specific resource files such as .profile or .login will be read by the shell. If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell for execution. Otherwise, an interactive shell is executed. ssuuddoo attempts to change to that user's home directory before running the shell. It also initializes the environment, leaving _D_I_S_P_L_A_Y and _T_E_R_M unchanged, setting _H_O_M_E, _M_A_I_L, _S_H_E_L_L, _U_S_E_R, _L_O_G_N_A_M_E, and _P_A_T_H, as well as the contents of _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t on Linux and AIX systems. All other environment variables are removed. -K The --KK (sure _k_i_l_l) option is like --kk except that it removes the user's time stamp entirely and may not be used in conjunction with a command or other option. This option does not require a password. -k When used by itself, the --kk (_k_i_l_l) option to ssuuddoo invalidates the user's time stamp by setting the time on it to the Epoch. The next time ssuuddoo is run a password will be required. This option does not require a password and was added to allow a user to revoke ssuuddoo permissions from a .logout file. When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require a password, the --kk option will cause ssuuddoo to ignore the user's time stamp file. As a result, ssuuddoo will prompt for a password (if one is required by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s) and will not update the user's time stamp file. -L The --LL (_l_i_s_t defaults) option will list the parameters that may be set in a _D_e_f_a_u_l_t_s line along with a short description for each. This option will be removed from a future version of ssuuddoo. -l[l] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d] If no _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, the --ll (_l_i_s_t) option will list the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking user (or the user specified by the --UU option) on the current host. If a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified and is permitted by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, the fully-qualified path to the command is displayed along with any command line arguments. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified but not allowed, ssuuddoo will exit with a status value of 1. If the --ll option is specified with an ll argument (i.e. --llll), or if --ll is specified multiple times, a longer list format is used. -n The --nn (_n_o_n_-_i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e) option prevents ssuuddoo from prompting the user for a password. If a password is required for the command to run, ssuuddoo will display an error messages and exit. -P The --PP (_p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e _g_r_o_u_p _v_e_c_t_o_r) option causes ssuuddoo to preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 4 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) default, ssuuddoo will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user is in. The real and effective group IDs, however, are still set to match the target user. -p _p_r_o_m_p_t The --pp (_p_r_o_m_p_t) option allows you to override the default password prompt and use a custom one. The following percent (`%') escapes are supported: %H expanded to the local host name including the domain name (on if the machine's host name is fully qualified or the _f_q_d_n _s_u_d_o_e_r_s option is set) %h expanded to the local host name without the domain name %p expanded to the user whose password is being asked for (respects the _r_o_o_t_p_w, _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w and _r_u_n_a_s_p_w flags in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s) %U expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (defaults to root) %u expanded to the invoking user's login name %% two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a single % character The prompt specified by the --pp option will override the system password prompt on systems that support PAM unless the _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e flag is disabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s. -r _r_o_l_e The --rr (_r_o_l_e) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to have the role specified by _r_o_l_e. -S The --SS (_s_t_d_i_n) option causes ssuuddoo to read the password from the standard input instead of the terminal device. The password must be followed by a newline character. -s [command] The --ss (_s_h_e_l_l) option runs the shell specified by the _S_H_E_L_L environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified in _p_a_s_s_w_d(4). If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell for execution. Otherwise, an interactive shell is executed. -t _t_y_p_e The --tt (_t_y_p_e) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to have the type specified by _t_y_p_e. If no type is specified, the default type is derived from the specified role. -U _u_s_e_r The --UU (_o_t_h_e_r _u_s_e_r) option is used in conjunction with the --ll option to specify the user whose privileges should be listed. Only root or a user with ssuuddoo ALL on the current host may use this option. 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 5 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) -u _u_s_e_r The --uu (_u_s_e_r) option causes ssuuddoo to run the specified command as a user other than _r_o_o_t. To specify a _u_i_d instead of a _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e, use _#_u_i_d. When running commands as a _u_i_d, many shells require that the '#' be escaped with a backslash ('\'). Note that if the _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w Defaults option is set (see _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4)) it is not possible to run commands with a uid not listed in the password database. -V The --VV (_v_e_r_s_i_o_n) option causes ssuuddoo to print the version number and exit. If the invoking user is already root the --VV option will print out a list of the defaults ssuuddoo was compiled with as well as the machine's local network addresses. -v If given the --vv (_v_a_l_i_d_a_t_e) option, ssuuddoo will update the user's time stamp, prompting for the user's password if necessary. This extends the ssuuddoo timeout for another 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s) but does not run a command. -- The ---- option indicates that ssuuddoo should stop processing command line arguments. Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed on the command line in the form of VVAARR=_v_a_l_u_e, e.g. LLDD__LLIIBBRRAARRYY__PPAATTHH=_/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_p_k_g_/_l_i_b. Variables passed on the command line are subject to the same restrictions as normal environment variables with one important exception. If the _s_e_t_e_n_v option is set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the command matched is ALL, the user may set variables that would overwise be forbidden. See _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) for more information. RREETTUURRNN VVAALLUUEESS Upon successful execution of a program, the exit status from ssuuddoo will simply be the exit status of the program that was executed. Otherwise, ssuuddoo quits with an exit value of 1 if there is a configuration/permission problem or if ssuuddoo cannot execute the given command. In the latter case the error string is printed to stderr. If ssuuddoo cannot _s_t_a_t(2) one or more entries in the user's PATH an error is printed on stderr. (If the directory does not exist or if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is printed.) This should not happen under normal circumstances. The most common reason for _s_t_a_t(2) to return "permission denied" is if you are running an automounter and one of the directories in your PATH is on a machine that is currently unreachable. SSEECCUURRIITTYY NNOOTTEESS ssuuddoo tries to be safe when executing external commands. There are two distinct ways to deal with environment variables. By default, the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t _s_u_d_o_e_r_s option is enabled. This causes commands to be executed with a minimal environment containing TERM, PATH, HOME, SHELL, LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME in addition to variables from the 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 6 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) invoking process permitted by the _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___k_e_e_p _s_u_d_o_e_r_s options. There is effectively a whitelist for environment variables. If, however, the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is disabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, any variables not explicitly denied by the _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e options are inherited from the invoking process. In this case, _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e behave like a blacklist. Since it is not possible to blacklist all potentially dangerous environment variables, use of the default _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t behavior is encouraged. In all cases, environment variables with a value beginning with () are removed as they could be interpreted as bbaasshh functions. The list of environment variables that ssuuddoo allows or denies is contained in the output of sudo -V when run as root. Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems will remove variables that can control dynamic linking from the environment of setuid executables, including ssuuddoo. Depending on the operating system this may include _RLD*, DYLD_*, LD_*, LDR_*, LIBPATH, SHLIB_PATH, and others. These type of variables are removed from the environment before ssuuddoo even begins execution and, as such, it is not possible for ssuuddoo to preserve them. To prevent command spoofing, ssuuddoo checks "." and "" (both denoting current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH). Note, however, that the actual PATH environment variable is _n_o_t modified and is passed unchanged to the program that ssuuddoo executes. ssuuddoo will check the ownership of its time stamp directory (_/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o by default) and ignore the directory's contents if it is not owned by root or if it is writable by a user other than root. On systems that allow non-root users to give away files via _c_h_o_w_n(2), if the time stamp directory is located in a directory writable by anyone (e.g., _/_t_m_p), it is possible for a user to create the time stamp directory before ssuuddoo is run. However, because ssuuddoo checks the ownership and mode of the directory and its contents, the only damage that can be done is to "hide" files by putting them in the time stamp dir. This is unlikely to happen since once the time stamp dir is owned by root and inaccessible by any other user, the user placing files there would be unable to get them back out. To get around this issue you can use a directory that is not world-writable for the time stamps (_/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o for instance) or create _/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o with the appropriate owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the system startup files. ssuuddoo will not honor time stamps set far in the future. Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 * TIMEOUT will be ignored and sudo will log and complain. This is done to keep a user from creating his/her own time stamp with a bogus date on systems that allow users to give away files. On systems where the boot time is available, ssuuddoo will also not honor time stamps from before the machine booted. 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 7 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) Since time stamp files live in the file system, they can outlive a user's login session. As a result, a user may be able to login, run a command with ssuuddoo after authenticating, logout, login again, and run ssuuddoo without authenticating so long as the time stamp file's modification time is within 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s). When the _t_t_y___t_i_c_k_e_t_s option is enabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, the time stamp has per-tty granularity but still may outlive the user's session. On Linux systems where the devpts filesystem is used, Solaris systems with the devices filesystem, as well as other systems that utilize a devfs filesystem that monotonically increase the inode number of devices as they are created (such as Mac OS X), ssuuddoo is able to determine when a tty-based time stamp file is stale and will ignore it. Administrators should not rely on this feature as it is not universally available. Please note that ssuuddoo will normally only log the command it explicitly runs. If a user runs a command such as sudo su or sudo sh, subsequent commands run from that shell will _n_o_t be logged, nor will ssuuddoo's access control affect them. The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including most editors). Because of this, care must be taken when giving users access to commands via ssuuddoo to verify that the command does not inadvertently give the user an effective root shell. For more information, please see the PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES section in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4). EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT ssuuddoo utilizes the following environment variables: EDITOR Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode if neither SUDO_EDITOR nor VISUAL is set MAIL In --ii mode or when _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t is enabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, set to the mail spool of the target user HOME Set to the home directory of the target user if --ii or --HH are specified, _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t or _a_l_w_a_y_s___s_e_t___h_o_m_e are set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, or when the --ss option is specified and _s_e_t___h_o_m_e is set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s PATH Set to a sane value if the _s_e_c_u_r_e___p_a_t_h sudoers option is set. SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option SUDO_ASKPASS Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password if no terminal is available or if the -A option is specified. SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo SUDO_EDITOR Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode SUDO_GID Set to the group ID of the user who invoked sudo 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 8 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the program being run SUDO_UID Set to the user ID of the user who invoked sudo SUDO_USER Set to the login of the user who invoked sudo USER Set to the target user (root unless the --uu option is specified) VISUAL Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode if SUDO_EDITOR is not set FFIILLEESS _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s List of who can run what _/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o Directory containing time stamps _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t Initial environment for --ii mode on Linux and AIX EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS Note: the following examples assume suitable _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) entries. To get a file listing of an unreadable directory: $ sudo ls /usr/local/protected To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file system holding ~yaz is not exported as root: $ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz To edit the _i_n_d_e_x_._h_t_m_l file as user www: $ sudo -u www vi ~www/htdocs/index.html To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group: $ sudo -g adm view /var/log/syslog To run an editor as jim with a different primary group: $ sudo -u jim -g audio vi ~jim/sound.txt To shutdown a machine: $ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot" To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition. Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell to make the cd and file redirection work. 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 9 SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m) $ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE" SSEEEE AALLSSOO _g_r_e_p(1), _s_u(1), _s_t_a_t(2), _l_o_g_i_n___c_a_p(3), _p_a_s_s_w_d(4), _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(5), _v_i_s_u_d_o(1m) AAUUTTHHOORRSS Many people have worked on ssuuddoo over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by: Todd C. Miller See the HISTORY file in the ssuuddoo distribution or visit http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html for a short history of ssuuddoo. CCAAVVEEAATTSS There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via ssuuddoo. Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to run commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding ssuuddoo's checks. However, on most systems it is possible to prevent shell escapes with ssuuddoo's _n_o_e_x_e_c functionality. See the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) manual for details. It is not meaningful to run the cd command directly via sudo, e.g., $ sudo cd /usr/local/protected since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will still be the same. Please see the EXAMPLES section for more information. If users have sudo ALL there is nothing to prevent them from creating their own program that gives them a root shell regardless of any '!' elements in the user specification. Running shell scripts via ssuuddoo can expose the same kernel bugs that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS has a /dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe). BBUUGGSS If you feel you have found a bug in ssuuddoo, please submit a bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/ SSUUPPPPOORRTT Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives. DDIISSCCLLAAIIMMEERR ssuuddoo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed with ssuuddoo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for complete details. 1.7.4 July 19, 2010 10